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A novel electrochemical reactor with a rotating anode attached to its end with four baskets as catalysts holders is proposed for deep desulfurization of diesel fuel. In this reactor two experimentally prepared catalysts of (5% manganese oxide (MnO2)/modified activated carbon (MAC) and 5% iron oxide (Fe2O3)/MAC) were used for an efficient desulfurization process. This design is characterized by conducting two functions at the same time, which are to agitate the reaction mixture and to move the catalyst over all areas of the reaction vessel. Several experiments were conducted at different operating conditions such as voltage, reaction time, and agitating speed. Results showed that the proposed basket reactor is excellent and highly effective in removing dibenzothiophene (DBT) in diesel. The removal efficiency of sulfur compounds is significantly improved by enhancing reaction times, stirring speed, and cell voltage up to 3 volts and drops at higher than 3 volts. At all operating conditions, the 5% Fe2O3/MAC catalyst showed higher performance than the 5% MnO2/MAC catalyst. This result can be attributed to the high reactivity of Fe2O3/MAC toward DBT removal and its magnetic activity which could enhance the oxidation reaction. Under the best operating conditions, the removal efficiencies reached 98.8%, and 93.1% for 5% Fe2O3/MAC and 5% MnO2/MAC, respectively. A model for the proposed reactor was also developed using an artificial neural network (ANN) software. The modeling data displayed an excellent agreement between the experimental and predicted data. This interactive model produced an accurately strong basis for the behavior of the new electrochemical desulfurization (ECDS) process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on developing a new cocktail extraction agent (CEA) composed of solvent and a new surfactant material (SM) for enhancing the efficiency of fuel recovery from real waste oil sludge (WSO). The effects of different solvents (e.g. methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), naphtha, petrol and kerosene), SMs (Dowfax and sodium thiosulfate), extraction time (10–20 min), extraction temperatures (20–60 °C) and CEA/sludge ratios (1–4) on the extraction performance were investigated. SMs and DBBE design enhanced the extraction efficiency by increasing the dispersion of solvent in WSO and enhancing the mixing and mass transfer rates. Results proved that Dowfax was the best SM for oil recovery under various conditions. The best CEA (e.g. MEK and Dowfax) provides the maximum fuel recovery rate of 97% at a period of 20 min, temperature of 60 °C and 4:1 CEA/sludge ratio. The produced fuel was analysed and fed to the distillation process to produce diesel oil. The characteristics of diesel oil were measured, and findings showed that it needs treatment processes prior its use as a finished fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the chemical and petroleum industries, metals are used in over 90% of construction units. Iron and steel are widely used metals in the fabrication and manufacturing of petroleum field operating platforms. The exposures of metals to the effect of bases or acids in the various industries can be severe to the metals specifications and thus result in suddenly failure of materials in service. So that, the need to investigate the protection of metals when exposed to various environments, as this is a very important factor in the selection of material that determines the service life of it. In the present study, the effect of various concentrations ranging from (25 to 100 mg/l) of sodium nitrate was studied in inhibiting the corrosion of carbon steel placed in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid solution (1 M, 2 M, and 3 M), the results showed that the concentration of (75 mg/l) of sodium nitrate achieved the best inhibition of the acid used in all the concentrations used, as it reduced the corrosion rate by 48.91% for a concentration of 1 M, 39.38% for a concentration of 2 M, and 35.33% for a concentration of 3 M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]