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Objective/Context: Atacama was a peripheral region of the Spanish Empire, but the independence of Bolivia gave it a certain centrality in 1825 since it forced the activation of a port and an altitude route through the only territory with sovereign access to the sea. We study this process through the agrarian reconfiguration of the oases in Atacama, with special attention to interactions between central and local authorities, private agents, and indigenous populations regarding the expansion of forage cultivation. Originality: We seek to broaden the understanding of processes that, although dialoguing with a broader framework related to the configuration of transoceanic and interregional trade in the context of the nascent Republic, had specific repercussions in local spaces through the dissemination of new actors, scarcely studied by anthropology and regional history. Methodology: We analyze primary and secondary sources, to examine this process through the articulation of discourses, expectations, reactions, and conflicts between different agents involved. Conclusions: The transformations produced during this period are basic to the understanding of future reconversion processes of the territory's agricultural-mining landscapes. A characteristic feature of the Bolivian republican plan was the agricultural intensification of the desert through the dissemination of animals and alfalfa seeds in oases and other spaces adjacent to roads. Decades later, after the War of the Pacific, the Atacama Desert would be appropriated by Chile and the subsequent mining cycles would occur on previously reconverted agricultural landscapes, with an indigenous population especially qualified in cattle herding, knowledge of animal trails, and forage supply to the regional mining market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the circumstances surrounding William Combe's attempted enclosure of open fields at Welcombe, Stratford-upon-Avon. Whilst there are many references to this episode, due largely to William Shakespeare's involvement in its early stages, its place in the wider study of pre-Parliamentary enclosure has not been discussed in any detail. This can be attributed to certain features not shared by other early seventeenth-century enclosure disputes. It was not, for instance, accompanied by serious public order disturbances. Furthermore, the opposition was led not by a loose alliance of the disaffected but by a legally constituted body, the Stratford-upon-Avon Corporation, which was able to put together a strong case to persuade, first, the justices of assize, and then the Privy Council, to call a halt to Combe's efforts despite the fact that the government was becoming increasingly reluctant to enforce anti-enclosure measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the post-Civil War expansion of capitalism in the U.S., particularly industrial enclosures in the South and West, by using the example of New York City businessman William E. Dodge and his company Phelps, Dodge, & Co. The company bought three hundred thousand acres of Georgia's pine barrens in 1868, land which had previously been used as commons by yeoman farmers. The company also was responsible for the dispossession of Apache Indians in Arizona to make way for its industrial mining endeavors, while being part of the beginning of focus of wage laborers efforts to regain power over repressive and unfair labor practices. The relationship between businessmen and the majority Republican Party are explored.

The article discusses the impact of the Big Die-Up of 1886-1887, a rise in the stranding and dying of cattle caused by a drought-blizzard cycle, on large-scale ranching in the Western U.S. through an examination of the operations of the Diamond F Ranch in northwestern Texas. It is argued that the border disputes between British-owned ranches and cattlemen and the poor financial management caused by such disasters led to the increased enclosure of the American open range and, in this case, the bankruptcy of the Francklyn Land and Cattle Company, which owned Diamond F. Also examined is the relationship between the Big Die-Up and the increase in settlement in Texas based on the land reform brought about by the disaster.

The article discusses developments in agricultural practices in Texas during the late-19th and early-20th centuries, with particular focus given to cattle ranching, the enclosure of land with barbed wire, and the growth of cattle feed crops. The author specifically examines the practices of Texas' XIT Ranch. The impact of agricultural industrialization on the ranch is also explained.

In this paper, I deploy the framework of commons as social systems which I have developed in my last book Omnia Sunt Communia to interpret the debate developed in this issue, enquire on the relationship between commons and citizenship, and ground the question of migrants' inhabiting on the theory of commoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in the mid 2000s, a financial asset management company and institutional investors began to invest in timberlands in British Columbia, Canada's most western province. In a period of political economic crisis, investors looked to real assets—"dirt and trees" in the words of one research participant—as a means of accumulating capital through securing access to huge parcels of the most productive and valuable forestland in North America. This article analyses these investments as a socioecological fix for finance capital suggesting that investments in land represent a means for capital and the state to negotiate moments of crisis. The article complicates existing accounts of fixes by demonstrating how the survival of capital in a settler context is fully dependent on an ongoing settler‐colonial project of separating Indigenous people from their land base. The article focuses on the explicitly "private" nature of the land under examination and how this is central to the strategies of investors, the state's deregulation of forest policies, and the marginalization of First Nations' claims to land. The article demonstrates that in settler contexts, discussions of fixes need to be much more attentive to the historic and enduring colonial threads woven through investments in land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Contrary to the requirement to integrate local people in REDD+, private forest developers have displaced many farmers. • Plantation-style carbon forestry is increasingly prioritized at the expense of smallholder agriculture. • Integration of local livelihoods under the 'admitted farms' provision, favours native farmers to the neglect of migrants. • The resources of displaced farmers are further appropriated through back-door land deals and unfair labour relations. • Migrant farmers who seek refuge in the relatively fertile forest belt end up in new webs of poverty and food insecurity. Abstract Drawing on theoretical insights from agrarian political economy, and based on empirical research in the High Forest Zone of Ghana using in-depth interviews and participant observation, this paper examined the context-specific but often less highlighted impacts of REDD+-based carbon forest development activities on local agrarian livelihoods. We find that although REDD+ intends to align local communities to benefit financially for contributions to carbon forestry, its uptake in the Ghanaian context has created entry points for the displacement of smallholder farmers through unregulated profit-driven and restrictive plantation-style carbon forest activities. This yields landless smallholder farmers whose labour is craftily integrated into a capitalist carbon forestry regime as tree planters, with many others striving to reproduce themselves through exploitative sharecropping arrangements and corrupt 'backdoor' land deals. We emphasize that, 'more than carbon' accumulation engendered by REDD+ is fast moving beyond land grabs to a more complex dimension in which the labour and financial resources of marginalized groups are further appropriated by forest investors, and their relatively powerful counterparts in what we term intimate exploitation. Given the ongoing plight of smallholder farmers, particularly the multitude of 'hungry' migrant farmers who seek 'salvation' in the High Forest Zone, it is obvious that REDD+ is pushed at the expense of ensuring food security. To sustainably address current land-related agricultural production bottlenecks and empower local communities to directly benefit from REDD+, we recommend that rather than centralizing both carbon rights and land rights in the hands of the state and a few private investors, community forestlands should be returned to local people under community-led forest management approaches. Local control of both land and carbon stocks will promote sustainable coexistence of smallholder agriculture and carbon forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening tests have been carried out to quantify the significance of binaural auralization over monaural auralization in accordance with the acoustic properties of the enclosure. To this end, acoustic rendering of three different rooms were generated based on synthesized monaural (two channels with the same audio material) and binaural room impulse responses. The auralizations were evaluated by means of subjective tests using headphones with non-individualized equalization. Parameters, such as localization, spatial impression and realism, were taken into consideration to determine the relevance of providing binaural information for the auralization of a given room. The analysis of the data has been conducted following a statistical approach based on ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results indicate that spatial perception is strongly dependent on the acoustic characteristics of the rooms and on the listening condition of the audio material. Furthermore, as expected, advantages of binaural rendering in terms of source localization was also confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive noise reduction means are commonly used to reduce noise in the industry but, unfortunately, their effectiveness is poor in the low frequency range. By applying active structural acoustic control to the enclosure walls significant improvement of the insulating properties in this frequency range can be achieved. In this paper a model of double panel structure with ASAC is presented. The structure consists of two aluminium plates separated by an air gap. Two inertial magnetoelectric actuators and two piezoceramic MFC sensors were used for controlling the structure. A multichannel FxLMS algorithm with virtual error microphone technique is used as a control algorithm. The signal of a virtual error microphone is extrapolated basing on signals from MFC sensors. Performance of this actively controlled structure for tonal signals at selected frequencies is presented in the article. During the study, a double panel structure was mounted on one wall of sound insulating enclosure located in an acoustic chamber. During the measurements local and global reduction of noise test signal was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the changes made in the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a closed enclosure in the presence of sidewalls with symmetrical linear heating. The flow inside the enclosure is primarily driven by a centrally placed discrete heater with thermal radiation included at all surfaces involved. Finite volume method-based computational results corresponding to the resulting steady-state were obtained. The factors causing augmentation and suppression of heat transfer are discussed for two types of sidewall heating. Moreover, it is found that the role of radiation is well stronger than convection in determining the total heat transfer rate when the sidewall heating is decreasing with height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the recent geographical debates on the connection between dispossession and informality. Existing scholarship recognises that informality is an integral part of capitalism. Arguments reinforcing the formal–informal dichotomy dominate research on processes of dispossession. Drawing on analyses of the struggle of waste recyclers in Beijing, this paper conceptualises informal activities in relation to circuits of capital. It contends that theories of dispossession need to be extended in order to analyse processes of enclosure in the informal economy. The conclusion discusses the potential of reconceptualising dispossession as a variegated process operating both outside and within the capitalist space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archetypal case of a hot and wet plate surrounded by a cold and wet square enclosure is studied. Turbulent natural convection, the water evaporation/condensation, the heat exchange between the air and the enclosing solid bodies are simulated. The large-eddy simulation methodology is adopted in conjunction with a dynamic Lagrangian model for sub-grid scale viscosity and thermal-vapour diffusivities. Two statistical steady state simulations (maximum Ra = 5 × 10 8 ) and three transitory drying-process simulations are carried out by deactivating and activating the air-solid heat transfer, respectively. The present work extends the companion study of Cintolesi et al. (2016), where first order statistics of the above mentioned cases were presented. Here, second order statistics are shown: first, the turbulent structures of the thermally uncoupled cases are analysed, along with the velocity root-mean square, the turbulent scalar fluxes and the turbulent kinetic energy budget. A few zones of negative production of turbulent kinetic energy are identified and discussed. The presence of splat and anti-splat events on the enclosure surface is detected and discussed. Subsequently, the evolution of the drying-process simulations is reported: the physical properties of the plate materials lead to different decays of the surface thermal fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the declining fortunes of the mushaa', a once-prominent Levantine culture of common land. Palestinians managed to resist attempts by the Ottoman Empire and the British Mandate to break up the mushaa'. Under Israeli colonization, the remaining commons are now subject to another type of appropriation: individual Palestinian contractors seize hold of mushaa' land and build on it. This article introduces the concept of 'enclosures from below', whilst looking at the dynamics of seizure of the commons by Palestinian refugees, who once were peasants practising mushaa' on their lands and are now landless, some having become expert contractors. I show that the contractors consider their actions to be a form of resistance against the settler colonial project, manifested in the advancing of the Wall and settlement expansion. This is described through a case study of the Shu'faat area in Jerusalem. Changing uses of mushaa' land reflect wider tendencies in the Palestinian national project that has become increasingly individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of rectangular and circular enclosures in southwest Kazakhstan, originally thought to be prehistoric or early historical, has turned out to date from the 1950s and 1960s. They were built as livestock pens (kora) to protect rice paddies from free-grazing cattle. Rice cultivation had been introduced to the region east of the Aral Sea by deported ethnic Koreans from the Soviet Far East after the native pastoral nomadism had been destroyed by forced collectivisation in the early 1930s. This had resulted in the Great Famine of 1931-33, evidence for which is provided by refugees’ burials found on archaeological sites in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The case study illustrates an approach to the study of twentieth century contested landscapes using evidence from archaeology, ethnography, and oral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose is to focus on the assessment of an ignition risk due to a large amount of unburnt fuel gases accumulated in the extraction duct connected to a confined and mechanically ventilated enclosure fire combining numeric and experiment. The current numerical study includes the initial well ventilated fire, spreading of flame in the enclosure, subsequent decay during under-ventilated conditions and exhaust of unburnt gas ignition in an extraction duct. Globally, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combined with an Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model shows the feasibility for simulations of the air vitiation effect on transient combustion events occurring in a closed environment. A particular effort is undertaken to properly predict the pressure level inside a confined facility, and consequently, air inflow supply rate by using a HVAC system. Overall, the numerical results are in fair agreement with the experimental data for the minor species production (CO, H 2 ), and good agreement for pressure pulse, temperature peak, the major species and heat release rate. In spite of results for minor species that could be improved, the current work confirms the feasibility of a numerical treatment of under-ventilated fire phenomena. The possibility of simulating an ignition risk in an extraction duct connected to a very under-ventilated enclosure fire, has been demonstrated with success in medium-scale facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REMAINS OF AN 11th–13th-century farmstead were revealed during excavations within part of ‘The Hayworth’, an early enclosure on the ‘lost’ manor of Trubwick, (West Sussex).2Historical, landscape and toponymic evidence has been utilised to set the archaeological activity in context. It seems probable that the excavated site, and the Hayworth enclosure more broadly, relate to a specialised cattle rearing or vaccary farm. The site represents the most completely excavated vaccary complex yet known, and is the first recognisable example from the Wealden region in south-east England.The discovery has important implications for our current understanding of medieval Wealden economy and environment, as well as patterns of settlement evolution. Evidence suggests this site can be linked with the traditions of Anglo-Saxon outpasture and transhumance. This article explores the evidence from this site for the transition from a seasonal pasture to a permanent 12th-century manorial establishment held in severalty. The likely form of a vaccary complex is established and the potential for the existence of these specialised cattle ‘ranches’ and dairies is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discuss the framing of the urban public garden from the Renaissance through the early 21st century, including the conception of gardens as enclosed spaces. The development of the use of concave spaces in urban garden design, including the use of artificial horizons, is discussed.

The paper problematizes public housing privatization. It compares the trajectory of tenure change in two garden communities – Garbatella, Rome and Sunnyside Gardens, New York City – which privileged public and private ownership, respectively. The cases are currently dealing with tenure change. Sunnyside experienced the enclosure of gardens and citizens’ attempt to reclaim what was held in common in order to bring back the communal spaces. Garbatella is a place where growth over time of rights, powers, immunities, and privileges is manifested in long-lasting processes of appropriation of public housing goods. Despite their different stories, Sunnyside helps to problematize the process of public housing privatization in Garbatella which is further complicated by tenure complexity, State-induced rent gap and institutional displacement. The analysis of tenure change, done by using the ‘incidents of ownership’ notion developed by Marcuse, contributes to the understanding of what public housing privatization means in social and spatial terms. Housing privatization leads to an erosion of the in-between space where individual and collective aspiration meet as a precondition for the reproduction of what is held in common: spatial goods such as open spaces and housing – a fundamental aspect of our citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of different developed acoustic enclosures on the noise emission of a small generator set fuelled by natural gas. The sound signals of generator without enclosure and covered by developed enclosures were measured in front of the generator exhaust at five electric loading conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load). The sound signal was measured according to SAE J1074 test procedure. The recorded digital sound signals were converted to frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The results revealed that the simple enclosure (SE) and modified enclosures were effective to attenuate the generator noise at frequencies greater than 800 Hz and 250 Hz, respectively. The acoustic performance in attenuating the generator noise for the semi-covered modified enclosure (SME) and fully covered modified enclosure (FME) was better than for the SE enclosure. The acoustic performance of all enclosures was reduced with increasing the generator load especially at full load condition. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the generator loading condition, the enclosure setup mode and their interaction had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the generator A-weighted overall sound. The results of Duncan's multiple range tests showed that covering the generator with different types of enclosures reduced significantly (P<0.01) the generator sound level (93.2 dB(A)) to 88.4 dB(A) for SE, 87.2 dB(A) for SME and 86.1 dB(A) for FME. They also revealed that the generator sound increased significantly (P<0.01) with increasing the generator electric load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon remains found at Dew lane in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Discussed is the archaeological works which is done by Wessex Archaeology in December 2012 and January 2013 in behalf of the Bellway Homes for the housing and land development in the area. Also discussed are the archaeological features which comprised of Iron Age remains, post-built enclosure and post-holes.

Two captive tiger attacks are presented that took place in Cologne and Münster zoos. Both attacks occurred when the handlers, intent on cleaning the enclosures, entered whilst the tigers accidently retained access to the location, and thus defended their territory against the perceived intruders. Both victims suffered fatal neck injuries from the bites. At Münster, colleagues managed to lure the tiger away from its victim to enable treatment, whilst the Cologne zoo tiger had to be shot in order to allow access to be gained. Whilst it was judged that human error led to the deaths of the experienced zookeepers, the investigation in Münster was closed as no third party was found to be at fault, whereas the Cologne zoo director was initially charged with being negligent. These charges were subsequently dismissed as safety regulations were found to be up to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enclosures divided by multiple vertical diffusive partitions have a high insulating quality and may provide tangible benefits as a construction material. The enclosure under investigation is differentially heated, with adiabatic bottom and top sides. The three coupled modes of heat transfer are investigated numerically. An analysis of the interaction of natural convection and surface radiation has been conducted by studying the influence of the partitions and walls surface emissivity. A parametric study is conducted to point out the influence on global heat transfer of some parameters such as partitions number, enclosure void fraction, and thermal conductivity ratio of partitions and side walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of flow rate on phytoplankton dynamics and related environment variables, a set of enclosure experiments with different flow rates were conducted in an artificial lake. We monitored nutrients, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll- a and phytoplankton levels. The lower biomass in all flowing enclosures showed that flow rate significantly inhibited the growth of phytoplankton. A critical flow rate occurred near 0.06 m/s, which was the lowest relative inhibitory rate. Changes in flow conditions affected algal competition for light, resulting in a dramatic shift in phytoplankton composition, from blue-green algae in still waters to green algae in flowing conditions. These findings indicate that critical flow rate can be useful in developing methods to reduce algal bloom occurrence. However, flow rate significantly enhanced the inter-relationships among environmental variables, in particular by inducing higher water turbidity and vegetative reproduction of periphyton ( Spirogyra). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in underwater light intensity, which consequently inhibited the photosynthetic intensity of phytoplankton. These results warn that a universal critical flow rate might not exist, because the effect of flow rate on phytoplankton is interlinked with many other environmental variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses riots associated with the process of enclosure in urban areas of England during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Particular focus is given to urban conceptions of commons and citizenship. According to the author, conflicts over town commons became a symbol for larger political disputes over the role of the commonalty in town government. Topics discussed include urban freeman and the relationship between urban and rural enclosure riots.

In Dublin there are many needs and desires which are not met, or excluded, by the pattern of high rent, the commodification of social/cultural life, and the regulation of public space. Against this dynamic, Dublin has seen a number of experiments in urban commoning: people collectively finding ways of opening up space in order to do what they want. This might be as simple as wanting a space to work, to make food or to show films. Rather than trying to change this situation by appealing to existing institutions, these new urban commons are characterized by particular groups of people devising practical ways of escaping the forms of 'enclosure' which limit what can happen in the city. This article takes a 'militant research' approach to explore the potentials and limitations of these experiments in urban production and organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enclosures, single large curvilinear structures, constitute ubiquitous relics of past human societies in marginal environments. Many enclosures suffer from severe scarcity of related artefactual and ecofactual remains, allowing only tentative assessments of their date and function. A case in point comes from the Judean Desert, Southern Levant, where several dozen enclosures were surveyed and described as Chalcolithic cult sites. Using new research strategies, incorporating critical evaluation of previous surveys, test excavations and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we were able to date enclosures to a much broader time span than previously suggested, and reject their proposed ritualistic function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses themes of dispossession, enclosure, and accumulation in 18th-century history. It responds to other articles in the issue such as "The Dispossessed Eighteenth Century" by scholars Chi-ming Yang and Jordana Rosenberg. Topics discussed include wage slavery, global capitalism, and anti-foundationalist critique.

The article discusses themes of dispossession, enclosure, and accumulation in 18th-century history. It responds to other articles in the issue such as "The Dispossessed Eighteenth Century" by scholars Chi-ming Yang and Jordana Rosenberg. Particular focus is given to the relationship between geography, mercantile and industrial capital, and financial capital. It references the aesthetic theories of philosopher Walter Benjamin.

Gibbons have adapted to live in the canopy layer of the rainforest. Gibbons in the wild predominantly spend their time high in the trees resting, traveling, and foraging for food. Comparatively, gibbons in the zoo often rest and search for their food terrestrially. The purpose of this study was to provide these arboreal smaller apes with more opportunities to utilize more vertical space. Six gibbons (4Nomascus leucogenysand 2Symphalangus syndactylus) were observed in 2 phases of an observational study. The 1st phase measured space utilization and behaviors of the zoo-housed gibbons in their original outdoor enclosures using instantaneous sampling. The 2nd phase measured the same space usage and behaviors after several modifications were made to the environmental structures in the same outdoor enclosures. A 2-way mixed-model analysis of variance tested the height utilization of the 6 gibbons. The gibbons chose to spend significantly more time outside and at higher heights when the new structures were added. This study shows that given the opportunity, gibbons will exhibit more species-appropriate behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enclosure of commons and open fields was carried out by many different methods over a long period of time. Traditionally, enclosure methods have been thought to have replaced one another chronologically, unity of possession being replaced by agreements, which were in turn replaced by Acts of Parliament in the mid-eighteenth century. Recent research has however revealed the continuing importance of non-parliamentary methods in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In light of this it is necessary to examine the reasons behind the selection of a particular method of enclosure, which will be attempted in this paper. It is found that the most formal, and thus most expensive, methods were used only when necessary in order to avoid conflict or legal ambiguity, or where specific local problems required them. Less formal methods were preferred where the circumstances were appropriate. Parliamentary enclosure was used as a particularly formal type of enclosure in the most complex or contentious situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent critical analyses of global land grabs have variously invoked global capitalism and neocolonialism to account for this trend. One line of inquiry approaches land grabs as instances of 'primitive accumulation of capital' whereby lands in the Global South are 'enclosed' and brought within the ambit of global capitalism. Another perspective invokes the history of Anglo-American colonialism for critiquing the developmentalist discourse that depicts Africa as the 'last frontier' to be tamed by the techno-industrial civilization of the North. This essay integrates these two perspectives by elaborating capitalism as an irreducibly colonial formation with global inceptions. I begin with a discussion of 'primitive accumulation' and, counter to many, question the suitability of 'enclosure' for interpreting land grabs. The second section delves into the theoretical origins of primitive accumulation, proposing to situate it in a global and colonial genealogy of capitalism. A final section charts the theoretical and historical contours of this global genealogy and arrives at a more capacious reconceptualization of primitive accumulation. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of contemporary land grabs for in situ displacement, the fungibility of land, and new enclosures in the contemporary reconfiguration of global value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global land rush is aggressively underway. It is reinventing frontier narratives wherever farmland, rangeland, and forestland appear 'underutilized,' particularly in the Global South. Though the means and motives of these acquisitions are diverse, the lens of 'new enclosures' lends itself to focusing on their similarities. New enclosures surpass the enclosures of bygone centuries in scale and speed and in the plethora of resources they reach. Sociological interventions, both theoretical and applied, are needed to contextualize and concretize this burgeoning alienation of land rights and power contingencies across communities and continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the alarming features of the intersection of the world economic crisis with the global food and energy crises has been the tidal wave of large-scale land acquisitions it has unleashed. By enclosing the village commons and extinguishing the customary rights of smallholders, these land grabs are accelerating trends toward large-scale industrial farming and tenure rearrangements favoring international agribusiness. This article situates these developments in the social space of Ethiopia and a specific historical context of transformations in state and property relations. By critically analyzing the designation of the commons as empty or underutilized spaces awaiting redemptive development, it highlights the ways in which the legitimizing claims of terra nullius efface the complex ecologies and distinctive spatial dynamics of social reproduction in the zones designated for enclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past five centuries, Europeans have enclosed the global commons and, in the process, incorporated whole continents of aboriginal land. Some scholars argue that Indians in North America were spared the ravages of compulsory enclosure, having sold their land to non-Indians through willing-seller transactions and benefited from federal government trust and treaty policies. Moreover, where enclosure existed, it is widely believed to have ended as Indians converted to agriculture, thereby internalizing hard work, sedentary life styles, and allotted ownership. This study disputes such historical accounts and suggests a wave of new enclosures in accordance with recent U. S. Department of Agricultural minority lending policies. By discriminating against Native American farmers and ranchers, the federal government has enabled the erasure of title, livelihood opportunities, and cultural identity among Indian farming and ranching communities. Evidence from the Fort Berthold Reservation of North Dakota reveals the complex complicity of the federal government in Indian land erasure and points to a changing reservation geography that, even now, makes castaways of agrarian Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of capitalist responses to environmental and economic crisis, in which the notion of “property” is often expanded or intensified – whether as territorial enclosure, forced extraction and privatization of natural resources, or the privatization of collective knowledge production in the university – notions of withdrawal and autonomous escape from the destructive machine of capitalism take on a variety of forms. This work is designed to visualize the ways in which spontaneous collective actions and reconfigured notions of “property” can take root in a notion of “life” itself: e.g. promoting of the potentiality of land without the spectre of monetization; free knowledge production or Lok Vidya (people's knowledge) that exceeds the territorial enclosure of the private university; reclamation of the right to be and to speak through encirclement; and the collective performance of street actions and protest. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The inverse boundary design problem of combined natural convection–radiation has been solved numerically. The aim of this study is to find the strength of heaters in a 2-D enclosure to produce desired temperature and heat flux distribution on the design surface. To obtain the optimal solution, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is chosen to perform the iterative search procedure. Moreover to reduce the computation time, the sensitivity matrix is updated by Broyden combined update method. The direct problem is solved using the finite volume method for both fluid and radiative transfer equations. SIMPLE algorithm is utilized to satisfy pressure–velocity coupling. Cases of surface-to-surface radiation and radiation in a grey, emitting, absorbing and scattering media are investigated. Effects of Rayleigh number, optical thickness, scattering albedo, wall emissivity and number of heating and design elements are studied. The results show that for various cases, estimated heat fluxes on the design surface are very close to the desired values and the maximum root mean square error is less than 1%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Parks have long attracted historians and archaeologists' attention as discrete features in the historic landscape. Traditionally, the role of parks in the economy of medieval England has been interpreted as being the preserve of deer for the hunting of the aristocracy. Hence literature emphasized their importance as status symbols in the landscape. Recently, their function has been reassessed recognising the wider economic activity of parks with regard to the pasturing of livestock and the valuable wood and timber which they offered. Focusing on a case study of Lilleshall Park, in north east Shropshire, this paper, based on the study of surviving cartographic and documentary evidence, provides an overview of developments in the post-medieval period, exploring the progress of enclosure and conversion of the park into farmland, the place of animal husbandry, the exploitation of deer, and the utilization of wood and timber resources for industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The modal expansion method has been used to formulate expressions for real and imaginary parts of the complex sound intensity inside enclosures. Based on theoretical results, the computer program has been developed to simulate the acoustic intensity vector field inside the irregular room whose shape resembles the capital letter L. Calculation results have shown that a low-frequency distribution of the acoustic intensity is strongly influenced by the modal localization and the characteristic objects in the active intensity field are energy vortices and saddle points positioned irregularly inside the room. It was found that for small sound damping the vortex centers lie exactly on the lines corresponding to zeros of the eigenfunction for a dominant mode. An increase in a sound attenuation results in the change of vortex positions and can cause the formation of new vortices. Finally, an influence of the wall impedance on the quantitative relation between the acoustic and reactive intensities was studied and it was concluded that for very small sound damping the behavior of the sound intensity is basically only oscillatory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work presents a transcription and translation of a case of novel disseisin brought before the Nottingham assizes in 1257. Its importance lies in the fact that the case is concerned with a coalmine in Nottinghamshire. It offers important new evidence in three key areas: early, thirteenth-century enclosures, the earliest evidence for coal mining in the Nottinghamshire coalfield and very rare evidence of pit-head sales of coal. The accompanying commentary discusses these themes in detail in conjunction with the legal context of novel disseisin, the details of the case itself - with particular reference to the litigants themselves - and suggests that the numerous and early surviving novel disseisin cases may be an additional source of evidence for social historians in a period when other documentation might be lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay provides an analysis of the 'dirty' history and geography of enclosure, as both an instance of primitive accumulation and a production of nature. Specifically, I reconsider the English enclosures as a struggle over the land-use designation of 'waste'. Whereas both open fields and common waste lands were an essential and valuable part of the common right economy, advocates of enclosure came to see these same lands as wasted commons; lands that were potentially, but not yet, improved. This dialectic of waste and potential permeates the fabric of the nature produced through enclosure, which I name terra economica. Typically, this terrain has been understood as a passive repository of free resources, extending across absolute space. While such accounts consider the making of nature into a universal means of production, it is equally important to consider the ways in which nature is produced as a universal condition of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study on natural convection heat transfer within porous trapezoidal enclosures has been carried out for two different cases. The effect of linearly heated side walls on flow pattern is investigated in case 1; whereas, the effect of linearly heated left wall and cold right wall is studied in case 2. In both cases, the bottom wall of the cavity is uniformly heated and the upper wall is adiabatic. The results are analyzed for a wide range of parameters such as Rayleigh number, Ra(103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), Prandtl number, Pr(0.015 ≤Pr ≤ 988.24), and Darcy number, Da(10−5 ≤ Da ≤ 10−3). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Some narrators prefer an empty space as their plot, namely a space liable to be filled, while others prefer to anchor the setting of their story in a real geography. Ioan Slavici makes his characters evolve in a "real" setting, one that is directly inspired by the actual configuration of a locality or of a region. The Romanian author acts both as a geographer and as an anthropologist, marking the landmark details and the space-related superstitions with the same accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From nine years of research and hundreds of hours of video footage, audio interviews, and still photographs, Chosen (Custody of the Eyes) is Abbie's feature-length documentary-in-progress focusing on one woman: Heather, evolving over time, from one identity to another - Sister Amata - as she integrates into a religious order that follows an ancient rule. Chosen is a collaborative endeavour; Abbie lent HD video cameras to Heather/Sister Amata, a painter and former blogger, and to the nuns. Set within the enclosed community, Chosen (Custody of the Eyes) tracks the nuns' public and private performances in a highly ritualistic space - a rich material culture focused on the spiritual realm; the liminal phase that is the process of becoming (Heather attempting to construct a new individual and cultural identity, and becoming Sister Amata); the belief that one is 'chosen' and questions of fate and agency; and the certainty of adopting the rigid lifestyle of an ancient rule, contrasted by the nuns' acceptance that they will not know the results of their sacrifice until the afterlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with laminar natural convection in three-dimensional air-filled enclosures. The cavities under investigation have two opposite isothermal vertical walls and four adiabatic walls. The vertical and horizontal aspect ratios are in the range 5–80 and 0.2–5, respectively. The Rayleigh numbers vary between 103 and 105. These values match cavities typically found in vertical hollow alveolar bricks. The effects of the geometry and the Rayleigh number on the convection are discussed. Comparisons between purely two-dimensional cases and the results obtained in 3D are presented and analyzed. Nusselt number correlations as a function of the two aspect ratios and Rayleigh number are proposed, offering an efficient tool for thermal engineers and scientists to evaluate convection heat transfer in real three-dimensional enclosures, which are common systems in building construction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thermocouples are often used for thermoregulation of active thermal systems. When the junctions of these sensors are under a natural convection flow, it is necessary to take into account the viscous stress that can affect the measurement of temperature and therefore the regulation set points. The main objective of this work is to study the viscous shear stress taking place close to the active hot wall in closed air-filled cavities of parallelogrammic shape. The influence of shear stress is examined for different inclination angles of the cavity and large Rayleigh numbers which are usual in thermal applications. The local stress distributions are presented for the steady state for all the geometric configurations considered. The Nusselt number at the hot wall as well as the temperature and stream function distributions in the cavities are also included. The findings obtained from the numerical simulation using the finite volume method are validated by thermal measurements on an experimental cavity. This study confirms the need to properly choose the location of thermocouples in the reference cell used for controlling the active system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing crisis of global capitalism has served only to intensify the past four decades of neoliberal restructuring of cities across the world. In this paper I critically reflect on a literary aspect of the neoliberalising city academic discourse that is too often left untheorised or underplayed—the prevalence of contemporary urban enclosure. My aim is twofold: to synthesise theories of old and new enclosure with more familiar understandings of neoliberal urban processes; and to then apply this framework to the British housing experience of the past four decades. In doing so, I argue that enclosure is not only a metaphor for contemporary urban policy and processes but also provides an explanation for what is taking place. The paper concludes with some brief thoughts on how today's ‘urban commoners’ might contest the new urban enclosures by finding common cause around visions and practices of a ‘new urban commons’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]