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After being processed and used as an industrial product in the 19th century, petroleum has become an indispensable energy source for humanity. Especially with the use of oil in motor vehicles, the need for this underground resource has increased day by day. This situation led to the establishment of important companies in the oil field in the world towards the end of the 19th century. In this century, although there was no serious attempt towards oil exploration activities in the Ottoman Empire, oil exploration activities were generally carried out in relevance of Western states. In the first years of the Republic, oil exploration was generally carried out by the public. However, until 1948, a commercial well could not be discovered in Turkey. As a result of the rapprochement between Turkey and the USA, especially after the World War II, experts from the USA made investigations in Turkey and prepared reports in many fields. One of the areas examined due to the increasing need in the country has been the oil fields. As a matter of fact, during this period, many US companies' geologists were given permission to conduct research in Turkey. In this context, one of the experts investigating in Turkey is the US geologist Alvin Theodore Schwennesen, a staff member of the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. Schwennesen came to Turkey at the beginning of 1948 and prepared a report on the country's oil possibilities. In the report, in which Turkey's oil possibilities are explained in a technical language, very important information is included in terms of the explanation of oil fields that later would be very effective in the economic development of the country. Evaluation of the report obtained from the State Department collection in the USA archive is discussed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dereuzunyer and Derebebek Neighborhoods located in the north of Ödemiş District of Izmir Province; ground drilling, seismic refraction, multi-channel surface wave analysis (MASW - Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) application.) and microtremor methods and their application. In the light of the data obtained, it is evaluated together with the geology and geophysical engineering disciplines, and today's conditions and conditions and current regulations, applied geophysical methods, general geophysics, general geology and field geology branches, theoretical and applied knowledge, settlement, earthquake, landslide etc. It is aimed to determine safer and more reliable housing areas against natural disasters such as natural disasters, to realize all kinds of infrastructure projects economically and to create quality habitable spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural stones have taken place in all areas of our lives from ancient times to the present. In the early days of humanity, they were used in daily life such as cutting, drilling, and agricultural tools, and their usage area increased in parallel with the development of humanity. Especially, natural stones, which hold an important place in the field of construction, appear as monumental structures that express power, authority, and longevity from defense structures to grand magnificent structures. As well as being durable, natural stones were also used for their decorative features such as color and texture properties. Dusty rose-colored natural stones (andesite) which are used locally as building materials in İncesu (Seydişehir) and its surroundings were examined in terms of geological, geochemical, petrographical, physico-mechanical, and weathering indices. Geologically, in the chemical analysis results of the samples taken from the natural stones (andesite) observed in the district of İncesu and its surroundings, all of the rocks are located "andesite" area in the total alkaline versus silica (TAS) diagram, "sub alkaline" area in the alkaline-sub alkaline separation diagram and "calc-alkaline" area in the AFM diagram. The physico-mechanical test results of andesites, which are resistant to weathering under atmospheric conditions for many years and known for their high strength, were also evaluated according to standards. It was found that the abrasion resistance and bending strength (flexural strength) remained within the limit values. According to the weathering indices, it was found to be slightly weathered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to compare the unit weights that are the main input of a lot of formula for the soils and to figure out the closest parameter that is calculated in accordance with the measurement results. In order to specify the unit weights, the results are used out of the calculations from different formula or experimental method. After the assessment of the evaluations (classified by soils), it has been concluded that the relation between the unit weights that are used in the literature and calculated according to the longitudinal wave velocity (Vp) is low. On the other hand the unit weights that are specified with experimental method is high. Depends on the relation between two results, experimental method is accepted more reliable and a coefficient is assigned to the formula that is calculated by the Vp velocity. Therefore, the seismic method that is fast and cost-efficient is recommended in order to assume the unit weight values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw) 5.5 occurred in Yeniköy village of Acıpayam district (Denizli) on 20 Mart 2019 caused heavy damages on masonary structures in Acıpayam basin. Groundwater level from ground surface in the basin varies between 1m and 11m, and soil structure of the basin is made up of silty, gravely and sandy clay. Soil liquefaction was not observed in the basin after the earthquake. The main reasons of the heavy damage on the structures are mainly, high value of soil amplification, use of clayey adobe bricks and hollow bricks for building masonary houses, unpermitted construction of roof floors by using hollow bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study covers the digital properties of beige limestone outcrops which are spreading around Eğirdir (Isparta) district which is chosen as an example and also confirming existence of similar limestone outcrops with field works. In this study, the digital geologic properties of the areas covered by 16 different beige marble quarries were revealed. These properties are morphology, drainage, linearity and various classification values obtained from Landsat satellite images. As a result of the classification and filtering studies carried out in the digital geological data obtained from quarries, it was revealed that the existing quarries and similar beige limestone outcrops are detectable. In addition, the presence of similar limestone outcrops in many different locations within the study area was determined and some of them were verified by on-site investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural History Museums were developed in the 19th century in order to supplement science courses at many educational institutions. They were considered as an effective means of understanding how scientific thought and knowledge were spread on a global scale and their impact on public. On the one hand, natural history museums represented the scientific knowledge, effort, rationality and enlightenment, which had to be standardized and categorized in the 19th century. On the other hand, these museums were based on a considerable imperialist and colonialist heritage. This article explores the development of the Natural History Museum at Robert College in the 1860s and aims to look beyond the aforementioned dichotomy. By trying to avoid the narrative of nationalism and Euro-centric museum historiography, and focusing on a single natural history museum, the article intends to exemplify how the efforts to make sense of the different cultures worked at a transnational and local scale through the stories of various social actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lineaments in the area between Palu (Elazığ)-Pütürge (Malatya) on the East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) were extracted by using automatic methods from Landsat (4-5) TM satellite image. Artificial and/or natural lineaments, which were not formed by the help of geological effects, were eliminated. Within the study area, a total of 101 geological lineaments were defined and rose diagram prepared. According to the rose diagram, the main orientations of the faults were determined as N750E with total of 1.286,879 km long. A rose diagram is interpreted taking into account the tectonic evolution of the region. In this regard, two main geological lineaments directions of N550E and N850E were determined in the study area. In this data, N850E directed lineaments, which correspond to the fold axes or reverse faults, are related to the approximately N-S directed compression during the Middle Miocene-Pliocene period. The EAFS, as well as many strike-slip faults, started to activate, and the strike-slip tectonic regime has been dominant since the Late Pliocene. Due to the fact that N550E oriented lineaments both are approximately parallel to EAFS and confirm by field work suggest that N550E oriented faults are related to strike-slip tectonic regime. Geological lineament analysis results obtained by automated methods on satellite images are very consistent with current tectonic regime controlling the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basement rocks of the study area are Paleozoic Afyon metamorphics. This formation comprises Doğanlar schist and İscehisar marbles and is unconformably overlain by Cenozoic Gebeceler formation and the Afyon volcanics. Alluvial sediments of the Quaternary age unconformably covered Cenozoic units. Afyon volcanites occurred from intensive volcanic activity during the Miocene period in Afyonkarahisar and its surroundings. The Seydiler ignimbirites formed by the Lower-Middle Miocene aged Köroglu Caldera and the volcanic rocks are represented by andesite and trachyandesitic lavas. These rocks are cover large areas north of Afyonkarahisar. This study was carried out to determined geological and minero-petrographical properties of clays in Alanyurt (Afyonkarahisar) province. Alanyurt clays occured from alteration of Seydiler ignimbirites. The upper levels of Seydiler ignimbirites consist of massive layers. Besides, the stratified structure is distinctive in the lower levels. The color varies from white, cream to light yellow, yellowish red and light green due to alteration. The total thickness of Alanyurt clays is 200m. The clay samples collected from the wall of clay quarries and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) conducted on these samples for determination of minero-petrographical properties of different alteration zones in Seydiler ignimbirites. In XRD studies, it was determined that feldispar, quartz and opal-CT/cristobalite are main rock forming minerals. The white and cream levels are consist substantially of illite. Besides, kaolinite and smectite accompanied to illite in light yellow and light green levels respectively.In SEM investigations, flaky illite and smectite; pseudohexagonal ve vermiform kaolinite booklets were observed. The morphological and micro chemical data related to the conversion of volcanic glass and potasium feldspar to illite, smectite and kaolinite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research area is Altınekin district (of Konya). Altınekin spans 1176 square kilometres. It consists of two separate basins lying northsouth direction and a mountain range which separates them in the middle and begins 1100 meters above sea level and reaches up to 1566 meters. Research area is one of the significant agricultural lands of Konya. Because this area, where agriculture done intensively, has insufficient rain and no surface water, the need for agricultural water is met by underground water. In the research area there are 4129 water wells in total which are dug for agricultural watering. However, their distributions to the area aren't balanced throughout the district. The distribution of these water wells are prominently effected by geological, geomorphological and soil factors. In terms of geological factors 99% of the water wells are on the lithological units which consist of limestone, carbonated clay and pebble stone, in terms of Geomorphological factors all these water wells are situated on areas under 1100 meters, in terms of slope factor 98% of the water wells are gathered on the areas which have a slope of below 3o, in terms of soil factor 84% of the water wells are on brown soil. Moreover, another point to draw attention is that the mountain range which has a slight altitude and lies in the northsouth direction separates these water wells into two basins. Consequently, geological, geomorphological (altitude, slope, direction of mountains) and soil factors have considerable effects in the distribution of water wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the field, in the Marmara Region, is across the northeastern part of the peninsula Kocaeli. In this area, starting from the opening of the Bosporus to the Black Sea coastal Sakarya River continues toward the mouth of the drain the Black Sea waters. Fully investigate the geological and hydrological sense of the land behind the great importance of this coastline. For this reason, behind the coast line to the water section it is also included in our study area. Physics of the structure of the land, is very important on both planning on human activities. Anadolu Feneri, at the northern end of the Strait joins the Black Sea, located on the Cape You. Karasu, Marmara Region, is a town in the province of Sakarya. East district of Kocaeli, south district, southwest ofFerizli district is surrounded by the Black Sea in the west and north of Kaynarca district. Karasu district of the land is located on the plateau of Kocaeli. Sakarya in Turkey, where tourism is one of the most developed. Black Sea coastal areas are suitable for tourism, especially Kandıra - are natural beaches in Karasu and Akcakoca coast. Especially wide beaches along the Black Sea coast; lakes, rich forests and plateaus, valleys and canyons, hot water and drinking water sources are natural assets owned by the province of Sakarya. Available regions also should be considered together with ecotourism and sustainable tourism. Coastal terraces, cliffs, faults should be considered. To this area should be made housing, human facilities and recreation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ržanovo deposit lies within the western ophiolite belt of the Vardar zone. Its main geological units are discussed in terms of their mineralogy, petrology and petrological evolution. Minerals observed include: magnetite, hematite, clinochlore, talc, sepiolite, magnesioriebeckite, lizardite, dolomite, phlogopite, stilpnomelane, quartz, albite, pyrite, maghemite, pyrrhotine, digenite and millerite. Some minerals had non-distinct morphologies and ambiguous characteristics, preventing identification on the basis of physical properties alone. Thus, some of the minerals (magnetite, hematite, talc, dolomite, olivine, calcite, aragonite and brucite) as well as some serpentine minerals (antigorite and chrysotile) were identified by vibrational spectroscopy. Difficulties in identification by IR spectroscopy and Raman were considered to be the result of contamination (i.e., inclusions of other minerals in the analyzed crystals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]