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The photovoltaic performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells can be significantly improved by regulating the aggregation structure and film formation kinetics of the constituent materials. However, many regulation strategies, including the use of additives and annealing, require complex fabrication processes and additional investments, which poses challenges for the industrialization of OPV cells. In this work, a completely fused non‐fullerene acceptor, GS‐20 is designed and synthesized, with strong aggregation properties. The incorporation of GS‐20 as a third component into the PBQx‐TF:eC9‐2Cl‐based cell accelerates aggregation of eC9‐2Cl and improves molecular stacking by promoting film deposition. The as‐cast ternary OPV cells fabricated without any post‐treatments exhibited a high VOC of 0.890 V and a maximum PCE of 19.0%. Moreover, a postprocessing‐free OPV module is fabricated using the blade coating method and obtains a satisfactory PCE of 13.5%, indicating excellent feasibility for large‐scale preparation. This work realizes an efficient postprocessing‐free OPV cell through molecular design and ternary strategy, facilitating the industrialization of OPV technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have received considerable interest because of the growing demand for high-energy–density and safe energy storage systems. Efficient and economical catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in ZABs play a crucial role in reducing expenses and facilitating industrialization. In this study, an efficient alkaline ORR electrocatalyst derived from ZIF-67 is synthesized by a simple one-pot method followed by high-temperature calcination. The optimized catalyst, CoCu-NPC-1000, demonstrates outstanding electrocatalytic performance in ORR, with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.849 V and an onset potential (Eonset) of 0.988 V. Notably, CoCu-NPC-1000 also shows excellent methanol tolerance, stability, and durability under alkaline conditions. These superior catalytic properties are attributed to the synergistic effect of Co-Nx and Cu-Nx dual active sites, along with the increased average pore diameter facilitated by the pore-forming agent Zn(NO3)2·6H2O. The CoCu-NPC-1000-based zinc-air battery outperforms the power density of Pt/C, achieving 107.1 mW cm⁻2 at a current density of 124.3 mA cm⁻2, compared to 84.79 mW cm⁻2 at 143 mA cm⁻2 for Pt/C. Additionally, its specific capacity reaches 851 mAh g Zn - 1 , exceeding that of Pt/C (688 mAh g Zn - 1 ). This study not only confirms the effectiveness of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as a pore-forming agent but also offers valuable insights into synthesizing bimetallic organic framework-derived electrocatalysts for ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Purpose Methods and approach Findings Policy implications Strategies to develop manufacturing industry are the subject of lively debate over whether to follow or defy national comparative advantage. Electric vehicles (EVs), a major change for automobile manufacturers, are no exception.Despite the US government's promotion of global integration to activate the semi‐invisible hand of market forces, neither traditional Detroit automakers nor new firms, even with government grants or loans, were able to launch EVs on the world market promptly, with the notable exception of Tesla. In China, the government helped dozens of domestic electric vehicle manufacturers enter the market through formidable government subsidies. However, none of China's manufacturers, other than Wuling, were able to surpass Tesla in sales in China.The rapid growth of Tesla and Wuling without relying heavily on government protection and subsidies raises the question of whether their success can be attributed to other forms of state intervention.What policies and strategies enable manufacturers to develop and market a new technology, such as EVs? What can we learn by comparing the experiences of US and Chinese vehicle manufacturers?We consider these questions and what the implications are for debates about industrial development strategy.We compare four carmaking firms—GM, Tesla, BYD, and Wuling—their business strategies and their interactions with the US and Chinese states. We draw on company reports, government documents, and press reports.Both China and the US employed semi‐developmentalist, semi‐neoliberal policies to promote the manufacture of EVs. The US subsidized research and development in its automobile industry and provided incentives to consumers. It has subsequently moved to lending to the most promising firms for EV production. China, in contrast, has selectively subsidized EV firms all the way from development to marketing.Subsidies from the US government have been steady: they are expected to stay this way in the near term. However, the fastest‐growing carmakers have used outward foreign direct investment to gain competitive advantage. China's subsidies, on the other hand, have been unstable: linked to the performance of the target firms. The higher the firm's profit, the lower the subsidies and vice versa. China has been careful with subsidies to prevent rent seeking and moral hazard.Neither following nor defying comparative advantage explains the strategies followed by the four firms: comparative advantage considerations have been tempered by the possibilities of foreign investment.The results imply that traditional developmental strategies have resorted to inward foreign direct investment in high‐income countries as a means to learn technologies and outward foreign direct investment in low‐ and medium‐income countries as a way to reduce production costs, but have missed the comparative advantage of outward and inward foreign direct investment, and strategic mixes of these, when developing and diffusing radical innovation like EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hacia 1850, en Buenos Aires, la costura era una actividad que realizaban diferentes personas en sitios diversos. Podía ser parte de un oficio artesanal, una labor femenina, un castigo productivo o una de las tareas que se esperaban del servicio doméstico. Observar esas distinciones y distancias vuelve a la aguja y al hilo un prisma para interrogarnos por las jerarquías sociales –de género, raza y edad– que estructuraron este mercado de trabajo e incidieron en la construcción de nociones de derechos y justicia, así como para identificar el lugar que ocupó este puerto sudamericano en una trama global de procesos de industrialización, nuevas pautas de consumo y movimientos migratorios. A través del análisis de un nutrido corpus documental, este estudio realiza un aporte desde la historia social con perspectiva de género al ofrecer una mirada del período al ras de experiencias sociales de trabajo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of mechanical bearings is crucial in the industry. Estimating the RUL enables the assessment of health bearing, maintenance planning, and significant cost reduction, thereby fostering industrial development. Existing models rely on traditional feature engineering with feature changes because operating conditions pose a major challenge to the generalization of RUL prediction models. This study focuses on neural network-based feature engineering and the downstream prediction of the RUL, eliminating the need for specific prior knowledge and simplifying the development and maintenance of models. Initially, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is employed for feature engineering. Subsequently, a bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) model is used to capture the time-series degradation characteristics of the engineered features and predict the RUL through regression. Finally, the study examines the influence of operating conditions in the model and integrates domain adaptation to minimize differences in feature distribution, thereby enhancing the model's generalizability for the RUL prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass constructions at the turn of the century The period of high modernism (ca. 1880–1970) goes hand in hand with technical developments of the industrial revolution, which leads from handicraft production to the industrial mass production of glass. The further development of manufacturing processes and the dimensions and qualities of the glass panes now available had a considerable influence on the development of glass constructions and profiles. Using selected examples, this article traces the development of flat glass applications from 1880 to 1920 in order to demonstrate changes in glass construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations and societies have changed. Bureaucracy, as modernity's form of organization, has transformed into a reflexive organization, coordinating the conditions of system reproduction in time–space with increased reflexivity. Simultaneously, modernity with capitalism, industrialization, and rationalization as its institutional dimensions radicalized; reflexive organizations as one of its driving forces and the reflexive organization as the new organization model. Today, reflexive organizations are the most ubiquitous and powerful agents in our societies, separating and integrating activities, practices, and occurrences in new time–space arrangements and sets of social systems together with others, fueling modernity's dynamism and global scope and letting our societies resemble an engine without a driver, erratically running in directions we cannot foresee. To identify and understand these changes and their impact on our current world, we develop a research framework informed by Anthony Giddens' structuration theory that upgrades social systems to the core of structuration theory and adds the reflexive mode of organization and a strategic perspective to Giddens' theory of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the impact of energy natural resource productivity and environmental tax on environmental sustainability in six major CO2‐emitting economies: the Euro Area, China, South Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, from 1997 to 2019. This analysis aims to reveal novel findings and implications for different energy natural resource productivity types and environmental regulations. We employed data regarding leading national and regional CO2 emitters from 1997 to 2020 to conduct an empirical analysis using the panel non‐linear auto‐regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and panel quantile ARDL (QARDL) methods. The results show that energy natural resource productivity and environmental tax are crucial components in reducing CO2 emissions by controlling for innovation technology and renewable energy consumption. The main findings demonstrate that the impact is stronger in the presence of increased energy natural resource productivity and vice versa. These findings have novel implications for sustainable development and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new and efficient manufacturing technology is disclosed in the present work for the preparation of benzoylphenylureas and their key intermediates. This new route significantly reduces the number of reaction steps from six to three, resulting in a streamlined process. Additionally, the overall yield is increased from 56% to over 69%. Compared to the original process route, the new manufacturing route has the advantages of fewer chemical steps, higher overall yield, less process safety hazard and environmental impact. Considering these factors, the new manufacturing route exhibits considerable potential for industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low-middle income countries, industrial development is essential in driving economic growth, improving social progress, and creating employment to alleviate poverty. This study used the time series of night-time light (NTL) from 2000 to 2020 to assess the industrial park growth and its impact on poverty reduction at the village level. The emerging hotspot analysis has been used to identify the space-time pattern of night-time light data over the study period. Our study reveals that industrial parks keep growing and generate new neighbourhood growth. NTL growth patterns and Gross Provincial Product (GPP) are significantly correlated. Also, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) increases with the distance from industrial park areas. Conclusively, using space-time data mining with NTL time series data can help the local government understand and monitor industrial growth at a low cost. The NTL data is a suitable proxy indicator for studying human activities and solving the incomplete and discontinued dataset. A further study utilizing the time series NTL data is still beneficial for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-tech industry plays an important role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structures. Its innovation activities show an obvious two-system structure. To promote co-development and improve industrial competitiveness, it is essential to examine the efficiency and measure the coupling coordination degree between two systems. With this regard, we first measure the relative efficiency using nonparametric technologies under different specifications of each system. Second, the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between two systems have been calculated. Finally, comparative analyses of efficiency and coupling coordination degrees have been analysed from the perspective of the regional high-tech industry. Empirical results indicate the low overall technical efficiency in the regional high-tech industry is caused by low-scale efficiency under nonconvex. However, it is caused by low pure technical efficiency under convex. Moreover, the average efficiency of technology development in regional high-tech industry is higher than that of technology transformation for convex and nonconvex cases. Furthermore, the degree of coupling coordination of the two systems of the high-tech industry in all regions is moderate and above coordination. The empirical results can provide useful suggestions for policymakers to create an environment conducive to industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore contemporary regional development in a historic industrial region. Specifically, we unpack the influences of industrial history and culture, built up over several centuries, on contemporary regional development dynamics and issues. In doing so, we draw on an evolutionary perspective within economic geography and perspectives from deindustrialization studies to understand how the past shapes the present. We combine these with theories of agency to understand how key actors comprehend the industrial heritage of a place, and how this is incorporated into contemporary regional development efforts. We explore this combination of conceptual lenses through an in-depth case study of Karlskoga, in Sweden, one of the country's 'bruksorter' (mill towns) that grew up around the production of iron and steel, leading to it eventually becoming one of the largest arms manufacturing cities in Europe, home of the well-known Bofors company. However, all has not been plain sailing, and Karlskoga has experienced the challenges of de-population, industrial restructuring, and shocks to the sector upon which the town is reliant. By analysing these mixed fortunes we develop new insights into how regional development is intertwined with structural, institutional, and cultural industrial legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on how the environmental assets of old industrial regions were commodified and channelled in new productive processes , along with domesticating and distributing old and new negative externalities and risks unevenly in spatial and social terms. We adopted a political ecological approach to grasp how the emergence and dynamics of agency in such spaces are related to the mobilization of environmental resources, how peripheral industrialization is linked intimately to ecological exploitation jeopardizing the sustainability of old and new trajectories and how such processes are embedded in the ecological 'lock-in' position of OIRs. Our analysis rests on Hungarian case studies which produced empirical results and theoretical lessons beyond this context, for further studies in peripheral industrial regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to unfold how peripheral reindustrialisation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) produced multiple marginalities in local spaces. Relying on a cultural political economic (CPE) approach, we analyse how the imaginary of reindustrialisation encompassed the discourses on development and the strategies and practices of powerful agents of economic restructuring in an old mining town of Hungary, which entailed new dimensions and depths of poverty. By discussing the changing labour, housing, and environmental conditions of the local poor, we relate structural changes to the changing conditions of social reproduction and local history, and highlight how the new economic trajectory produced marginalised spaces within a dynamic region. In this way, we also extend CPE‐guided research more to the realms of social reproduction and ethnic social relations to get a more fine‐grained understanding of inequalities rooted in peripheral industrialisation and scrutinise prevailing narratives of economic development in CEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid industrial development, the overloading of bridges caused by heavy multi-axle vehicles has become a critical problem worldwide. This work conducts a performance-based evaluation for tied-arch bridges subjected to heavy multi-axle vehicles, and a prediction function of the dynamic impact factor (DIF) for tied-arch bridges is proposed considering the bridge frequency, vehicle speeds, and road quality level. Specifically, the main parameters affecting the bridge response were first identified theoretically using a simplified multi-axle vehicle-bridge model. A tractor-trailer mechanical model and a tied-arch bridge model were subsequently constructed and coupled using displacement coordination conditions to explore the characteristics of the bridge response under heavy multi-axle tractor-trailers. Additionally, based on the identified factors, a detailed investigation of DIF was performed using the developed special vehicle-bridge interaction model. Finally, a suggested computational method for predicting DIF of tied-arch bridges was proposed. The results obtained indicate the impact effect of special tractor-trailers on bridges should not be ignored, even at low operating speeds and in good road conditions. Moreover, additional monitoring measures should be placed on the structural components that are sensitive to dynamic responses to regulate responses within an acceptable range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient resources and high costs are hindering industrial development, potentially impeding adaptation to market demands. Overcoming this challenge necessitates advancements in software engineering techniques to streamline processes and meet industrial requirements. Crucially, automating manual tasks and enhancing interoperability between engineering stages can yield efficiency gains. This paper presents a model‐based system engineering approach aimed at automating the transition from design to implementation, incorporating autonomous generation and validation features. Implemented as plugins and utilizing model transformation techniques, this solution targets reducing engineering time and facilitating the adoption of new technologies. Developed, implemented, and tested within the Arrowhead framework, the approach is followed by a discussion on its benefits and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell technology emerges as a promising green solution, offering mitigation to global warming, air pollution, and energy crises. This eco-friendly approach is witnessing a surge in adoption within the automotive sector, with fuel cell buses, cars, scooters, forklifts, and more, becoming increasingly prevalent. The automobile industry has been rapidly advancing fuel cell technology, inching closer to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. As various technical hurdles are surmounted and costs are reduced, fuel cell vehicles are poised to become a competitive force in the automobile market, presenting an excellent solution for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. This review paper delves into the fundamentals of fuel cells, their characteristics, and their applications in the automotive realm, exploring their prospects in comparison to traditional technologies. Furthermore, it sheds light on the existing research and industrial developments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison is provided between various fuel cell cars that have already been commercialized, enabling readers to understand the current market landscape. The review also analyses the advantages and challenges associated with fuel cell technology, offering insights into its future development trajectory. Through this comprehensive exploration, readers can gain a deeper understanding of fuel cell technology and its potential in revolutionizing the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-apartheid, the South African economy remains characterised by persistent unemployment and world-leading inequality. Transitioning towards more equal and inclusive economic outcomes is hampered by an industrial base concentrated in powerful firms in upstream resource-based carbon-intensive sectors. Pursuing industrialisation in the context of the push towards decarbonisation and sustainability by significant trading partners depends on a massive investment programme in renewable energy and specific high-emitting sectors and developing linkages between sectors to target a just, equitable, and inclusive transition that tackles the country’s deep-rooted inequalities. This paper evaluates South Africa’s main development finance institution, the Industrial Development Corporation’s role in green industrialisation in South Africa. It investigates whether the investments made and the orientation of the IDC positively impacts the structural transformation of the economy, using disclosed and publicly available data. It suggests a set of criteria with which the IDC can assess the transformational impacts of its climate change funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTModern era has witnessed particulate matter (PM) become one of the biggest threats for the existence of biological species. Therefore, a study was performed in Faisalabad city to evaluate PM retention and removal efficiency of ten local tree species. Branch samples were collected from urban, sub-urban and rural areas in September 2020 (183 days after rain), and in August 2021 (30 days after rain). Results showed that total PM load, PM>10 and PM10-2.5 retention was the highest in urban followed by sub-urban and rural area. PM>10, PM10-2.5, total PM, and PM deposition rate decreased significantly in the following order, F. benghalensis > T. arjuna > S. cumini > A. scholaris > F. religiosa > E. camaldulensis > D sissoo > C lancifolius > B. ceiba > M. alba during both years 2020, and 2021. During the artificial rainfall experiment, total PM removed by the species also followed the same order however, PM removal efficiency was the highest in B. ceiba and M. alba followed by E. camaldulensis, C. lancifolius, D. sissoo, T. arjuna, S. cumini, A. scholaris, F. religiosa and F. benghalensis. Therefore, it can be concluded that species selection must be done skillfully for congested urban environment.Owing to excessive industrialization and motorization, optimizing particulate matter (PM) removal from the atmosphere has become imperative. Since, trees can help in controlling the atmospheric PM therefore, current study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of ten tree species in controlling the atmospheric PM. These species belong to arid and semi-arid regions have not been characterized for the efficiency in removing PM from the atmosphere. The results will help in the selection of efficient local tree species for controlling atmospheric PM especially in the congested urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the wake of the 2021 coup, Myanmar experienced a renewed civil war that has fragmented the country along a myriad of old and new conflict lines. Despite the high-intensity violence across many regions of the country, China is still pursuing an ambitious connectivity project under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) is meant to connect Myanmar to the Chinese market and boost Myanmar’s industrial development. However, the challenging post-coup environment has required significant changes in China’s approach to local infrastructure development and empowered a new set of subnational actors on both sides of the border. This article analyzes how CMEC has fared since the coup, and how the fragmentation of Myanmar has gone hand in hand with that of Chinese agency in the country. Contrary to prevailing descriptions of the BRI as a coherent, strategic, and top-down project, we argue that the case of Myanmar exposes the degree to which it is shaped by local interests and circumstances, and the limits of centralized BRI implementation. Finally, it is likely that adjustments in Chinese policy triggered by the situation in Myanmar will have more long-term consequences for the future of the BRI, specifically a more direct involvement in local security efforts and greater engagement with local authorities beyond the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the internet-income inequality nexus and the industrialization-income inequality relationship have been separately investigated, this present study looks at the moderating role of internet penetration in the relationship between industrialization and income inequality. The focus of the study is on a panel of 44 African countries over the period 2000–2020. The empirical evidence is based on the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimation technique. The results show that while internet penetration has a negative and significant impact on income inequality, industrialization has a positive and significant impact on income inequality. Moreover, the interaction between industrialization and internet penetration exerts a positive and significant impact on income inequality. Policy implications are provided based on the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming into eco‐industrial parks (EIPs) by applying collaborative measures and stakeholder engagement is a practical and political response to the decline of current industrial parks, and a solution for fostering sustainable industrial development. While the brownfield approach (EIP development through retrofits and new strategies of existing establishments) is common, greenfield development—where sustainability is inherent in planning, design, and construction—is gaining interest. The present study uses the case of GreenLab in Denmark to explore the emergence and development of greenfield EIPs, showcasing the potential of a middle‐out approach and emphasizing the role of curation in contrast to top‐down and bottom‐up processes. The study draws on a process‐model analytical framework, encompassing the evolutionary phases, the actors involved, and the co‐creation of the journey. The development of GreenLab is found to have passed through three phases of evolution: pre‐emergence, emergence, and probation, increasing the “networkness” in the business park. We point to several critical factors that drove these phases, among which shared vision, road mapping, and engagement and political support from local, regional, and national actors are critical. Furthermore, strategic planning, continuous funding, and strong collaboration with research institutions have been essential. The replication potential of GreenLab is substantial, and the experiences accumulated over the years can guide other greenfield EIPs and new research avenues considering greenfield EIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the industrial robots field, efficient and convenient programming methods have been a hot research topic. In recent years, immersive simulation technology has been developing rapidly in many fields, which provides new horizons for the development of industrial robots. This paper presents a HTC VIVE laser scan motion capture and Holohens augmented reality (AR) based interactive Programming by Demonstration (PbD) system for industrial robot. A portable Handheld Teaching Device (HTD) and its calibration algorithm are designed in the system. The portable HTD which is tracked by a laser motion capture system can be viewed as an AR robot end-effector to teach paths. Meanwhile, the AR robot can be simulated in real time during programing. In addition, the robot reproducing the operator's actions at the same position in space is the focus of programming. So, Multi-system registration methods are proposed to determine the relationship between robot systems, motion capture systems and virtual robot systems. Meanwhile, a path planning algorithm is proposed to convert the captured raw path points into robot-executable code. For unskilled operators, they can easily perform complex programming using the HTD. For skilled senior workers, their skills can be quickly learned by robots using the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on Bourdieusian social theory to reconceptualise graduate resilience in post-industrial societies to provide a fresh perspective on a concept that has gained increasing prominence in recent years. Through a review of sociological critiques of resilience, this paper argues that graduate resilience is a complex social phenomenon shaped by a range of factors, including material and social resources. In response, we propose an integrated multi-level framework that identifies different stages of graduate resilience, in the context of early transitions into the labour market, and how these stages are shaped at the micro, meso, and macro levels. This framework places resilience in the context of neo-liberalism and highlights structural barriers that hinder the building and signalling of graduate resilience. We argue that the framework enables current representations and understandings of graduate resilience within research, policy, and practice to be problematised and provides a critical starting point for advancing understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2020, China has dramatically increased the ambition, scope, and resources of its technology and industrial policy. Besides devoting more resources, the government has also expanded direct intervention in the economy, creating new organizational forms in order to link researchers, technology providers, and firms. This program aims to re-engineer the innovation chain—and with it, the entire industrial economy. The government intervenes by creating new organizations, remaking incentives of existing organizations, and serving as a compulsory matchmaker between different organizations and firms. These new organizational interventions increase the extent to which the government steers the overall economy and is leading Beijing to take an even more comprehensive and government-directed approach to technological and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China wants to become a science, technology, and manufacturing superpower by upgrading and modernizing its industrial base and concentrating the nation's innovation resources around strategic priorities. However, it is difficult for the state to integrate innovation resources because of the gap separating universities and research organizations from industry, which impedes the translation of scientific output into technological prowess. By contrast, Beijing has been much more successful at directing industrial development. As a result, achieving a modernized industrial base is now the dominant framework for Chinese policymakers as they pursue technological self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater electrolysis represents a promising green energy technology with significant potential for efficient energy conversion. This study provides an in-depth examination of the key scientific challenges inherent in the seawater-electrolysis process and their potential solutions. Initially, it analyzes the potential issues of precipitation and aggregation at the cathode during hydrogen evolution, proposing strategies such as self-cleaning cathodes and precipitate removal to ensure cathode stability in seawater electrolysis. Subsequently, it addresses the corrosion challenges faced by anode catalysts in seawater, introducing several anti-corrosion strategies to enhance anode stability, including substrate treatments such as sulfidation, phosphidation, selenidation, and LDH (layered double hydroxide) anion intercalation. Additionally, this study explores the role of regulating the electrode surface microenvironment and forming unique coordination environments for active atoms to enhance seawater electrolysis performance. Regulating the surface microenvironment provides a novel approach to mitigating seawater corrosion. Contrary to the traditional understanding that chloride ions accelerate anode corrosion, certain catalysts benefit from the unique coordination environment of chloride ions on the catalyst surface, potentially enhancing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Lastly, this study presents the latest advancements in the industrialization of seawater electrolysis, including the in situ electrolysis of undiluted seawater and the implementation of three-chamber dual anion membranes coupled with circulating electrolyte systems. The prospects of seawater electrolysis are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the globalising world, scientific and technical progress, increase in production areas, industrial and economic development have positively affected society and human life, but have caused serious deterioration of the ecological balance. Every person working in any field should have ecological culture and ecological knowledge. Since chemistry is mostly related to ecology among the subjects taught, the role of chemical production and anthropogenic effects in disrupting the ecological balance is great. In chemistry teaching, importance should be given to providing students with the necessary knowledge and skills about the source of environmental problems, environmental concepts, causes of problems and ways to eliminate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opening of Spain's first railway in 1848 inaugurated a short-lived period of railway euphoria that consumed the imaginations of Spaniards and resulted in the rapid development of nearly 5,000 km of track. While most historians of Spain's nineteenth century concede that the effort failed to trigger the industrialization many had hoped for, it did stimulate the minds of those primed to fantasize about the Spanish future then being constructed with iron and steam. Fueling these dreams of a hyper-modernized future was the dark specter of Spanish decline, a narrative with roots in the seventeenth century and an influential cultural force in the nineteenth. Nineteenth-century railway boosters and journalists frequently conjured up stirring images of a prostrate Spain being lifted out of the mire of decline and re-joining the nations of Europe. This article explores how popular anticipation at the prospect of railways prompted an infectious feeling of possibility that echoed across Spain and promised, if only for a bright and fleeting moment, to ease Spanish insecurities and allow the nation to finally free itself of the terrible burden of its past failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances an explanation for the dynamics of agencies and institutions responsible for the formation of skills in nineteenth-century western India. It shows that multiple agencies – artisanal apprenticeship, indigenous schools, new bazar schools, modern vernacular and English schools, and institutes for technical, industrial and practical instructions – played a limited but responsive role in skill-and-knowledge development. These establishments sought to attend to the conundrum of shortage and obsolescence of and access to industrial and commercial skills in the context of modernisation and incipient industrialisation. Indeed, inherited crafts apprenticeship remained the vital agency of skill formation, despite some of the institutional experiments in and discourses of promotion and modernisation of skills. New agencies together, however, generated less than one-tenth literates in the total population, less than one-third (elementary) enrolment ratio, and less than one year of average schooling. They churned out a small but increasing number of skilled working-persons, thereby contributing over time to a slow spread of skills amongst non-artisanal communities and a small fall in skill premiums. This article modifies the narrative that has posited static, dichotomous images of indigenous and modern agencies of skill-and-knowledge development, and reframes the narrative of emergence and development of vocational/practical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As some of the richest sources of natural antioxidants, small berry fruits have attractive colors and special tastes, with recognized benefits for human health. However, sour tastes in small berry juices result in a poor flavor and low acceptance among consumers, greatly limiting their marketability. Among the most commonly used deacidification methods, chemical deacidification methods can neutralize fruit juice via the addition of a deacidification agent, while physical deacidification methods include freezing deacidification, ion-exchange resin deacidification, electrodialysis deacidification, and chitosan deacidification. All of these methods can markedly improve the pH of fruit juice, but they introduce new substances into the juice that may have an influence on its color, taste, and stability. Biological deacidification can effectively remove malic acid from fruit juice, reducing the content from 15 g/L to 3 g/L; additionally, it maintains the taste and stability of the juice. Therefore, it is widely applied for fruit juice deacidification. On this basis, some compound deacidification technologies have also emerged, but they also present problems such as high costs and complicated working procedures. This review of deacidification methods for small berry juice provides a foundation for the industrial development of such juices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restructuring of the railways and steel railway bridges in Chemnitz and Hannover around 1900 The development of the railway network in the mid‐19th century had massive implications for settlement and landscape planning in Germany, deeply affecting the cultural and historical development of each region. As a consequence of high industrialization, around 1900, there was a significant increase in the population's desire for mobility and the necessity of transporting goods. This led to the continuous expansion of the railway network. Particularly in urban areas, this expansion was accompanied by the construction of extensive infrastructure, which increasingly reached its capacity limits on both roads and railways. The necessary track diversions required the construction of a large number of new bridge structures. This gave rise to a variety of steel solid web girder bridges with short spans, which, with their economical design language and richly adorned abutment pylons, profoundly transformed the cities. These bridge ensembles, as well as the respective construction and planning processes, will be examined in more detail for the cities of Hannover and Chemnitz. The discussion will focus on the solutions found for the same construction task against the backdrop of each region's unique political context and how they have shaped the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on contrasting notions of class, caste, and status in William Faulkner's "Absalom, Absalom!" by examining the character of Thomas Sutpen through an Appalachian lens. Topics include the overlooked significance of Sutpen's Appalachian heritage, its clash with Antebellum Southern values, and how his rise to power challenges the Southern caste system and foreshadows industrialization in the post-Civil War South.

Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as natural food pigments for many years. There is a high demand for Monascus red pigments (MRPs) to enhance color and for antibacterial and cancer prevention therapies in food and medicine. Most MRPs are not water soluble, and the yield of water‐soluble MRPs is naturally low. On the other hand, water‐soluble MRP is more cost effective for application in industrial mass production. Therefore, it is important to improve the yield of water‐soluble MRPs. Environmental factors have a significant influence on the synthesis of water‐soluble MRPs, which is crucial for the development of industrial production of water‐soluble MRPs. This review introduces the biosynthetic pathways of water‐soluble MRPs and summarizes the effects of environmental factors on the yield of water‐soluble MRPs. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA) is a precursor for MPs synthesis. Carbon and nitrogen sources and the carbon/nitrogen ratio can impact MP production by regulating the metabolic pathway of acetyl‐CoA. Optimization of fermentation conditions to change the morphology of Monascus can stimulate the synthesis of MPs. The appropriate choice of nitrogen sources and pH values can promote the synthesis of MRPs from MPs. Additives such as metal ions and non‐ionic surfactants can affect the fluidity of Monascus cell membrane and promote the transformation of MRPs into water‐soluble MRPs. This review will lay the foundation for the industrial production of water‐soluble MRPs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chain Leader System (CLS) is a novel concept of industrial development proposed by the Chinese local government. Initially, it was aimed at chain extension, supplementation, and advancement to address the impact of external uncertainties. However, there has been debate about whether political power from CLS will lead to inefficiencies in green governance. This study aims to formalize industrial CLS for green governance. A survey was conducted to assess public acceptance and the validity of CLS in a resource‐based city. The results indicate that CLS, when aligned with green governance goals, effectively corresponds with market rationality and public value. It is evident that CLS represents a collective effort toward effective governance rather than simply extending industrial chains or enhancing resilience. The efficiency of green governance within CLS is influenced by the factors including communication platform, enterprises' carbon sinks and green clustering, citizens' adoption of green transportation, and communication among different stakeholders. This study provides valuable insights for the governments seeking to establish an efficient CLS that aligns with both market principles and well‐functioning government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite photovoltaics have attracted significant attention in both academia and industry, benefiting from the superiorities of high efficiency, low cost, and simplified fabrication process. Importantly, long‐term stability is essential for practical industrialization; however, the stability challenge remains a significant impediment. Notably, stability is an essential prerequisite for practical applications. Unfortunately, as the device area increases, even to the module level, the efficiency gradually diminishes, and the stability deteriorates. This review summarizes the advances in perovskite photovoltaic technology stability from comprehensive perspectives, including the atomic‐scale, grain boundary, film morphology, interface, charge transport layer, electrode, laser etching, and module encapsulation. First, the review highlights the ongoing importance of stability in the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Then, the review presents the stability challenge and explores the relationship between efficiency and stability in large‐area photovoltaic modules, shedding light on the stability issue. Later, the review explains the stability issue in terms of structure, chemistry, interfaces, device design, operation, and external environment, and proposes stability strategies ranging from the atomic‐scale to module encapsulation. Finally, the review emphasizes various improvement strategies, particularly multilevel synergistic optimization, offering fundamental guidance for the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article process-traces Ethiopia's adoption and implementation of the industrial park development strategy from the mid 2000s to the late 2010s. How does policy transfer unfold, and what characterizes China's influence on Ethiopia's Special Economic Zone (SEZ) strategy? Drawing on extensive interviews conducted during multiple field trips to Ethiopia and China between 2017 and 2023, complemented by secondary sources, we argue that policy transfer involves navigating both structural opportunities—providing incentives and resources for individuals—and individual agency to surmount structural constraints. Contributing to the growing body of literature on South-South policy transfer, our study underscores the pivotal role of individual agency in overcoming prevalent structural constraints within South-South contexts, characterized by fluid power relations and less defined policy transfer networks. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of scrutinizing the agency of host-country actors in their engagements with a rising China, rather than assuming China's impacts in a deterministic manner. Our detailed documentation offers a nuanced perspective on China's influence in Ethiopia's industrialization. We show that primary agency in the policy transfer process should be attributed to Ethiopian actors, whereas the roles of Chinese actors range from initiation, facilitation, and occasionally, reluctant responses in this intricate process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, marriage breakup or divorce has become a significant issue, and Bangladesh is no exception. The divorce rate among urban women has dramatically increased in Bangladesh, particularly in Dhaka City. This study aims to uncover the factors contributing to the rising divorce rate among women in Dhaka. Utilizing desk-based research and expert interviews, it critically examines the causes of marriage breakdown. The study argues that industrialization, women's empowerment, and feminist movements have fostered a rise in individualism among women in Dhaka, making them more educated and empowered compared to those in other Bangladeshi cities. This individualism serves as a deterrent against physical and mental abuse, extramarital affairs, authoritarian attitudes, and other forms of discrimination traditionally faced by women. Women's sense of individualism also fosters intolerance toward unhappy marriages, allowing them to pursue independent lives due to their financial solvency. Additionally, the study identifies other factors negatively impacting divorce-seeking behavior, including drug addiction, marital dissatisfaction over infertility or impotence, extramarital affairs due to partner absence, and the influence of social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The latest developments in the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) have opened up a collection of possibilities for many industries. To solve the massive IIoT data security and efficiency problems, a potential approach is considered to satisfy the main needs of IIoT, such as high throughput, high security, and high efficiency, which is named blockchain. The blockchain mechanism is considered a significant approach to boosting data protection and performance. In the quest to amplify the capabilities of blockchain‐based IIoT, a pivotal role is accorded to the Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) algorithm. Inspired by the collaborative brilliance of glowworms in nature, the GSO algorithm offers a unique approach to harmonizing these conflicting aims. This paper proposes a new approach to improve the performance optimization of blockchain‐based IIoT using the GSO algorithm due to the blockchain's contradictory objectives. The proposed blockchain‐based IIoT system using the GSO algorithm addresses scalability challenges typically associated with blockchain technology by efficiently managing interactions among nodes and dynamically adapting to network demands. The GSO algorithm optimizes the allocation of resources and decision‐making, reducing inefficiencies and bottlenecks. The method demonstrates considerable performance improvements through extensive simulations compared to traditional algorithms, offering a more scalable and efficient solution for industrial applications in the context of the IIoT. The extensive simulation and computational study have shown that the proposed method using GSO considerably improves the objective function and blockchain‐based IIoT systems' performance compared to traditional algorithms. It provides more efficient and secure systems for industries and corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital economy is an important force to promote industrial green development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of digital economy on China's industrial green development and its mechanism of action from 2011 to 2019, and further examines the spatial spillover effect of digital economy on industrial green development using the spatial Durbin model (SDM). The results show that the digital economy can significantly promote the improvement of IGTFP, and the development of the digital economy in the region can drive the green development of industry in the peripheral regions through the spatial spillover effect. Green technology innovation has a partial mediating role in the process of digital economy affecting IGTFP. Industries in central cities can gain greater green development from digital economy development relative to industries in peripheral cities. The above findings remain valid after a series of robustness tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxides are high‐valued intermediates in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and polymers. Given the growing demand for epoxides, it is imperative to develop more environmental friendly and sustainable routes instead of the chlorohydrin process. Notably, the direct utilization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the epoxidation reaction presents significant advantages from both environmental and economic perspectives. The review provides insights into both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts employed in the 1‐butene epoxidation using the green oxidant H2O2. Among the diverse range of catalysts, titanosilicate‐1 (TS‐1) has garnered extensive attention due to its exceptional selectivity and high oxygen atom utilization. The aim of this review is to illustrate various strategies for TS‐1 catalysts preparation that can lead to more versatile, higher‐performance, and greener epoxidation processes. Additionally, various potential approaches to enhance the catalyst performance of TS‐1 are highlighted, including (i) constructing specific coordination modes of Ti sites, (ii) regulating the microenvironment around Ti sites, and (iii) improving the accessibility of Ti sites. Furthermore, advances in molding TS‐1 catalysts are also introduced from the perspective of the industrialization. Finally, future research directions are discussed with emphasis on the application scope of TS‐1 to gain deeper insights into epoxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind has developed significantly over the past decade, and promising new markets are emerging, such as Brazil, South Africa, India, Poland, and Turkey. As logistic transport activities increase complexities, developing regional supply chains can help to reduce costs and enhance the sector's competitiveness. This article proposes a framework for the industrial development of the offshore wind supply chain in new markets. This study is grounded in a systematic literature review and is validated through a multi-case study, identifying key variables and factors influencing industrial growth. Adopting a process-based approach, factors and variables were modeled into a framework, encompassing the following four phases: (1) demand assessment of a new sector, (2) sectorial and industrial planning, (3) industrial development and maturity, and (4) sectorial and industrial renewal or decline. Each phase brings together a group of policies. Our findings show the policies' interrelations. These results complement the few studies that have examined the industrial development process, providing a clear guide as to the process for the development of the offshore wind industry in specific regions. Thus, the framework provides elements that contribute as a valuable tool to the debate, structuring, and development of public policies for the industrial development of a new sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial development and population growth have increased the need for higher-capacity power transmission lines. Aluminum conductor steel-supported (ACSS) conductors, a type of high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductor, are now widely used in new designs and reconductoring applications. ACSS conductors are preferred over traditional aluminum conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) conductors due to their high strength, low sag, and excellent thermal stability. These attributes have garnered significant interest from researchers, engineers, and manufacturers. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure, properties, testing methods, and environmental behavior of ACSS conductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prolonged dependence on industrial development has accentuated the cumulative effects of pollutants. Simultaneously, influenced by land construction activities and green space depletion, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in cities has intensified year by year, jeopardizing the foundation of sustainable urban development. Prudent urban spatial planning holds the potential to robustly ameliorate the persistent deterioration of the UHI phenomenon. This study selects Jinan City as a case study and employs spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression algorithms to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of urban-rural patterns at the township scale. The aim is to identify key factors driving the spatiotemporal differentiation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) from 2013 to 2022. The research reveals a trend of initially rising and subsequently falling LST in various townships, with low-temperature concentration areas in the southern mountainous region and the northern plain area. The "West-Central-East" main urban axis and the southeast Laiwu District exhibit high-temperature zones. Significant influences on LST are attributed to pollution levels, topographical factors, urbanization levels, and urban greenness. The global Moran's Index for LST exceeds 0.7, indicating a strong positive spatial correlation. Cluster analysis results indicate High-High (HH) clustering in the central Shizhong District and Low-Low (LL) clustering in the northern Shanghe County. Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) outperforms Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Linear Regression (OLR), providing a more accurate reflection of the regression relationships between variables. By investigating the spatiotemporal evolution of LST and its driving factors at the township scale, this study contributes insights for future urban planning and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of industrial technology, industrial processes become increasingly complex, presenting characteristics of large‐scale and multi‐unit collaboration. However, most current fault detection methods focus on nonlinearity, dynamics, and other characteristics, while neglecting spatiotemporal information. To address this issue, an adaptive spatiotemporal decouple graph convolutional network based quality‐related fault detection method is proposed in this article. First, the temporal graph convolutional network and spatial graph convolutional network are combined organically in the form of joint training. Second, considering that fixed graph structures cannot reflect the dynamic relationships among nodes, we proposed an adaptive weighted mask mechanism to construct dynamic correlation graph embedded with priori knowledge. Multi‐attention mechanism is used to integrate spatiotemporal information, besides, we designed a decoupling layer to avoid information redundancy. Finally, the proposed spatiotemporal graph convolutional network is used to establish a regression model, the quality‐related latent variables are extracted by the decoupling layer, and the statistic is constructed based on Kullback–Leibler divergence. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are illustrated with the hot strip mill process and the Tennessee Eastman process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, implementing effective industrial policies faces challenges due to capacity and governance constraints, hindering accumulation of recognised success stories. This impedes our understanding of effective industrial policy tools in countries with accountability deficits. This article explores Russia’s Industrial Development Fund (IDF) support programmes, initiated since 2014, aimed at promoting import substitution through low-interest loans to industrial firms. These IDF programmes appeared to be more effective than most of Russia’s other industrial policy instruments. The article shows that they have resulted in statistically significant sales growth for supported businesses. It highlights institutional features contributing to programme effectiveness, ensuring the integrity of beneficiary selection and project support. It offers valuable insights for organisations implementing state support programmes in challenging governance conditions. Additionally, the recent emergence of more effective industrial policy tools like the IDF may partly explain Russia’s increased economic resilience against international sanctions imposed due to the war in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) offers a promising path for greenhouse gas conversion, but industry usually relies on pressurization conditions, and the drawback of rapid carbon deposition leading to deactivation of conventional catalysts under pressurization has hindered its industrial development. In this study, a cost-effective N-doped Co-based DRM catalyst was developed by utilizing melamine to induce heteroatom doping defects on modified lignite to overcome the problem of deactivation due to rapid carbon deposition under pressurized conditions. The catalyst, Co/CN-40 (Impregnated with 40 wt% melamine), has the smallest metal particle size (3.13 nm), the largest specific surface area (376 m2/g), high defectivity (I D /I G ratio = 0.84), enhanced metal-support interactions and a relatively high pyridine N content (48%). The evaluation of DRM activity and stability at 780 °C and 0.5 MPa demonstrates that Co/CN-40 offers the highest catalytic efficiency. The highest conversion was quickly achieved by the catalyst during activity assessments, and maintain an efficient conversion with suppressed metal agglomeration over a 100-h stability test. These improvements are attributed to the increase in the number of defects which enhances electron transfer, improves metal anchoring and boosts the adsorption and activation of reactant molecules. [Display omitted] • Increased defectivity enhances metal anchoring and inhibits metal sintering. • Co/CN-40 shows the best catalytic performance and activation rate. • Co/CN-40 under pressure effectively inhibits carbon nanotube generation. • Stable catalyst operation relies on enhanced metal anchoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), as a promising strategy for storing renewable energy and promoting carbon resource recycling, is critical for industrial development. Previous reports have extensively explored catalyst‐electrolyte microenvironmental modulation to elucidate coupling mechanisms and enhance catalytic conversion to multicarbon products. Currently, most reviews mainly focus on the impact of microenvironment modulation in low‐current systems on mechanism exploration and performance optimization, yet few of them can integrate macroscopic applications with microscopic investigations to explore the relevance between industrial development and catalyst‐electrolyte microenvironmental optimization. To address the gap, this review focuses on summarizing the challenges and advancements in microenvironment modulation for the development of high‐current devices. By introducing models of different scales sequentially, the connection between microenvironmental modulation and device performance is clarified. Then, various invalidation mechanisms and effective solutions are summarized to intuitively expound the impact of microenvironment modulation on high‐current stability. Meanwhile, as an intuitive measure of the rationality of microenvironment modulation, evaluation methods of device performance should be refined, which are also covered in further detail below. Finally, more valuable and challenging prospects are discussed for guiding the further industrial transformation of CO2RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]