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Background: The routine diagnostic process increasingly entails the processing of high-volume and high-dimensional data that cannot be directly visualised. This processing may provide scaling issues that limit the implementation of these types of data into research as well as integrated diagnostics in routine care. Here, we investigate whether we can use existing dimension reduction techniques to provide visualisations and analyses for a complete bloodcount (CBC) while maintaining representativeness of the original data. We considered over 3 million CBC measurements encompassing over 70 parameters of cell frequency, size and complexity from the UMC Utrecht UPOD database. We evaluated PCA as an example of a linear dimension reduction techniques and UMAP, TriMap and PaCMAP as non-linear dimension reduction techniques. We assessed their technical performance using quality metrics for dimension reduction as well as biological representation by evaluating preservation of diurnal, age and sex patterns, cluster preservation and the identification of leukemia patients. Results: We found that, for clinical hematology data, PCA performs systematically better than UMAP, TriMap and PaCMAP in representing the underlying data. Biological relevance was retained for periodicity in the data. However, we also observed a decrease in predictive performance of the reduced data for both age and sex, as well as an overestimation of clusters within the reduced data. Finally, we were able to identify the diverging patterns for leukemia patients after use of dimensionality reduction methods. Conclusions: We conclude that for hematology data, the use of unsupervised dimension reduction techniques should be limited to data visualization applications, as implementing them in diagnostic pipelines may lead to decreased quality of integrated diagnostics in routine care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores Buddhist monks' views on the religion-science relationship in contemporary China. Drawing on survey data, interviews with monks, and participant observation within Shaolin Temple – famous for its antiquity and its export of Shaolin Kungfu – we discern and theoretically account for two forms of 'non-conflict,' between science and religion, that shape monks' mental lives. One group holds an 'independent non-conflict' perspective, which sees religion and science being at peace chiefly because they are seen as being wholly non-interactive with of one another. Another group holds to 'collaborative non-conflict' perspective, which sees religion and science as existing in a mutually corroborative relationship because they tread on the same epistemic and sociocultural territory. Despite this bivalent amiability, we nevertheless encounter three tensions – relating to enchantment/disenchantment, epistemic authority, and technologically-induced secularization – that persist 'underneath the peace' between science and religion at Shaolin Temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We sought to identify what barriers and facilitators determine current perceived access to childhood cancer care in South Africa through in-depth interviews with stakeholders in South Africa's public and private sectors. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 key health system stakeholders, including policy-makers and regulators, medical insurance scheme informants, medicine suppliers, healthcare providers and civil society stakeholders. Identified barriers and facilitators in access to medicines and broader care were structured according to the pharmaceutical value chain (PVC). Results: Barriers and facilitators were identified across all components of the PVC. Key barriers included (1) a lack of political commitment to childhood cancers, (2) discontinuation of essential chemotherapeutics, (3) incomplete insurance coverage for childhood cancers, (4) stock-outs of essential medicines, (5) the inability to access care, including travel to healthcare facilities and (6) low awareness on childhood cancers among primary healthcare (PHC) workers. Proposed priority interventions included pricing flexibilities, increased transparency and consistency in decision-making and healthcare spending, and improved training of PHC staff, nurses and pharmacists on childhood cancers. Conclusion: This first comprehensive study of determinants of access to medicines used in childhood cancer in South Africa provides context-specific evidence for targeted policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explored the treatment-related, financial and psychological experiences of caregivers during cancer treatment of their children in South Africa's (SA) public and private sectors. Methods: In this exploratory study, three focus groups were conducted with caregivers of children undergoing cancer treatment in SA's public healthcare sector. A fourth small focus group with two parents in the private sector was conducted online. A mixed-methods approach was employed using a combination of thematic analysis and grounded theory. Results: Of the 20 public sector caregivers, many expressed frustration at the number of visits to primary healthcare clinics before being referred. Caregivers had difficulties coping with and accepting the diagnosis, alongside managing continued care for the child and other children at home. Support received by family and community members was varied. Financial strain was an important concern. The two private sector parents indicated greater levels of support and no financial hardship, but expressed similar levels of emotional stress. Conclusion: These caregiver experiences indicate that improvements are urgently needed in the recognition of childhood cancer symptoms at primary healthcare level in SA. They also highlight a need for increased financial support from government through social grants, travel allowances and nutritional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “charisma” is recognized as sociology's most successful export to common speech. While sociologists habitually dismiss popular uses of the word, we address its vernacularity head on as a worthy object of study and as a potential resource for conceptual development. Using machine learning, we locate “charisma” within the wider discursive field out of which it arises (and continues to arise) across four corpora; namely: Weber’s major writings; social scientific research (123,531 JSTOR articles); and social media (“X”) posts containing of “charisma” (n=77,161) and its 2023 variant, “rizz” (n=85,869). By capturing meaning structures that discursively suspend “charisma” across multiple dimensions, we discern three spectra that help to distinguish charisma’s sociological and non‐sociological uses. Spectrum one differentiates perspectives which see charisma as having either a structural or individual‐level range of efficacy. Spectrum two differentiates indifferent/analytical perspectives on charisma from perspectives which see it as desirable but also morally conservative. Spectrum three differentiates between relational and individualized ontologies for charisma. We find that, rather than hewing closely to the Weberian formulation, social scientific uses exist in an intermediate position vis‐à‐vis these three spectra. Thus, scholars participate in what they otherwise criticize as charisma’s vulgarization. The article concludes with recommendations for how to constructively interact with ‘popular charisma.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have explored religious professionals' interactions with scientific authority in work settings. Fewer still examine professionals outside Western contexts. We analyze the science‐religion interface as it exists in Shaolin Temple—an ancient Chan Buddhist temple with a worldwide reputation for Shaolin Kungfu. Drawing on a near‐exhaustive survey within Shaolin monastery and 23 interviews with Shaolin monks, we discern and differentiate two modes of nonconflict operating in monks' psychic lives. One group understands Buddhism and science as comprising independent realms—nonconflictual by virtue of their noninteractivity. Another views science and religion as being interpenetrative and nonconflictual in the sense of being mutually constitutive. These differing orientations, which reflect established categories of "transcendentalist" versus "immanentist" religion, further correlate with different facets of religiosity: Monks with high religious knowledge tend to view Buddhism and science as independent, while monks with high levels of piety tend to see them as collaborative or mutually constitutive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is an integral part of natural resource management and sustainability transformations, and questions on how communication helps or hinders the development of more sustainable relationships between people and their environments have become increasingly urgent. This special issue directs our attention to the processes and outcomes of such communication and explores what a focus on communication makes visible and accessible for practical as well as academic analysis. The twelve articles collected in this issue examine a wide range of contexts and practices of environmental communication, here understood as the joint construction of meaning related to environmental and sustainability issues. In this editorial, we propose five conceptual lenses that, as we argue, are crucial for an in-depth engagement with environmental communication. Together, these provide us with an understanding of communication as arising from manifold interactions that are shaped by and shaping disagreement, power relations and, more generally, the interplay between structure and agency. We examine the contributions to this special issue in light of these conceptual lenses and highlight how the twelve articles help us to understand the role of meaning-making in environmental management and sustainability transformations. We conclude with suggestions for future work, identifying spaces for further conceptual development and empirical scrutiny as well as scope for new ideas on environmental communication to gain in importance and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both policy-making and academia, the realisation is growing that transitions striving for sustainability have to be just to be socially accepted. This insight has given rise to institutionalised approaches to a "just transition" – but also beyond these, justice is a key challenge in the governance of sustainability transitions. In this paper, we examine how justice arguments are being used in national-level discourses of transition governance in Sweden. Analysing 121 policy-related documents from 2019 to 2021, we found that justice was discursively treated in a way that essentially stifled change. Political actors attempted to trump each other's justice claims rather than to genuinely engage with them. Justice concerns that would not serve re-election, such as solidarity across social boundaries, were almost absent from the material. Based on these findings, we critically explore how justice arguments contribute to politicizing transition governance in particular ways, rendering some policy options impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, storytelling has been popularised as a method for societal sustainability transformations. With this growing popularity, there has also been a rapid increase in those identifying as storytellers. Perhaps because storytelling for sustainability has an innocent ring to it, it has not yet been studied from a power perspective. However, as it is fast-spreading and has explicit change purposes, it is important to clarify assumptions about knowledge, power and change. This article offers a first step towards understanding and evaluating the wide variety of applications behind the label of storytelling for sustainability. We perform a frame analysis of how storytellers describe their storytelling for sustainability. Our findings demonstrate that the label of storytelling for sustainability encompasses fundamentally different ideas about whose knowledge counts. The article raises critical questions that can help assess the legitimacy and appropriateness of different applications of storytelling for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite global recognition that access to medicines is shaped by various interacting processes within a health system, a suitable analytical framework for identifying barriers and facilitators from a system's perspective was needed. We propose a framework specifically designed to find drivers to access to medicines from a country's health system perspective. This framework could enable the systematic evaluation of access across countries, disease areas and populations and facilitate targeted policy development. This framework is the byproduct of a larger study on the barriers and facilitators to childhood oncology medicines in South Africa. Results: Eight core (pharmaceutical) functional processes were identified from existing frameworks: (I) medicine regulation, (II) public financing and pricing, (III) selection, (IV) reimbursement, (V) procurement and supply, (VI) healthcare delivery, (VII) dispensing and (VIII) use. National contextual components included policy and legislation and health information systems. To emphasize the interlinkage of processes, the proposed framework was structured as a pharmaceutical value chain. This framework focusses on national processes that are within a country's control as opposed to global factors, and functional mechanisms versus a country's performance or policy objectives. Further refinement and validation of the framework following application in other contexts is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving beyond frameworks of charisma scholarship that stress antagonism between charisma and establishment society, this article discerns and theoretically accounts for more mutualistic forms of influence between charismatic leaders and elite representatives of traditional or rational-legal institutions. Specifically, we combine contemporary work in the cultural sociology of charisma with Girard's notion of mimesis to provide a theory of charismatic mimicry ; we explain situations where, rather than opposing the charismatic leader, elites align themselves with the new sources of legitimacy being proffered by the charismatic leader. At times, these institutional elites even co-opt new charismatic protocols into their own vocabularies of leadership. We demonstrate the usefulness of our model for interpreting the case of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky and his encounters with European leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers embodied, phenomenological descriptions of the disorientation project, a solo work by dance artist P. Megan Andrews. From the position of an ongoing witness of Megan's practice, the author reflects on how experiences of perceptual disorientation can be potent and productive, opening space for relations of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a biomarker associated with a variety of clinical outcomes. While anemia and subclinical inflammation have been posed as underlying pathophysiology, it is unclear what mechanisms underlie these assocations. Hence, we aimed to unravel the mechanisms in silico using a large clinical dataset and validate our findings in vitro. We retrieved complete blood counts (CBC) from 1,403,663 measurements from the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database, to model RDW using gradient boosting regression. We performed (sex-stratified) analyses in patients with anemia, patients younger/older than 50 and validation across platforms and care settings. We then validated our hypothesis regarding oxidative stress using an in vitro approach. Only percentage microcytic (pMIC) and macrocytic (pMAC) erythrocytes and mean corpuscular volume were most important in modelling RDW (RMSE = 0.40, R2 = 0.96). Subgroup analyses and validation confirmed our findings. In vitro induction of oxidative stress underscored our results, namely increased RDW and decreased erythrocyte volume, yet no vesiculation was observed. We found that erythrocyte size, especially pMIC, is most informative in predicting RDW, but no role for anemia or inflammation. Oxidative stress affecting the size of the erythrocytes may play a role in the association between RDW and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 3.b.3 monitors progress in medicines' accessibility for adults and has significant limitations when applying to medicines for children. An adapted indicator methodology was developed to fill this gap, but no proof of its robustness exists. We provide this evidence through sensitivity analyses. Methods: Data on availability and prices of child medicines from ten historical datasets were combined to create datasets for analysis: Dataset 1 (medicines selected at random) and Dataset 2 (preference given to available medicines, to better capture affordability of medicines). A base case scenario and univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to test critical components of the methodology, including the new variable of number of units needed for treatment (NUNT), disease burden (DB) weighting, and the National Poverty Line (NPL) limits. Additional analyses were run on a continuously smaller basket of medicines to explore the minimum number of medicines required. Mean facility scores for access were calculated and compared. Results: The mean facility score for Dataset 1 and Dataset 2 within the base case scenario was 35.5% (range 8.0–58.8%) and 76.3% (range 57.2–90.6%). Different NUNT scenarios led to limited variations in mean facility scores of + 0.1% and -0.2%, or differences of + 4.4% and -2.1% at the more critical NPL of $5.50 (Dataset 1). For Dataset 2, variations to the NUNT generated differences of + 0.0% and -0.6%, at an NPL of $5.50 the differences were + 5.0 and -2.0%. Different approaches for weighting for DB induced considerable fluctuations of 9.0% and 11.2% respectively. Stable outcomes with less than 5% change in mean facility score were observed for a medicine basket down to 12 medicines. For smaller baskets, scores increased more rapidly with a widening range. Conclusion: This study has confirmed that the proposed adaptations to make SDG indicator 3.b.3 appropriate for children are robust, indicating that they could be an important addition to the official Global Indicator Framework. At least 12 child-appropriate medicines should be surveyed to obtain meaningful outcomes. General concerns that remain about the weighting of medicines for DB and the NPL should be considered at the 2025 planned review of this framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare EEG-patterns after instillation of cyclopentolate versus placebo eye drops. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and observational pilot study is presented. Ophthalmology outpatient clinic Dutch metropolitan hospital. Healthy 6- to 15-year-old volunteers with normal or low BMI requiring a cycloplegic refraction/retinoscopy. Randomized; 1 visit 2 drops cyclopentolate-1% and 1 visit 2 drops placebo (saline-0.9%). Single-blind: conducting researcher. Double blind: subjects, parents, clinical-neurophysiology staff, neurologist, and statistician. A 10-min baseline EEG-recording, drop-application, and follow-up to at least 45 min. Primary outcome: Detection of CNS changes, i.e. EEG-pattern changes, following two drops of cyclopentolate-1%. Secondary outcome: Determination of the extent of these pattern changes. Thirty-six cyclopentolate-1% saline-0.9% EEG registrations were made in 33 subjects; 18 males and 15 females. Three subjects were tested twice (interval 7 months). Nine out of fourteen (64%) of the 11- to 15-year-old children reported impaired memory, attention, alertness, as well as mind wandering following cyclopentolate. Drowsiness and sleep were seen in EEG-recordings of 11 subjects (33%) following cyclopentolate. We observed no drowsiness nor sleep during placebo recordings. The mean time to drowsiness was 23 min. Nine subjects arrived in stage-3 sleep but none arrived in REM-sleep. In subjects without sleep (N=24), significant changes compared to placebo-EEG were present for many leads and parameters. The main findings during awake eye-open recording were as follows: 1) a significant increase of temporal Beta-1,2 and 3-power, and 2) a significant decrease in: a) the parietal and occipital Alpha-2-power, b) the frontal Delta-1-power, c) the frontal total power, and d) the occipital and parietal activation synchrony index. The former finding reflects cyclopentolate uptake in the CNS, and the latter findings provide evidence for CNS suppression. Cyclopentolate-1% eye drops can affect the CNS and may cause altered consciousness, drowsiness, and sleep with concomitant EEG results in both young children and children in puberty. There is evidence that cyclopentolate has the potency to act as a short acting CNS depressant. Nevertheless, however, cyclopentolate-1% can safely be used in children and young adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child-appropriate medicines are essential for the safe and effective treatment of children, yet we have observed a large gap in the data required to adequately monitor access to these medicines. We have examined data on the availability and pricing of childappropriate medicines across 50 surveys. Child-appropriate medicines for nine out of 12 priority diseases in children were infrequently surveyed or not at all. A similar data deficit on age-appropriate medicines is detectable in the broader scientific literature. We also note that existing instruments for collecting data on the availability or prices of medicines are limited in their ability to generate the required data for children. We have identified four priorities as key for improved monitoring of access to medicines for children: (i) dedicated child medicine surveys are needed on availability and prices of child-appropriate medicines; (ii) standardized survey instruments should include age-appropriate medicines and dosages; (iii) health facility service readiness survey tools should include the collection of data on the price of child-appropriate medicines in addition to the availability of medicines; and (iv) sustainable development goal indicator 3.b.3 should be modified to enable the monitoring of access to medicines for children. These deficiencies need to be addressed to ensure the monitoring of access to child medicines as part of the sustainable development goal agenda for 2030 and to implement appropriate interventions for improving access for this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the collaboration between the U.S. military and outside scientists to apply the tools of research science to help bring missing service members home. Topics include number of U.S. soldiers who are considered missing in action, the work by the military to bring back the remains of soldiers, and the use of eDNA to survey biodiversity in rivers, lakes and oceans and to detect early clues to invasive species.

This paper explores the role anger plays in charismatic movements. Although scholars have long recognized the importance of emotions to the etiology of charisma, they tend to focus on mutual affection among leaders and followers, paying less attention to how anger—and particularly its subspecies, ressentiment —patterns charismatic power. Drawing on literature from political science, populism research, and the cultural sociology of charisma, we argue that ressentiment, which is associated with self-disvalue and an invidious need to blame outsiders, is key to theorizing the emotional energy that charisma delivers to revolutionary upheaval. The Weberian source for the intervention is his lesser known concept of 'berserk-charisma'. Reorienting the focus of charisma research to account for its aggressive, 'outward' dimension has the benefit of drawing us closer to the vision Weber had for its social-historical relevance. We demonstrate our insights using the case of charismatic/populist support for Trump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When planning sustainable districts, planners mediate between the knowledge claims of citizens and experts. The planning strategies nudging and participation provide contradictory ideas about how planners can perform this mediation. We analyse handbooks for the two strategies, guided by the question: whose knowledge counts? These handbooks provide citizens, experts and planners with varying degrees of authority. While nudging positions behavioural experts as holding authority, and citizens are central in participation, planners feature in the background in both strategies. We show how these seemingly apolitical strategies are actually value-laden. Implementing them literally will undermine planning for urban sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the refractive outcome and residual accommodation with respect to various degrees of iris and skin pigmentation in hypermetropic children using 2 drops of cyclopentolate 1% (C + C) or 1 drop of cyclopentolate 1% and 1 drop of tropicamide 1% (C + T). Methods: Two hundred fifty‐one hypermetropic children were classified according to iris and skin pigmentation (light, medium, dark) and received randomized and double‐blind C + C or C + T. Refractive error (spherical equivalent, SEQ) was determined using the Retinomax‐K + 3. In 204 subjects, residual accommodation (RA) was determined using the PlusoptiX PowerRefractor. Results: A linear mixed model with a light‐irided and light skin‐pigmented reference group receiving C + T (mean SEQ +3.10 ± 1.87D) indicated significant less hypermetropia in subjects with a dark iris having a medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + T, −1.02 ± 0.29 (−1.59/−0.45) and −1.53 ± 0.30 (−2.10/−0.95); and in subjects having a light‐, medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + C, −0.74 ± 0.34 (−1.41/−0.06), −1.26 ± 0.30 (−1.85/−0.66) and −1.84 ± 0.30 (−2.42/−1.26). Similar findings were present for RA. Our model with a light‐irided and light skin‐pigmented reference group receiving C + T (mean RA +0.84 ± 0.61D) indicated significantly higher RA in dark‐irided subjects with medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + T, +1.05 ± 0.19 (+0.67/+1.43) and +1.35 ± 0.20 (+0.9/+1.74), and in C + C, +1.13 ± 0.21 (+0.71/+1.55) and +1.90 ± 0.19 (+1.51/+2.28). Conclusions: We found solid evidence that skin pigmentation rather than iris pigmentation is the decisive factor for effectiveness of cycloplegics. Awareness of the limitations of cycloplegic regimens in dark‐irided/pigmented children is needed. Our study showed that cyclopentolate 1% combined with tropicamide 1% provides more accurate refractive outcomes both statistically and clinically integrating the factor skin pigmentation for dark‐irided subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article considers two recent Italian and English translations of works by Olympiodorus of Alexandria and his immediate successors (sixth century CE). These translations make accessible to a wider audience a number of works that help us understand a transitional period in the history of thought. This review takes a closer look at some of the substantive views expressed by the translators and evaluates editorial and translation choices. We should beware of exaggerating the differences between these sixth-century philosophers, this review argues, while recognizing that there may be considerable distance between what they thought and what the surviving texts show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunities available to start up a successful farm business structure the future of European farming. As fewer farm daughters and sons are projected to take over the family farm, there is increasing policy and academic interest in new entrants and the challenges they meet when they start their farm. This study focuses on new entrants that immigrate to Sweden. This group can be considered an extreme case of new entrants, as key resources (land, local networks, family labour support and farm specific knowledge are usually lacking for these farmers). Based on interviews with immigrant farmers in the Mälardalen region, we present the different ways they get access to economic, cultural and social capital. These insights are valuable for policy aimed at helping immigrant farmers starting up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using interview data from protesters and frontline police, this article examines the evolution of protest policing, from 'soft' to 'hard' models, amid the recent unrest in Hong Kong. While 'police-centric' explanations in the protest policing literature tend to conceive of police as intentional decision makers who can choose among a variety of strategies, we employ a mixed embeddedness framework to find that a number of factors—external to police—have deprived the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) of its capacity to facilitate peaceful protest through 'soft' strategies of communication and negotiation. These include (1) a legitimacy crisis of governance in Hong Kong (a macro-level factor), (2) the erosion of police authority within the local political culture (a meso-level factor) and (3) stylistic changes in police–protester interactions, involving the increased use of masks and collective action frames of identification as victims of police (micro-level factors). Together, these factors have inaugurated reaction spirals which have led Hong Kong's police–public interface to an unprecedented state of breakdown, where 'soft' policing is now all but impossible and where the HKPF is beset by a widely subscribed demand for its outright disbandment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a methodological toolbox as a useful research approach for investigating domestic food practices. Consumption research often relies strongly on interviews or surveys. While helpful, such methods inevitably create a distance between the verbalization of the studied practice and the practice itself, inviting post hoc rationalization. The toolbox helps the researcher to get closer to the studied practice by combining interviews with methods based on observation, visualization and verbalization, in or close to practice. The toolbox holds a variety of methods and we describe fridge stories, food mapping, shop-alongs and food diaries. Through a practical discussion of the advantages and difficulties of these methods, and their combined use, we hope our paper can be useful to other researchers and students interested in everyday food practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better address climate unpredictability, green infrastructure is increasingly deployed alongside gray infrastructure as an alternative strategy for flood risk mitigation. Previous research has not clearly distinguished the flood-mitigation effects of green infrastructure at the local scale due to its complex range of functions including socioeconomic benefits, ecosystem services, and amenity value. Using data on 3768 housing sales from 2009 to 2019 in Hong Kong, we employ a difference-in-differences framework to examine the effect of green infrastructure on perceptions of flood risk mitigation, with housing prices as a proxy for risk perception. We find a positive effect of green infrastructure on the value of nearby housing. The effect does not exist in apartment units on higher floors, however. This vertical discrepancy further suggests that the observed pricing effects are due to green infrastructure's capacity to reduce perceptions of flood risk. By contrast, properties near conventional gray infrastructure show no evidence of such effects. The results thus provide quantitative evidence that supports the ongoing shift toward green infrastructure as a form of climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legitimacy is widely theorized as shaping the dynamics of contentious politics, fostering support and stability for those involved while imposing behavioral constraints. Yet, empirical research reveals wide variation in how these effects are realized in practice. We contend that divergences in legitimacy's effects are tied in fundamental ways to the relationship between actors engaged in contentious politics and their audience(s). We develop a framework that highlights three conditions shaping the effects of legitimacy—legitimacy type, network balance, and structural dependence—and use a comparative analysis of dyadic relationships of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, and Jemaah Islamiyah to illustrate how convergence and divergence in legitimacy's effects are systematically structured by these conditions. Doing so advances scholarship on legitimacy in contentious politics by providing a basis for systematically comparing the effects of legitimacy across cases, situations, and historical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working beyond the inclination to inaugurate alternative theoretical traditions alongside canonical sociology, this article demonstrates the value of recovering latent gender theory from within classic concepts—in this case, Weber's "charisma." Close readings of Weber reveal, (a) tools for theorizing extraordinary, non-masculinist agency, and, (b) clues that account for the conventional wisdom (popular and scholastic) that charisma is "not for women." While contemporary movements may be tempted to eschew charismatic leadership per se because of legacies of dominance by men, there is value in Weber's formulation, which anticipated the performative turn in social theory that would destabilize biologistic gender ontologies. Value in this exchange also flows back to Weber: by confronting his intermittent tendency to describe charisma in terms that we now recognize as "customs of manly power," we reveal heretofore unseen imperfections (i.e., traditionalist modes of legitimation) in his ideal-type. This engagement thus demonstrates an empowering mutuality between contemporary gender theory and "the classics." The article ends by theorising the nexus of gender and charisma in the case of Trump, pointing to possibilities for vitiating Donald Trump's charisma, as well as for anti-Trumpian charisma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatoryCD4+ T-cell populations is a key characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies are increased in inflamed intestinal tissue of IBD patients compared to tissue of healthy controls and are associated with disease flares and a more complicated disease course. Therefore, a tightly controlled balance between regulatory and inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is crucial to prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T-cell responses and subsequent intestinal tissue damage. While at steady state, T-cells display mainly a regulatory phenotype, increased in Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th17.1 responses, and reduced Treg and Tr1 responses have all been suggested to play a role in IBD pathophysiology. However, it is highly unlikely that all these responses are altered in each individual patient. With the rapidly expanding plethora of therapeutic options to inhibit inflammatory T-cell responses and stimulate regulatory T-cell responses, a crucial need is emerging for a robust set of immunological assays to predict and monitor therapeutic success at an individual level. Consequently, it is crucial to differentiate dominant inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T helper responses in patients and relate these to disease course and therapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal CD4+ T-cell responses arise, discuss the main phenotypes of CD4+ T helper responses, and review how they are implicated in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]