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We present measurements of the X-ray observables of the intracluster medium (ICM), including luminosity LX, ICM mass MICM, emission-weighted mean temperature TX, and integrated pressure YX, that are derived from XMM-Newton X-ray observations of a Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (SZE) selected sample of 59 galaxy clusters from the South Pole Telescope SPT-SZ survey that span the redshift range 0.20 < z < 1.5. We constrain the best-fit power-law scaling relations between X-ray observables, redshift, and halo mass. The halo masses are estimated based on previously published SZE observable-to-mass scaling relations, calibrated using information that includes the halo mass function. Employing SZE-based masses in this sample enables us to constrain these scaling relations for massive galaxy clusters (M500 ≥ 3 × 1014M⊙) to the highest redshifts where these clusters exist without concern for X-ray selection biases. We find that the mass trends are steeper than self-similarity in all cases, and with ≥2.5σ significance in the case of LX and MICM. The redshift trends are consistent with the self-similar expectation, but the uncertainties remain large. Core-included scaling relations tend to have steeper mass trends for LX. There is no convincing evidence for a redshift-dependent mass trend in any observable. The constraints on the amplitudes of the fitted scaling relations are currently limited by the systematic uncertainties on the SZE-based halo masses, but the redshift and mass trends are limited by the X-ray sample size and the measurement uncertainties of the X-ray observables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a three-dimensional triaxial analysis of 16 X-ray regular and 4 high-magnification galaxy clusters selected from the CLASH survey by combining two-dimensional weak-lensing and central strong-lensing constraints. In a Bayesian framework, we constrain the intrinsic structure and geometry of each individual cluster assuming a triaxial Navarro–Frenk–White halo with arbitrary orientations, characterized by the mass , halo concentration , and triaxial axis ratios (), and investigate scaling relations between these halo structural parameters. From triaxial modeling of the X-ray-selected subsample, we find that the halo concentration decreases with increasing cluster mass, with a mean concentration of at the pivot mass . This is consistent with the result from spherical modeling, . Independently of the priors, the minor-to-major axis ratio of our full sample exhibits a clear deviation from the spherical configuration ( at with uniform priors), with a weak dependence on the cluster mass. Combining all 20 clusters, we obtain a joint ensemble constraint on the minor-to-major axis ratio of and a lower bound on the intermediate-to-major axis ratio of at the 2σ level from an analysis with uniform priors. Assuming priors on the axis ratios derived from numerical simulations, we constrain the degree of triaxiality for the full sample to be at , indicating a preference for a prolate geometry of cluster halos. We find no statistical evidence for an orientation bias (), which is insensitive to the priors and in agreement with the theoretical expectation for the CLASH clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a joint X-ray, optical and weak-lensing analysis for X-ray luminous galaxy clusters selected from the MCXC (Meta-Catalog of X-Ray Detected Clusters of Galaxies) cluster catalog in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) survey field with S16A data, As a pilot study of our planned series papers, we measure hydrostatic equilibrium (H.E.) masses using XMM-Newton data for four clusters in the current coverage area out of a sample of 22 MCXC clusters. We additionally analyze a non-MCXC cluster associated with one MCXC cluster. We show that H.E. masses for the MCXC clusters are correlated with cluster richness from the CAMIRA catalog (Oguri et al. 2017), while that for the non-MCXC cluster deviates from the scaling relation. The mass normalization of the relationship between the cluster richness and H.E. mass is compatible with one inferred by matching CAMIRA cluster abundance with a theoretical halo mass function. The mean gas mass fraction based on H.E. masses for the MCXC clusters is ≺fgas≻=0.125±0.012 at spherical overdensity Δ=500, which is ~80-90 percent of the cosmic mean baryon fraction, Ωb/Ωm, measured by cosmic microwave background experiments. We find that the mean baryon fraction estimated from X-ray and HSC-SSP optical data is comparable to Ωb/Ωm. A weak-lensing shear catalog of background galaxies, combined with photometric redshifts, is currently available only for three clusters in our sample. Hydrostatic equilibrium masses roughly agree with weak-lensing masses, albeit with large uncertainty. This study demonstrates that further multiwavelength study for a large sample of clusters using X-ray, HSC-SSP optical and weak lensing data will enable us to understand cluster physics and utilize cluster-based cosmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a weak-lensing analysis of X-ray galaxy groups and clusters selected from the XMM-XXL survey using the first-year data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program. Our joint weak-lensing and X-ray analysis focuses on 136 spectroscopically confirmed X-ray-selected systems at 0.031 ≤ z ≤ 1.033 detected in the 25 deg2 XXL-N region, which largely overlaps with the HSC-XMM field. With high-quality HSC weak-lensing data, we characterize the mass distributions of individual clusters and establish the concentration–mass (c–M) relation for the XXL sample, by accounting for selection bias and statistical effects and marginalizing over the remaining mass calibration uncertainty. We find the mass-trend parameter of the c–M relation to be and the normalization to be at and z = 0.3. We find no statistical evidence for redshift evolution. Our weak-lensing results are in excellent agreement with dark-matter-only c–M relations calibrated for recent ΛCDM cosmologies. The level of intrinsic scatter in c200 is constrained as ( CL), which is smaller than predicted for the full population of ΛCDM halos. This is likely caused in part by the X-ray selection bias in terms of the cool-core or relaxation state. We determine the temperature–mass (TX–M500) relation for a subset of 105 XXL clusters that have both measured HSC lensing masses and X-ray temperatures. The resulting TX–M500 relation is consistent with the self-similar prediction. Our TX–M500 relation agrees with the XXL DR1 results at group scales but has a slightly steeper mass trend, implying a smaller mass scale in the cluster regime. The overall offset in the TX–M500 relation is at the ∼1.5σ level, corresponding to a mean mass offset of . We also provide bias-corrected, weak-lensing-calibrated M200 and M500 mass estimates of individual XXL clusters based on their measured X-ray temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reconstruct the two-dimensional (2D) matter distributions in 20 high-mass galaxy clusters selected from the CLASH survey by using the new approach of performing a joint weak gravitational lensing analysis of 2D shear and azimuthally averaged magnification measurements. This combination allows for a complete analysis of the field, effectively breaking the mass-sheet degeneracy. In a Bayesian framework, we simultaneously constrain the mass profile and morphology of each individual cluster, assuming an elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White halo characterized by the mass, concentration, projected axis ratio, and position angle (PA) of the projected major axis. We find that spherical mass estimates of the clusters from azimuthally averaged weak-lensing measurements in previous work are in excellent agreement with our results from a full 2D analysis. Combining all 20 clusters in our sample, we detect the elliptical shape of weak-lensing halos at the 5σ significance level within a scale of 2 . The median projected axis ratio is 0.67 ± 0.07 at a virial mass of , which is in agreement with theoretical predictions from recent numerical simulations of the standard collisionless cold dark matter model. We also study misalignment statistics of the brightest cluster galaxy, X-ray, thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, and strong-lensing morphologies with respect to the weak-lensing signal. Among the three baryonic tracers studied here, we find that the X-ray morphology is best aligned with the weak-lensing mass distribution, with a median misalignment angle of . We also conduct a stacked quadrupole shear analysis of the 20 clusters assuming that the X-ray major axis is aligned with that of the projected mass distribution. This yields a consistent axis ratio of 0.67 ± 0.10, suggesting again a tight alignment between the intracluster gas and dark matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented depth and area surveyed by the Subaru Strategic Program with the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC-SSP) have enabled us to construct and publish the largest distant cluster sample out to to date. In this exploratory study of cluster galaxy evolution from z = 1 to z = 0.3, we investigate the stellar mass assembly history of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), the evolution of stellar mass and luminosity distributions, the stellar mass surface density profile, as well as the population of radio galaxies. Our analysis is the first high-redshift application of the top N richest cluster selection, which is shown to allow us to trace the cluster galaxy evolution faithfully. Over the 230 deg2 area of the current HSC-SSP footprint, selecting thetop 100 clusters in each of the four redshift bins allows us to observe the buildup of galaxy population in descendants of clusters whose mass is about . Our stellar mass is derived from a machine-learning algorithm, which is found to be unbiased and accurate with respect to the COSMOS data. We find very mild stellar mass growth in BCGs (about 35% between z = 1 and 0.3), and no evidence for evolution in both the total stellar mass–cluster mass correlation and the shape of the stellar mass surface density profile. We also present the first measurement of the radio luminosity distribution in clusters out to , and show hints of changes in the dominant accretion mode powering the cluster radio galaxies at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The velocity distribution of galaxies in clusters is not universal; rather, galaxies are segregated according to their spectral type and relative luminosity. We examine the velocity distributions of different populations of galaxies within 89 Sunyaev Zel’dovich (SZ) selected galaxy clusters spanning . Our sample is primarily draw from the SPT-GMOS spectroscopic survey, supplemented by additional published spectroscopy, resulting in a final spectroscopic sample of 4148 galaxy spectra—2868 cluster members. The velocity dispersion of star-forming cluster galaxies is 17 ± 4% greater than that of passive cluster galaxies, and the velocity dispersion of bright () cluster galaxies is 11 ± 4% lower than the velocity dispersion of our total member population. We find good agreement with simulations regarding the shape of the relationship between the measured velocity dispersion and the fraction of passive versus star-forming galaxies used to measure it, but we find a small offset between this relationship as measured in data and simulations, which suggests that our dispersions are systematically low by as much as 3% relative to simulations. We argue that this offset could be interpreted as a measurement of the effective velocity bias that describes the ratio of our observed velocity dispersions and the intrinsic velocity dispersion of dark matter particles in a published simulation result. Measuring velocity bias in this way suggests that large spectroscopic surveys can improve dispersion-based mass-observable scaling relations for cosmology even in the face of velocity biases, by quantifying and ultimately calibrating them out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]