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A comparative biometric characterization of the organs in the female part of the flower was performed in a large group of seedless varieties of vines. It has been established that, depending on the degree of their biometric similarity at the base of the inflorescence, the studied seedless varieties of vines form six generalized clusters, three in the middle and five in the upper parts - at the top, the majority of which consist of sub-clusters, gathered at the respective Euclidean distance. The use of the two mathematical-statistical methods - hierarchical cluster analysis and single-factor analysis of variance allows the obtaining of statistically reliable information about the importance of the individual components of the vine flower in the grouping of the seedless varieties of vines. The established differences in the parameters of the organs from the female part of the flower confirm the non-simultaneous morphological and cytoembryological development of the flower buttons depending on the variety, as well as the enormous polymorphism in this group of varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the amount of colouring substance in the skins and juice of grapes and raisins of seedless vine forms with coloured grape juice of six hybrid combinations was performed. It was found that most of the hybrid forms of all crosses were superior to the mother variety Alicante Bouschet in the amount of anthocyanins in the grape juice, and only a few ones have mathematically proven differences. Most of them do not differ from the parent variety in colour intensity and colour shade, as well as in the percentage of yellow, red and blue colour. The ‘Alicante Bouschet’ variety has a proven lower content of anthocyanins in the skins of grapes and raisins of several hybrid forms. There is a proven high or moderate positive correlation between the content of anthocyanins in the skins and the juice of the grapes and the intensity of the colour in the hybrid forms of most crosses. Approximately 47% of the increase in the intensity of the colour of the grape juice can be explained by an increase in the amount of anthocyanins, and only 27% of the reasons for the changes in the intensity of the colour of the grapes are due to factors that do not affect changes in the content of anthocyanins in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the following genotypes of cornel-tree: Pancharevski cylindrical, Atkov, Kazanlashki pearshaped, Vrachanski (Castel), Shandrian, Tsarigradski yellow, Yellow Hadzhiyski, Shumenski oblong and Yaltenski. They were grouped and assessed according to their genetic remoteness with respect to the pomological parameters: weight (g), length (mm) and width (mm) of the fruit as well as length of the stem (mm), weight (g), length (mm) and width (mm) of the stone. Hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis were applied for the processing of the experimental data. As a result of analyzes, the studied genotypes were found to be grouped into four clusters. The main indicators influencing the genotyping are: length of the fruit, length of the stem, weight and the length of the stone. The most distant genetically are Yaltenski and Shumenski oblong, on one side, and Pancharevski cylindrical and Atkov, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work studies the influence of plantation age and density on cornel-tree yields from a tree and per decar. The analyzed period ranges from five to eighty years, and the plantation density is between 45 and 159 trees per decare. The theoretical data are processed by a combination of mathematical approaches. A correlation analysis is applied to determine the extent and direction of the impact of age and density on the yield. The proven dependencies are represented by linear regression models. The number of trees has a significant, negative effect on the yield from a tree (R = - 0.678 **). The plantation age has a moderate, positive impact both on the yield from a tree (R = 0.397 **) and on the yield per decare (R = 0.436 **). As a result of the analyzes it was found that in case of shorter-term cultivation the plantation should consist of a larger number of trees, which at an earlier stage increase their productivity. However, if planning is longer, optimal yields will be achieved with fewer trees over a period of at least 20-25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses the influence of the egg shape index and its mass on some incubation indicators of three lines of turkeys: Layer Light turkey-LL, Meat Heavy turkey TM and North Caucasian Bronze Turkey (NCB). Graphical images represent the change of the relevant indicators as a result of the change in the egg shape index and egg mass. Mathematical models have been built that link the analyzed features. With the increase in the egg shape index and egg mass in Layer Light turkeys, the fertilized eggs and the hatched turkeys have the same growing trend. In Meat Heavy turkeys with the increase of the index, relative stability in the studied indicators is observed as well as dynamics concerning the average mass. In NCB-turkeys with the increase in the egg shape index, the number of fertilized eggs and hatched turkeys decreases. With the increase in the average mass, the number of fertilized eggs and hatched turkeys also increases. Upon the increase in the index, relative stability in the surveyed indicators is observed as well as sharp peaks and falls in the average mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the changes at the values of fertile eggs (%), hatchability of set eggs (%) and hatchability of fertile eggs (%) during the period 2009–2017 in five lines of hens. The changes of the values at these traits during different years were represented by mathematical models. Regarding the values of fertile eggs (%) in the studied years from 2009 to 2017 varied at diferent extent in the five hen genotypes. It was found that in the studied years 2009–2017 fertility of eggs (%) has the highest coefficient of determination in line STR (76%), and in hatchability of set eggs (%) – in line GN (75%). In the different years from 2009 to 2017, the hatchability of fertile eggs (%) was statistically closest values at the eggs of line E (80%). Third-order polynomial regression models depicted the values of these parameters of the different years in the best way. They represented wave-like patterns of parameters’ time course and instability in all lines of hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been conducted on the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity in raisins from seedless hybrid varieties of vines with coloured grape juice. It has been found that the amounts of trans-resveratrol and quercetin as well as their antioxidant activity in raisins from the seedless coloured hybrid forms almost always mathematically exceed the levels of these indicators in the raisins of the Gamay Freaux, Black Corinth and Sangiovese grape varieties. It has been shown that 54% of the change in antioxidant activity is due to changes in the content of transresveratrol and 42% of quercetin. The applied mathematical models enable the theoretical study of the chemical composition of raisins of different grape varieties through the analytical forms of the proven relationships between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative technological study of wines from four seedless coloured hybrid vine forms-30/2, 30/3, 30/10, 31/9 and the varieties-Syrah clone 174, Sangiovese, Marselan and Regent. It was found that on the content of trans-resveratrol, quercetin and antioxidant activity of wine, all studied hybrid forms are superior to Sangiovese and inferior to Syrah-clone 174. With a high degree of balance and stability of environmental conditions of the varieties are Syrah-clone 174, Marselan and Regent, and of the hybrid forms-30/10 and 30/2. Various representatives of the volatile aromatic composition have been identified in the studied wines, belonging to the groups of higher alcohols, esters and terpenes, acetaldehyde and methanol. The total quantitative presence of volatile compounds is higher in the wines of the hybrid forms compared to those of the control varieties. The content of sugars and acids in grapes, and alcohol and sugars in wine in hybrid forms and varieties does not differ significantly. The amounts of extract, titratable acids, anthocyanins are higher in hybrid forms. The highest amount of total phenols is observed in the wine of 30/10-3295.66 mg/dm³, and the lowest in Sangiovese-2060.91 mg/dm3 . With the highest organoleptic evaluation is the wine from Syrah clone 174-86.0, and from the seedless coloured hybrid forms are 30/10-83.0 and 30/3-80.0. It is possible through staged sexual hybridization to create seedless coloured varieties suitable for the production of quality wines, characterized by high taste characteristics, nutritional and medicinal value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nowadays, most consumers prefer table eggs from free-range laying hens. At the same time, relatively few studies exist on the possible effects of free-range rearing on the oxidative status of fowls and their egg production. This trial studied the influence of environmental conditions (cold, thermoneutral and hot period) on the oxidative status of different genotypes of free-range laying hens and the effect of oxidative stress (OS) on their egg production. The factor "temperature period", compared to "year" and "genotype", had the most significant influence on all biochemical parameters determining OS. The chicken genotypes showed differences in their susceptibility to OS, and this had an effect on egg production. The OS is genotypically specific and can play a significant role in determining welfare and egg production in free-range systems. This study aimed to assess the changes in the oxidative status of six genotypes of free-range laying hens during cold, thermoneutral, and hot periods by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total glutathione (tGSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocyte suspension, in relation with their egg production. Two identical experiments were conducted in two consecutive years. Thermal stress adversely affected the oxidative status of hens. The induced OS is expressed by an increase in LPO and the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx during cold and hot periods and a decrease in CAT and tGSH during the cold period in both years. The factor "temperature period", compared to "year" and "genotype", had the most significant influence on all biochemical parameters (p < 0.001). Significant phenotypic correlations (p < 0.05) were detected among studied biochemical parameters, except between SOD and tGSH. The chicken genotypes showed differences in their susceptibility to OS and this had an effect on egg production—from 37.87% to 74.93%. The OS is genotypically specific and can play a significant role in determining welfare and egg production in free-range systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of two flaxseed oil levels in the diet of male Ross 308 broilers on the growth performance, feed consumption, slaughter analysis, meat quality, chemical and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh muscles. A total of 180 one-day-old broiler chicks were weighed individually, randomly distributed in 3 groups (n=60 birds in each group; 4 replicates × 15 birds per replicate) and fed to 42 days of age with following diets containing: first group (G1 ) – 0%; second group (G2 ) – 1.5% and third group (G3 ) – 3.0% flaxseed oil. At the end of the experiment, chickens attained average body weight of 2485 ± 49 g (G1 ), 2500 ± 49 g (G2 ) and 2551 ± 47 g (G3) without statistically significant differences – Р > 0.05. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) for all periods was 1.74 kg/kg (G1), 1.58 kg/ kg (G2) and 1.57 kg/kg (G3). Higher water-holding capacity (WHC) was found for breast fillet in G1 and G2 compared to G3 – P < 0.05, and for thigh muscle in G1 and G3 compared to G2 – P < 0.05. No differences between the groups were found with regard to the tenderness of the meat – Р > 0.05. With regard to fatty acids, with increasing the amount of flaxseed oil in the diet, the content of oleic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids in the breast fillet decreased while the quantity of linoleic and linolenic acids increased drastically – from 4.60 ± 0.81 (G1 ) to 5.80 ± 0.87 (G2 ) and to 13.27 ± 0.15 (G3 ), and from 0.07 ± 0.03 (G1 ) to 0.80 ± 0.23 (G2 ) and to 6.77 ± 0.55 (G3 ). The tendency of changes in fatty acids in thigh meat was similar – palmitic and palmitoleic acids decreased, and linoleic and linolenic acids increased dramatically – from 6.47 ± 0.03 (G1 ) to 10.20 ± 0.12 (G2 ) and to 11.23 ± 1.59 (G3 ), from 0.10 ± 0.06 (G1 ) to 2.60 ± 0.23 (G2 ) and to 5.67 ± 1.13 (G3 ). The addition of flaxseed oil in the diet decreased the amount of SFA, increased UFA, and PUFA in particular, which once again was due to the increased content of linoleic and linolenic acid in the lipids. The diet supplemented with 3.0% flaxseed oil showed the highest influence on the lipid composition of the broiler’s meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]