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This study examines the ineffectiveness of issuing Investigation Orders (Surat Perintah Penyidikan or Sprindik) following complainant examinations in Indonesia’s law enforcement process, contributing to case backlogs. Using a normative juridical method, the research analyzes legal regulations, administrative procedures, and relevant case examples. A statutory approach involving legal reviews and a conceptual approach exploring legal accountability and procedural justice principles were applied. Key findings reveal that high investigator workloads, inadequate training, and administrative mismanagement hinder effective Sprindik issuance. A lack of standardized protocols for evaluating initial evidence leads to premature suspect designations, causing judicial delays. Limited use of investigative technologies and procedural misunderstandings further exacerbate inefficiencies. To address these issues, the study recommends revising police regulations to standardize evidence evaluation, expanding investigator training, streamlining administrative processes, and adopting digital case management systems. An oversight mechanism should be established to monitor Sprindik issuance, ensuring greater accountability and transparency. These reforms aim to modernize investigative procedures, reduce case backlogs, and promote fairer, more efficient law enforcement practices. The study’s integrated approach combines legal analysis with policy solutions, offering a roadmap for sustainable improvements in criminal investigation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of digital technology has made the dissemination of false news a significant global issue, posing threats to social, political, and economic stability. This research investigates the challenges faced by police investigators in combating the criminal offense of disseminating false news in Indonesia and proposes innovative solutions to strengthen their authority. Using a normative juridical research method, the study explores legal, institutional, and technical factors contributing to investigative inefficiencies. Key issues identified include outdated legal frameworks, limited investigator capacity, weak organizational structures, and insufficient inter-agency collaboration. The study’s novelty lies in its multi-faceted approach to addressing these gaps. It proposes revising legal regulations to align with evolving technological dynamics, establishing more precise definitions of false news, and strengthening legal obligations for social media platforms. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of specialized training and professional certification for police investigators to enhance their technical and investigative skills. An advanced organizational structure is recommended, including the creation of a dedicated cybercrime unit equipped with state-of-the-art technology and international cooperation capabilities. To ensure transparency and accountability, the study also suggests implementing a robust oversight mechanism to monitor investigative actions, prevent abuse of authority, and foster public trust. By integrating these strategies, the proposed solutions aim to create a more effective and technology-responsive law enforcement system capable of addressing the complex challenges posed by the dissemination of false news in the digital age. These recommendations contribute to the broader discourse on modernizing law enforcement in an increasingly digitalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the norms of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal systems following the current criminal legislation of Europe, England, and America. The author examines the main elements of evidence used to establish a person's guilt in committing a criminal offense. The author analyzes the provisions of the Anglo-Saxon and classical Romano-Germanic legal systems regarding the determination of the procedural status of participants in criminal proceedings. It is proved that the right to defense is an important guarantee of fairness in criminal proceedings. Theoretical aspects and practical mechanisms of realization of these guarantees are studied. The author suggests ways to improve legislation and address theoretical and practical challenges in the field of criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most influential figures in the history of Islamic thought is Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210). The identities of mushakkik, which creates problems on many subjects, especially metaphysical and theological ones, the muhaqqiq who tries to solve the problems above the sects, and the jâmî who brings many different views together in the highest concepts, have seriously affected all the thinkers after him. Therefore, in the tradition, all schools had to inherit the philosophical and scientific dynamism that he created and displayed an attitude about the problems he created and the solutions he offered. The real important motive that makes Râzî so indispensable and effective is his problematic identity (mushakkik), which carries the kalām to philosophy and philosophy to kalām, and criticizes philosophy on the basis of the kalām, and the kalām on the basis of philosophy. For this reason, when we look at the works of Râzî, who has been evaluated politically and sociologically within Ash'arism throughout his life, it is clearly seen that he is a thinker who is suitable to be embraced by different schools and to be interpreted in different ways. The fact that many Ahl as-sunnah theologians emphasized the works written by Râzî with a theological-Ash'ari theme, caused his supra-sectarian identity to be overshadowed. On the other hand, it is seen that some thinkers are making an effort to know and recognize Râzî as a philosopher-theologian and muhaqqiq. This effort is clearly seen especially in scientific figures who benefited from Kamaladdin Ibn Yûnus (d. 639/1242) in some way. Af?al al-Dīn Khūnajī (d. 646/1248), Athir al-Din al-Abharî (d. 663/1265), Najm al-Din al-Qazwinî al-Kâtibî (d. 675/1277) can be given as examples. These personalities, on the one hand, played an active role in the spread of Râzî's scientific heritage and they were effective in bringing Râzî to the fore with his supra-sectarian identity on the other. Sirāj Al-Dīn Al-Urmawî (d. 682/1283), who inherited his scientific legacy, is among the important names who established his identity as a muhaqqiq who mostly solved supra-sectarian problems. Human actions are at the forefront of the issues in which this facility has clearly emerged. Urmawî tries to revise al-Arba'în's expressions, which seem to ignore the power and influence of human beings in terms of human actions as well as criticizing Razi's arguments very seriously. In his work Lübâb, on the one hand, he summarizes al-Erba'în of Razî he seriously criticizes Razi's Ash'ari attitude towards human actions on the other. He does this largely on the axis of the arguments that Râzî himself expressed from his encyclopedic works such as al-Matâlibu'l-'âliyya mina'l-'ilmi'l-ilâhi. It is clear that this is not an ordinary situation. Because human actions are at the forefront of the issues that determine the thinkers' conception of divinity and the relationship between God and man. In this study, Râzî's attitude on this issue and Urmavi's philosophical and theological criticisms will be tried to be determined. Thus, it is clearly seen that he is trying to establish Râzî as a muhaqqiq in the axis of human actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to provide those interested in the Research Methodology with a reference material, which allows the option of using other alternative instruments to the hypothesis. Observation, bibliographic or documentary analysis, analysis - synthesis, and phenomenology were used in the preparation of the text. The study was carried out at the University of Las Tunas, Cuba, through a three year investigation, which showed the tendency to use the hypothesis as an instrument. The investigation showed that the other instruments are alternatives to the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dermatology and aesthetic medicine has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by industry-sponsored research performed by clinical investigators. Contract research organizations (CROs) play an important role to ensure clinical trials are run efficiently, ethically, and according to Good Clinical Practice. An advisory group of dermatologists and aesthetic researchers was assembled to obtain feedback about CRO experiences for developing a "next-generation" specialty CRO for dermatology and aesthetic medicine.Methods: Experienced dermatologists and aesthetic physician researchers convened during the 2022 Winter Dermatology Annual Meeting in Kauai, Hawaii, to discuss experiences and make suggestions regarding CROs. Topics included positive and negative aspects of CRO experiences, desirable CRO services, and how CROs can be improved.Results: Benefits of working with CROs include project, data, and resource management and availability of technology. Desired functions include rapid study start-up, subject recruitment, and accurate and organized site-related documentation. Other qualities include access to large subject populations close to study locations, use of CRO-based clinical research assistants to support principal investigators across study sites, and scientific consultation, protocol development, medical writing, project management, clinical and medical monitoring, data management, biostatistics, and pharmacovigilance.Conclusion: CROs serve a vital role in the development process of drug, device, and therapeutics; however, it is important that changes to traditional CRO models are made to provide improved interactions with researchers in dermatology and aesthetic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though it becomes the responsibility of crime official to carry out the investigative phase so as to established commission, such procedure should be done by respecting the fundamental right of everyone. A person's examination within criminal proceedings belongs to a range of investigative actions of restrictive nature. In this regard, the respect of human rights and freedoms becomes especially relevant during its conduction. According to experience in this field, law enforcement officers have questions on determining the subjects of this procedural action, the limits of applying coercion and the involvement of attesting witnesses. Systematic analysis of the Art. 241 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine demonstrated that the provisions set out in this Article are not sufficiently clear. That gives origins to the violations of human rights and freedoms. The authors have made a categorical conclusion about the need to improve the current regulations of the procedure for conducting examination within criminal proceedings. According to the results of the research, the authors have introduced scientifically sound proposals to improve the Ukrainian legislation concerning the procedure for conducting the investigation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of these considerations was to show the factors influencing the content of the investigative statements, and thus their informative value depending mainly on the research goals. These included, among others, the circumstances of the arrest and interrogation, the treatment of the suspect, the way of conducting conversations, asking questions, exerting pressure, establishing a rough description of the reality. They also presented the leading forms and contents of the statements. Some attention was also paid to the attitudes of historians towards this type of sources. The analyses carried out showed that the contents of the statements were shaped by: a. information obtained by the investigators from other statements and other sources, b. news revealed by the interrogated, c. striving to protect one's own person by the interrogated, d. the investigators' desire to establish facts and impose a punishment. The result of these considerations is also the thesis that there is no pure form of statement, e.g. only restrained or only sincere. A statement, regardless of its content and form, should be considered an important source for examining the mentality of the nineteenth century, the information needs of administrative, police, and judicial authorities in individual political systems, especially in the circumstances of the crisis of social trust, the personality of members of secret organizations, internal relations in secret societies, social structures, ideas and imaginations of this period, the attitudes of the authorities towards the needs of the collective, and more broadly the relationship between the authorities and the society, and the authorities and an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a qualitative research study which adopts the content analysis method and aims to evaluate the views of school principals who are also investigators on the practice of investigations. The scope of the study is comprised of school principals who were given the duty of inspectorship and were employed in following districts of İstanbul during the 2018-2019 education year in Bağcılar, Bakırköy, Başakşehir, Esenler and Zeytinburnu. The working group consists of 24 school principals who agreed to have an interview. In the study, the data were collected through face-to-face interviews which were recorded by a tape recorder and transcribed verbatim. In the interviews, 9 open-ended questions were asked, the responses were evaluated through the content analysis method, the views of participants were then sorted based on frequency, and the data were interpreted by presenting examples from the participants' responses. The results of the study demonstrate that school principals face such hardships as complaints not being fully reflected in investigation approvals, plaintiffs' or witnesses' reluctance to testify, inability to contact plaintiffs, negative attitudes of those under investigation toward the investigator, the unclear and ambiguous nature of regulations, the long-lasting characteristic of investigations, school principals' inadequacy in using legal jargon while writing reports, and the difficult nature of conducting investigations on their own colleagues. The school principals put forward such suggestions as the following: granting subsidies for investigators, not assigning investigations that require specialty to school principals, easing the workload of school principals who are also investigators by exempting them from district commission duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Investigators had limited knowledge of causation models and investigation methods. • Some investigators lack formal training although they continue to investigate. • Post-investigation findings were often underutilised to improve the work process. • There are different levels of maturity related to incident investigations. Abstract Incident investigation has been regarded as one of the means of improving safety performance. Limited published research exists that focuses on the context of practical investigation and the perspectives of investigators in the field. This research addresses this gap by evaluating how investigations are conducted in the Ghanaian Mining Industry. Forty-one investigators with diverse backgrounds were interviewed and the data collected was analysed through qualitative content analysis. Results of the study indicate that the blame culture is still evident, there is a lack of focus on controls and narrow dissemination of post-investigation findings. 49% of investigators had no knowledge of accident causation models and investigation methods. 37% of investigators had received no investigation training although they continue to investigate incidents. The frequently used data sources included interviewing victims/witnesses and evidence from the incident scene, while data from safety-related activities such as previous investigations and risk assessment were often under-utilised. An event tree showing opportunities to improve incident investigation and learning was developed to support the prioritisation of strategies for improving investigation practices. A framework has also been proposed to help incident investigators self-assess the maturity/effectiveness of their investigation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We look for this contribution to convey a word of speech in a social context (Mostaganem) to an analysis of the theory and analysis of Jeanne-Marie Barbéris, which is a definite question of verifying the postulate according to the quel A subject-locator, engaged in a contexts of conversation artificial (the subject of the interlocutorial interview) can not be polyphonic that is traversed by various sources of communication, as well as the appeal, to make the passage of your discourse according to the contexts of speech as well as the interlocutors implicit in the verbal exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection dataset from the Shipwreck Trough, offshore Otway Basin, southern Australia, we aim to characterise and understand the structural evolution of the Shipwreck Fault Zone (SFZ) and associated extensional structures. The SFZ is a key structural element of the Otway Basin, which is a NW striking, Upper Jurassic-Cenozoic, rift-to-passive margin basin that formed due to the breakup of Australia and Antarctica. The SFZ marks the transition from the major southern margin rift system to the west and the oceanic-continental transform margin to the SE. The SFZ formed and bounds the Shipwreck Trough on the eastern side and is interpreted as a N S striking transtensional fault zone, representing the northern en echelon extension of the transform margin to the south. The Shipwreck Trough is the downward thrown (western) side of the SFZ and is host to an array of horst and half-graben structures, two of which contain the producing Geographe and Thylacine gas fields. The Shipwreck Trough and SFZ are imaged by the Investigator 3D seismic dataset, which has previously been studied to conduct 2D restorations and interpret the timing, magnitude, orientation and nature of the structural events of the Shipwreck Trough. Our study adds to this previous research by using spectral decomposition and coherence volumes to further characterise the SFZ (and associated igneous features), basement structural elements and Late Cretaceous horst and half-graben structures. We have identified examples of releasing bend, releasing jog and restraining jog structures along the SFZ that are indicative of sinistral transtensional deformation and have highlighted areas of increased basement fault block relief, which have driven extensional faulting in the cover. We have also conducted throw-distance and throw-depth analysis on four horst and half-graben structures and shown that the associated normal faults have had continuous Late Cretaceous growth with the structures being formed through incidental linkage of normal fault segments. Finally, our two-way-time (TWT) and isochronal mapping of the entire 3D survey shows the development of the Late Cretaceous rifting event in the Shipwreck Trough and highlights numerous other structural closures similar to (and with close vicinity of) the Thylacine and Geographe gas fields, providing implications for prospectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E6 - good clinical practice (GCP) (R2) addendum - was released in 2016 to encourage implementation of improved approaches for the management of clinical trials. The changes in different sections include new approaches - quality management system, risk-based monitoring with emphasis on human subject protection, and data integrity. The article discusses challenges in adoption and implementation of the changes in ICH GCP guideline for clinical trial stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretation of endpoints (e.g. overall response rate) in clinical trials depends on the accurate and reliable measurement and identification of tumors. Regulatory agencies recommend blinded reviews of imaging data by independent review committees (IRCs). Differences in response outcomes that arise between IRCs and site investigators raise regulatory/sponsor concerns. Here, we evaluate discrepant tumor response assessments by the IRC and unblinded investigators (complete versus partial response, respectively) occurring in 52 (13% of 393 IRC-assessed responders) of 447 enrolled patients with treatment-naïve non-Hodgkin lymphoma from a randomized study. The IRC and investigators were ‘likely correct’ in 73% and 25% of cases, respectively (p < .001). Investigators were more likely to make errors by misinterpreting lymph node data and not utilizing PET results. Thispost hocfinding suggests a possible role for post-training site evaluation/audit, with retraining as needed, and a specialized consensus committee for concurrent blinded review of site/central data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

India's success in producing food and milk for its population (Green Revolution and White Revolution) happened because of scientific research and field trials. Likewise improving the health of Indians needs clinical research and clinical trials. A Large proportion of the sick Indians are poor, illiterate with no access to good health care. They are highly vulnerable to inducement and exploitation in clinical trials. The past two decades saw the rise and fall of clinical trials in India. The rise happened when our regulators created a favorable environment, and Indian investigators were invited to participate in global clinical trials. The gap between the demand and supply resulted in inadequate protection of the trial participants. Reports of abuses of the vulnerable trial participants followed by public interest litigations led to strengthening of regulations by the regulators. The stringent new regulations made the conduct of clinical trials more laborious and increased the cost of clinical trials in India. There was a loss of interest in sponsored clinical trials resulting in the fall in global clinical trials in India. Following repeated appeals by the investigators, the Indian regulators have recently relaxed some of the stringent regulations, while continuing to ensure the adequate patient protection. Clinical trials that are relevant to our population and conducted by well-trained investigators and monitored by trained and registered Ethics Committees will increase in the future. We must remain vigilant, avoid previous mistakes, and strive hard to protect the trial participants in the future trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data collected by the New Survey of London Life and Labour between 1928 and 1932 is one of the most significant resources of detailed household information for the interwar period, with data extracted for almost 30,000 households, providing detailed information including birthplaces, hours of work, and wages. This article assesses the process of the original data collection, highlighting issues that mean users of the extracted data must proceed with a measure of caution. In particular, it demonstrates that one investigator employed by the survey, who provided information for around a fifth of households, appears to have regularly submitted generic and estimated information that problematizes the dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated sex-specific differences in itch perception and skin reactions, as modulated by verbal suggestions, and the role of the investigator's sex. Healthy volunteers (50 males, 50 females), divided into 4 groups, were tested by male and female investigators. Itch was induced via prick testing with sodium chloride and histamine in 4 runs; 2 control conditions (with no exaggerated verbal comments about expected itch) and 2 experimental conditions (with exaggerated verbal comments). After 5 min, wheal and flare reactions were measured and itch intensity was rated by subjects on a numerical rating scale. Exaggerated verbal suggestions resulted in higher itch intensity ratings in the sodium chloride and histamine condition, and higher unpleasantness ratings and a wheal of greater extent in the sodium chloride condition, as well as a flare of greater extent in the histamine condition. The magnitude of the differences between the exaggerated verbal suggestion conditions and respective control conditions was only significantly different between male and female investigators concerning flare size in the histamine condition. There were no differences between male and female participants. Therefore, sex differences may play only a minor role in nocebo-induced itch perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What liability is associated with assuming the role of the "sponsor" in a clinical trial? This article discusses the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations governing sponsorship, and how courts have interpreted those regulations in cases with a claim of injury. There is a natural concern with the responsibility implied by assuming the role of "sponsor" in a clinical trial agreement. In a commercially sponsored clinical trial, for example, the site can reasonably require that a drug company assume most liability for subject injury Pharmaceutical companies are not the sponsor, however, for Investigator Sponsored Trials (ISTs, sometimes called Investigator Initiated Trials IITs).1 Between these extremes are the complex cases where a mix of delegated roles and responsibilities are assigned, and where the "duty of care" relation between a physician and their patient may take precedence in any case. This article discusses sponsorship in terms of the FDA regulations, and reviews several cases where judicial interpretation of a sponsor's duties had an impact on liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a survey to assess the perspectives of principal investigators and Institutional Review Board (IRB) members on the impact of the IRB structure on the conduct of research and innovative therapy, defined as a nonstandard treatment intended to enhance the well-being of an individual patient. Although investigators and IRB members agreed that the IRB provides adequate protection to study subjects (97% vs. 100%) and an ethically insightful review (88% vs. 100%), a third of clinical investigators felt that the IRB review process limits clinical innovation, in comparison with only 4% of IRB representatives. Limitations of the current IRB review process were explored. We propose several measures to improve the IRB review process while maintaining the protection of human research subjects, including the use of centralized IRBs, the opening of IRB meetings to investigators, the development of metrics and outcome measures for the IRB, and the promotion of guidelines that distinguish research and innovative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some African philosophers with minimal Levy Bruhlian disposition like Appiah, Masolo, More, Wiredu, Biko, Gyekye, Hountondji, etc, assert that African philosophy confronts a certain difficulty; the nature of this difficulty is that African philosophy is culture-bias. Some other African philosophers like Nkrumah, Senghor, Hallen, Segun Oladipo, Moses Oke, etc, have emphasized the need for historical retrospection in re-making Africa, and that African philosophy should not be perceived as culture dependent. The views of the latter philosophers rest on the following; one, Africa's precolonial indigenous culture is ahistorical (has no relevant significance to contemporary discourse in African philosophy, and thus, patently false); and, two, the training of professional African philosophers would aid a new modality and method of doing African philosophy. These schools both emphasize different ways to understand the culture-oriented bias of African philosophical inquiry. However, the views of these two schools undermines two things; one, the distinctive Africanisms in the way African philosophy has chosen to divulge itself; and two, the objectivity that is peculiar to African philosophy. Nevertheless, this study concedes that if the implication of what these schools is saying is that African philosophy will have to sink because it is culture-bias, then, this study insists that any other philosophy like the European philosophy would have to also sink. Precisely, there is no difference between any of the philosophies (African and European) with respect to the interests of what the European philosopher determines in he/she selection for investigation, just like what an African philosopher chooses to investigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior the commencement of the clinical trial in Serbia the Sponsor is obliged to provide the insurance policy covering the patient's bodily injury and damaged health caused by the clinical trial. According to provisions of Serbian Insurance law insurance polices have to be issued by the insurance companies established in Serbia. Every insurance policy not issued by the insurance company established in Serbia shall be deemed as null and void. The only exceptance, is when the foreign clinical trial liability policy is stipulated that the insurance contract acknowledges the jurisdiction of Serbian domestic courts and other Serbian authorities to decide on damage claims (that never happend in Serbian practice). The Sponsor will fulfill this obligation stipulated in Serbian law when provides the Clinical Trial Liability policy issued by the Serbian insurance company. Nowadays, few of Serbian insurance companies are issuing such polices. Under the clinical trial liability insurance cover the insureds are: Sponsor, Medical Centers in Serbia performing or controlling the clinical trial, Principal Investigators and their assistant staff performing or controlling the clinical trial. The beneficiaries of the insurance cover are patients and/or members of their families - inheritresses. The insurance company will indemnify the benefi ciary mentioned in the policy when the insured event occurred i.e. when occurred bodily injury, psychic disease and alienation, psychic damages, illnesses and deaths caused by the clinical trial. The amount of indemnity by the insurance company to the beneficiaries is limited by the amount of sum insured per occurrence and/or by the total amount of the sum insured for the total period of the insurance cover. According to case-law in Serbia the total sum insured between EUR 500.000 and EUR 1.000.000 is considered as sufficient so far to indemnify the patients in case of the insured event. If an insurance event occurs the benefits provided by the insurance company shall cover the following: non-financial losses of the claimant; financial benefits lost by the claimant; costs necessary for the elimination of the non-financial and financial losses of the claimant; costs of litigation. Serbian Law on Obligations stipulates that claims of the policy holder or third party are time bared for three years, reckoning from the first day upon expiration of the calendar year in which a claims was caused. If the interested party proves that until date defined in above paragraph it was not aware that insured event had happened, the time bar period commences from the day of awarnes, but in any case a claim is time bared for five years, reckoning from the first day upon expiration of the calendar year in which a claims was caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Investigator's Brochure (IB) is a multidisciplinary document that summarises the main elements of an entire development programme to date. Although the IB also serves other purposes, it is primarily written to enable investigators conducting clinical studies to assess the risks and benefits associated with an investigational product. The ICH E6 guideline specifies that an IB should include information on the investigational product itself as well as on its use in non-clinical and clinical studies, together with a section providing guidance for the investigator on the use of the drug. Beyond a need for good project management skills, the main challenge and responsibility for medical writers is to ensure that the information presented in an IB is as concise and focused as possible while remaining balanced and sufficiently complete to communicate what an investigator needs to know about using the investigational product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Drug Controller General of India has recently come up with very stringent laws to tighten the regulatory framework around clinical trials. One-way of improving the credibility of India and its researchers in the eyes of the regulators, sponsors and the general public is through professional site management team or setting up clinical research unit (CRU). The CRU acts as a bridge between the sponsor and the investigator. The CRU model has been better explained with the help of a good example of a clinical research institute. Since, a successful clinical trial needs high quality data, timeliness and clear communication between all parties, a professional CRU with a team of dedicated and trained professionals and infrastructure with written procedures and policies may be a solution to the pain and agony of poor site performance and investigator insufficiency and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Même si elles sont rares, les erreurs judiciaires dues aux fausses confessions existent. Les raisons les plus fréquentes de ces faux aveux sont liées au contexte dans lequel se déroulent les interrogatoires de police, aux pressions psychologiques et aux ruses, tactiques et stratégies des enquêteurs. Certains suspects avouent un crime qu’ils n’ont pas commis, pour des raisons utilitaires, altruistes ou psychiatriques. L’enquêteur doit rechercher la vérité plutôt qu’être un adversaire qui veut obtenir des aveux à tout prix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the institute of war crime investigators. It provides a definition of the investigator and the investigation process, the typology of investigators and their competencies as well as the way in which their services are engaged and their role in the criminal procedure. The article especially elaborates on the investigators' professional role as experts in the system of state imposed crime repression, and points out the requirements for a competent investigator and their specific vocabulary. In relation to this, minimum standards for their profession applicable to all investigators and the peculiarities of their cognitive process are defined. The author warns of the circumstances which should be taken into account when engaging an investigator, but also lays out what is expected of the investigator, some causes of the investigator's poor work performance, required investigator training, cognitive processing and certain questions related to the investigator's work procedure etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the use of television production techniques to maximize the learning outcomes of tele-teaching. The impact of variations in certain visual production techniques which can be easily incorporated in a tele-lecture was measured on dependent variables of academic performance and attitude of 150 students studying in class X to the presentation and presenter by using a completely randomized single-factor post-test only control-group experimental design. The study showed a significant effect of visual reinforcement of tele-lecture using certain production techniques upon the post-test knowledge (F= 65.87, p< 0.01) and attitudes of the students. The results of this study provide empirical support for developing guidelines for the improvement of tele-teaching and draw the attention of decision-makers and teachers to the importance of message design and effective presentation techniques in tele-teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years an increasing number of criminal charges and claims of inadequate health care provided by doctors have been observed. The driver of this increased number of claims and criminal charges is not usually based on poor quality of work, but is a result of targeted negative campaigns directed to strengthening the legal awareness of a patient by encouraging patients to lodge complaints and criminal claims against doctors in order to achieve compensation for alleged injury. The article gives some advice about how physicians should behave when facing allegations by the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P. K. Thomas (1926–2008) occupied a prominent place in British and world neurology during the second half of the 20th century. Here, his lasting achievements as clinical neurologist, clinician scientist and experimentalist, editor of monographs and journals and leader of professional developments in the UK and elsewhere are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the validity of six canonical rules that institutional review boards use to constrain the behavior of investigators. These rules require investigators to design their studies in a scientifically valid way, not pay their subjects to take risks, minimize risks to their subjects, secure for their subjects access to effective interventions post-trial, not pay their subjects too much and allow their subjects to withdraw from the study unconditionally. Enforcement of these rules is problematic because there are other relationships that seem to be like the investigator-subject relationship in all ethically relevant respects, such as the employer-employee and volunteer organizer-volunteer relationships, to which we would not dream of applying these same rules. Applying these rules in one context but not the others is a violation of ethical consistency I label “exceptionalism.” We should conclude that it is time to reexamine the validity of the six rules. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Conflicts of interest (COI) in research are an important emerging topic of investigation and are frequently cited as a serious threat to the integrity of human participant research.Objective: To study financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) policies for individual investigators working in Canadian academic health centers.Design: Survey instrument containing 61 items related to FCOI.Setting: All Canadian academic health science centers (universities with faculties of medicine, faculties of medicine and teaching hospitals) were requested to provide their three primary FCOI policies.Measurements: Number of all centers and teaching hospitals with policies addressing each of the 61 items related to FCOI.Main Results: Only one item was addressed by all 74 centers. Thirteen items were present in fewer than 25% of centers. Fewer than one-quarter of hospitals required researchers to disclose FCOI to research participants. The role of research ethics boards (REBs) in hospitals was marginal.Limitations: Asking centers to identify only three policies may not have inclusively identified all FCOI policies in use. Additionally, policies at other levels might apply. For instance, all institutions receiving federal grant money must comply with the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.Conclusions: Canadian centers within the same level (for instance, teaching hospitals) differ significantly in the areas that their policies address and these policies differ widely in their coverage. Presently, no single policy in any Canadian center informs researchers about the broad range of individual FCOI issues. Canadian investigators need to understand the environment surrounding FCOI, be able to access and follow the relevant policies and be confident that they can avoid entering into a FCOI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In academic health centers, the number of physician investigators and the number of research studies headed by clinicians has been declining. The U.S. Institute of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health suggest improved mentoring is important to reversing these trends. Methods: This is a case study review of the role of mentors in developing and sustaining clinical investigators at the Cleveland Clinic. Results: Issues influencing mentoring relationships at the Cleveland Clinic include whether mentoring contracts are formally or informally related and are agreed on; whether there are scheduled meetings for mentors and protégés; whether there are clearly articulated benchmarks and manageable steps; and whether there is a code of mentorship. Conclusions: Interactive group formats can lead to development of a code of mentorship and increased awareness of faculty regarding clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic science is increasing in the scale and scope of available or emergent capabilities to aid criminal investigations. Concurrently, investigations are increasing in complexity, with disciplines such as forensic ecology having an input into police work. The many specialisms comprising forensic ecology are helping authorities to counteract the trans-national and inter-jurisdictional criminal operations which are driven by global interconnectedness and the Internet. These factors, when combined with a rise in public oversight, and the media's unrealistic expectation that all crimes are solvable, produce a challenging environment for police investigators. This paper explores the author's experience of effective communication between police investigators and forensic practitioners and reflects on an emergent consultancy model of engagement. This option presents a change in the police operating environment, often with improved investigative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: India is getting to be known as a hot destination for executing clinical trials. It is witnessing the frenzied entry of pharma sponsor companies and contract research organizations and the movement of Indian non-healthcare groups into clinical research. In this mad melee, what are the determinants of success? How real is the promise of clinical research in India and what will make or break a new entrant in this business? This article attempts to describe these challenges and focuses on the resilient success criteria that the contract clinical research industry in India has tested every newcomer against. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aims. – To describe the traditional steps preceding the launch of a research project on humans. Current situation. – The Huriet law governs tests and experiments organised and practised on humans with a view to developing biological or medical knowledge, i.e. research following a protocol aimed at furthering knowledge. Research in life sciences in sport sciences falls within the scope of this law and is therefore concerned by these steps. Physiological studies are, according to the legal texts still in force, considered as being without direct personal benefit. The main actors are the investigator, the promoter and those undergoing the research. The role of the authorities concerned, in particular the Regional Ethics Committee and the Ministry of Health, is described. Outlook and projects. – A change to the legislation aims to strengthen the protection of individuals. The distribution of the roles of two of the central actors of research is currently being modified, increasing the competence of the promoter, who will not only take the initiative for the research but will also ensure the management and verify that its financing has been foreseen. The promoter (and no longer the investigator) will submit the project to the Regional Ethics Committee. The distinction between direct personal benefit and without direct personal benefit has disappeared in favour of the determination of a benefit–risk balance. Conclusion. – At the present time, the ministerial decree applying these new legal texts has not yet been published, and both the former and the new procedure can be followed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of clinical trials is to answer scientific questions. Therefore, these studies follow strict, scientific standards which protect patients and help produce reliable clinical trials results. Clinical trials are one of the final stages of a long and careful research and development process. The process often begins in a laboratory, where scientists first develop and test new ideas. Clinical trials are carefully designed, reviewed and completed. The principal investigator is the person in charge of the trials. He or she is a scientist who's is an expert in what the clinical trials is about. The principal investigator takes the lead in designing the clinical trials, choosing the research team and carrying out the study. Often, other scientists, called investigators, are part of the research team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the research is to consider problems of protection rights and interests of parties to the court of appeal by making a complaint against judicial decision of the court of original jurisdiction, which has not yet become effective in law, declare the importance of court of appeal judgments for the investigator, prosecutor, judge. To found (figure out) the mainly judge jobs in the president's massage of Republic of Kazakhstan the leader of nation our country N. A. Nazarbayev "Kazakhstan strategy--2050": new politic course of wealthy government.This article describes the latest changes in criminal cases at the appeal stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]