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Pathogens cause infections and millions of deaths globally, while antipathogens are drugs or treatments designed to combat them. To date, multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs), such as organic, inorganic, and nanocomposites, have attracted significant attention by transforming antipathogen livelihoods. They are very small in size so can quickly pass through the walls of bacterial, fungal, or parasitic cells and viral particles to perform their antipathogenic activity. They are more reactive and have a high band gap, making them more effective than traditional medications. Moreover, due to some pathogen's resistance to currently available medications, the antipathogen performance of NMs is becoming crucial. Additionally, due to their prospective properties and administration methods, NMs are eventually chosen for cutting-edge applications and therapies, including drug administration and diagnostic tools for antipathogens. Herein, NMs have significant characteristics that can facilitate identifying and eliminating pathogens in real-time. This mini-review analyzes multifunctional NMs as antimicrobial tools and investigates their mode of action. We also discussed the challenges that need to be solved for the utilization of NMs as antipathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, the Sm3+ incorporated and rutile TiO 2 nanorods coupled-GdFeO 3 nanorods based nanocomposites are successfully prepared and gaged their visible-light photocatalytic activities for CO 2 conversion and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation. To this end, our investigation proved, that GdFeO 3 and TiO 2 nanorods have a wide surface area, high surface-to-volume values, and improved photocatalytic activities as compared to GdFeO 3 and TiO 2 nanoparticles respectively. Furthermore, the rutile TiO 2 nanorods have significant performances as compared to anatase TiO 2 nanorods. Based on our experimental and Ab initio approach, it is confirmed that the synergistic doping of Sm3+ interestingly elongated the visible light absorption proficiency via molding surface status and amending the band gap positions. Right after the coupling of rutile TiO 2 nanorods performed the dual function of upgrading the charge separation by receiving HLEEs and activating the surface for CO 2 adsorption via the photoelectron modulation approach. In contrast to pristine GdFeO 3 nanorods, the optimal 4Sm-(GFONR) and 6RT/4Sm-(GFONR) samples showed efficient visible light activities for CO 2 conversion and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation. Fruitfully, our experiential investigations are consistent with the Ab initio and theoretical studies. Finally, our current novel findings will provide new feasible routes to synthesize morphology-based GdFeO 3 photocatalysts for CO 2 conversion and environmental remediation. Synthesis scheme, schematic representation for energy bandgaps, photogenerated charge separation, and photocatalytic activities improvement mechanism over GFONR, 4Sm-(GFONR), and 6RT/4Sm-(GFONR) nanocomposite. [Display omitted] • The Sm3+ incorporated and rutile TiO 2 nanorods are coupled with GdFeO 3 nanorods. • The synergistic doping of Sm3+ elongated the visible light absorption proficiency and amended the band gap positions. • The coupling of rutile TiO 2 nanorods enhanced the charge separation and activated the surface for CO 2 conversion. • The morphology manipulation, Sm3+ doping, and rutile TiO 2 nanorods coupling improved the activities. • An agreeable experimental and computational approach is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study an eco-friendly approach is utilized to synthesize the green g-C3N4 based nanocomposites by employing Zingiber officinale as stabilizer and mediator. Our results proved that the green g-C3N4 have good performances and exceptional visible light photocatalytic activities as compared to the chemically synthesized g-C3N4. The small surface area, and low charge separation of g-C3N4 is upgraded by coupling with TiO2 nanoparticles. Our experimental results have confirmed that Zingiber officinale worked as stabilizer and mediator, while the coupling of TiO2 worked as facilitator and photoelectron modulator to enhance the charge separation. Compared to pristine green g-C3N4 (GCN), the most active sample 5Ti/GCN showed ~ 2.5-fold improvement in photocatalytic activities for sulfadiazine and bisphenol A degradation. The degradation pathways of sulfadiazine and bisphenol A showed the mineralization steps and production of less hazardous and small molecules (CO2 and H2O). Finally, our current novel research work will provide a new gateway to synthesize the plant assisted and eco-friendly green nanomaterials and its employment for pollutants degradation and environmental purification. Graphical abstract representing the Zingiber officinale mediated synthesis of TiO2 coupled g-C3N4 green nanocomposites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), with a two-dimensional (2D) structure, has attracted huge research interest due to its unique electrical, optical, and physicochemical properties. MoS2 has been used as a co-catalyst for the synthesis of novel heterojunction composites with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production under solar light irradiation. In this review, we briefly highlight the atomic-scale structure of MoS2 nanosheets. The top-down and bottom-up synthetic methods of MoS2 nanosheets are described. Additionally, we discuss the formation of MoS2 heterostructures with titanium dioxide (TiO2), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and other semiconductors and co-catalysts for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen generation. This review addresses the challenges and future perspectives for enhancing solar hydrogen production performance in heterojunction materials using MoS2 as a co-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of efficient photocatalysts for visible light-assisted photodegradation of aqueous phase organic pollutants has received significant consideration recently. In this research, Co-doped ZnO is synthesized by the precipitation method for enhanced visible-light assisted photodegradation of methylene blue. The XRD and XPS analyses showed that Co exists in a divalent state in the as-prepared composite. The UV-visible DRS analyses showed that incorporation of Co2+ in the ZnO structure greatly enhanced the visible light absorption due to its photosensitizing effect. Analyses of reaction mixtures showed about 9, 64, 96, and 79% degradation of methylene blue in the presence of pure ZnO, 5% CoO–ZnO, 10% CoO–ZnO, and 15% CoO–ZnO, respectively. The photodegradation of methylene blue is described using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a unique approach to synthesize dimpled shape carboxylate functionalized polystyrene (C‐PS), which were subsequently coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles in situ by co‐precipitation method. The magnetization of C‐PS@Fe3O4 nanocomposite has been verified through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. The amount optimized carboxylate functionalized magnetic polystyrene (C‐PS@Fe3O4) exhibits 5.2 and 2.2‐times enhancement in visible‐light photocatalytic activities for 2,4‐dichlorophenol degradation compared with that of pristine PS and C‐PS. Based on various electro‐analytical techniques like surface photovoltage spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed desorption, Uv‐DRS, Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and VSM confirming magnetic nature of C‐PS@Fe3O4. Our results suggest that the improvement in visible light activities of C‐PS@Fe3O4 are comprehensively assigned to the large and active surface area due to charge separation, catalytic functions, and magnetic nature induced by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Finally, this work will provide new strategy to synthesize visible light active nano photocatalysts with controllable shape, which for efficient environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current research work, we fruitfully prepared a mediator-free BiFeO 3 hollow spheres/porous g-C 3 N 4 Z-scheme based photocatalysts and utilized it for CO 2 conversion and Alizarin Red S degradation. Remarkably, the porous g-C 3 N 4 are prepared by acidic treatment and double calcination method, while BiFeO 3 hollow spheres are prepared by employing carbon nanospheres as hard templates. Our results demonstrated that porosity and hollow spheres efficiently upgraded the surface area, light absorption capacity, and photocatalytic activities of g-C 3 N 4 and BiFeO 3. Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), SPS, TEM, FS spectrum associated with the formed •OH amount, and UV-absorbance spectra, it is confirmed that coupling of BiFeO 3 hollow spheres with porous g-C 3 N 4 not only thermodynamically provide a suitable platform for receiving the high energy level electrons but also enhanced charge separation. Compared to pristine P–CN, the most optimal sample, 6HBFO/P–CN, showed a 3.5-times enhancement in activities for Alizarin Red S decontamination and CO 2 conversion under visible light irradiation. Finally, our present work will open a new gateway to synthesize BiFeO 3 hollow spheres/porous g-C 3 N 4 Z-scheme materials as effective photocatalysts for organic contaminants decontamination and CO 2 conversion. TOC Diagram Schematic representation of the energy bandgaps, photogenerated charge separation, and photocatalytic activities improvement mechanism hollow BiFeO 3 spheres/porous g-C 3 N 4 Z-scheme photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • The porous g-C 3 N 4 is prepared by the molecular assembly and double calcination approach. • Hollow BiFeO 3 spheres are prepared by template-adsorption-calcination method. • The porosity and hollow spheres efficiently upgraded the performances of g-C 3 N 4 and BiFeO 3 respectively. • The coupling of BiFeO 3 hollow spheres with porous g-C 3 N 4 thermodynamically enhanced charge separation. • The BiFeO 3 g-C 3 N 4 are efficient for CO 2 conversion and Alizarin Red S degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very recently the green synthesis routes of nanomaterials have attracted massive attention as it overcome the sustainability concerns of conventional synthesis approaches. With this heed, in this novel research work we have synthesized the g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets based nanocomposites by utilizing Eriobotrya japonica as mediator and stabilizer agent. Our designed bio-caped and green g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets based nanocomposites have abundant organic functional groups, activated surface and strong adsorption capability which are very favorable for conversion CO 2 into useful products and bisphenol A degradation. Beneficial to further upgrade the performances of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets, the resulting pristine g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets are coupled with LaFeO 3 nanosheets via SrO bridge. Based on our experimental results such as TEM, XRD, DRS, TPD, TGA, PL, PEC and FS spectra linked with OH amount it is confirmed that the biologically mediated green g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets are eco-friendly, highly efficient and stable. Furthermore, the coupling of LaFeO 3 nanosheets enlarged the surface area, enhanced the charge separation, while the insertion of SrO bridge worked as facilitator for electron transportation and photo-electron modulation. In contrast to pristine green g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (GCN), the activities of final resulting sample 6LFOS-(4SrO)-GCN are improved by 8.0 times for CO 2 conversion (CH 4 = 4.2, CO = 9.2 μmol g−1 h−1) and 2.5-fold for bisphenol A degradation (88%) respectively. More specifically, our current research work will open a new gateway to design cost effective, eco-friendly and biological inspired green nanomaterials for CO 2 conversion and organic pollutants degradation which will further support the net zero carbon emission manifesto and the optimization of carbon neutrality level. Schematic representation for energy bandgaps, photogenerated charge separation and photocatalytic activities improvement mechanism of GCN, 6LFOS-GCN and 6LFOS-(4SrO)-GCN nanocomposite. [Display omitted] • The plant mediated green g-C 3 N 4 based nanocomposites are successfully synthesized. • The green routes solved the sustainability concerns of conventional approaches. • The LaFeO 3 nanosheets enlarged the surface area and enhanced the charge separation. • The insertion of SrO bridge worked as a linker for photo-electron modulation. • The activities for CO 2 conversion and bisphenol A degradation are improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this novel study, phosphate bridged p -type LaFeO 3 nanosheets and n-type g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets Z-scheme nanocomposites are successfully designed. Herein, our results confirmed that LaFeO 3 nanosheets and g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets have excellent performances as compared to nanosized LaFeO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 nanoparticles respectively. Based on TEM, HRTEM with elemental mapping, XRD, DRS, XPS, TR-PL, FTIR, TPD, PEC, BET and FS spectra related to •OH amount have confirmed that the fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets has successfully enhanced the charge separation and enlarged the surface area of LaFeO 3 nanosheets. Correspondingly, the interfacing of phosphate bridge (P-O) with strong shuttling ability worked as linker and facilitator for photogenerated charge transfer and enhancement. In contrast to pristine LaFeO 3 nanosheets (LFONS), the amount optimized resulting 15CNNS-3P-LFONS nanocomposites have 6-fold and 3.5-fold improvement in activities for CO 2 reduction and malachite green degradation respectively. Based on scavenger experiments related to active species and photocatalytic pollutants degradation pathway mechanism, it is confirmed that h+ and •O 2 - is the vital species for malachite green degradation. Finally, we believe that our current novel research studies will open a new gateway for the synthesis of p -LaFeO 3 and n -g-C 3 N 4 type based Z-scheme and its utilization for energy production and environmental remediation. TOC showing schematic illustration for the energy bandgaps, photogenerated charge separation and the photocatalytic improvement mechanism over phosphate-bridged g-C 3 N 4 /LaFeO 3 nanosheets Z-scheme nanocomposites used as an efficient visible photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction and malachite green degradation [Display omitted] • An efficient visible light active phosphate-bridged g-C 3 N 4 /LaFeO 3 nanosheets Z-scheme nanocomposites are synthesized. • Compared to nanosized, LaFeO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets have excellent performances. • The fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets enlarged the surface area and enhanced the charge separation of LaFeO 3 nanosheets. • The phosphate bridge worked as linker for photogenerated charge transfer and enhancement. • The resulting photocatalysts exhibited exceptional visible-light photoactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus doped g-C 3 N 4 (P/g-C 3 N 4) polymer has been prepared by using ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate providing the P source. P/g-C 3 N 4 shows a high photoactivity for photodecomposition of methylene blue and tetracycline hydrochloride as an emerging water pollutant. The photocatalytic activity of optimized 3%-P/g-C 3 N 4 sample (3% in mass ratio of P) is 3 times improved compared to g-C 3 N 4. This improvement in activities attribute to the new generated energy levels in the bandgap of g-C 3 N 4 that originates from the doping of phosphorus. Photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence results confirmed the high charge separation rates and low charge recombination rates after P doping in g-C 3 N 4. The present study showed a simple method of preparation of non-metal ions doped porous g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts for the decomposition of antibiotics in polluted water. Image 1 • Porous P doped g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were synthesized with ionic liquid as former. • P-doping was helpful to promote separation of photo-generated carriers in g-C 3 N 4. • P-doping narrowed the bandgap and enhanced light utilization of g-C 3 N 4. • P-doped g-C 3 N 4 achieved high potodegradation activity for organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Yolk-shell LaFeO 3 microspheres were prepared by template-adsorption-calcination method. • They exhibited high visible-light photoactivity for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation. • The promoted photoactivity were attributed to the special yolk-shell structure. • The photoactivity can be further promoted by coupling SnO 2 nanoparticles. • Coupled SnO 2 acts as a photoelectron modulator to accept the high-level energy electrons from LaFeO 3. Herein, yolk-shell LaFeO 3 (YS-LFO) microsphere has been successfully prepared by a carbon microsphere (CMS) template-adsorption-calcination method. It was confirmed that the YS-LFO microspheres showed high visible-light photoactivities for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation as compared to bare LaFeO 3 (LFO) nanoparticles, attributing to the unique yolk-shell structure and the increased surface area. The visible-light photocatalytic activities of YS-LFO microspheres could be further promoted by coupling with SnO 2 (SO) nanoparticles. Based on the surface photovoltage spectra, photoelectrochemical measurements and other characterization, it was demonstrated that the coupled SO afforded a thermodynamically suitable platform for accepting the high-level energy electrons from LaFeO 3 so as to enhance the charge separation. Compared with YS-LFO microspheres and LFO nanoparticles, the amount optimized (10SO/YS-LFO) nanocomposites displayed 1.6 and 4.7-time enhancement for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation under visible-light irradiation, respectively. This efficient strategy of morphology controlling and photoelectron modulating could pave the approach to design high-activity visible-light driven photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small amount of cocatalysts often play a crucial role in polymerization semiconductor photocatalytic reactions, and precious metals, like Pt, remain irreplaceable as cocatalysts in most applications due to their excellent properties. Meanwhile, maximizing the atomic utilization of cocatalysts and enhancing the host-guest interactions are important routes to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Single Pt atoms anchored thiophene ring-doped carbon nitride nanosheets (Pt x -CNA) by a facile incipient wetness impregnation were successfully synthesized in this work. Single-atom Pt are uniformly embedded in CNA nanosheets through Pt–N coordination bonds. Coordinated electron-rich thiophene ring-doping and single-atom Pt modifications promote wider visible light response, enhanced charge response, and fast transport capability in Pt-CNA materials. Pt 1.0 -CNA sample displays the most outstanding photocatalytic H 2 evolution rate (360.0 μmol h−1), which is nearly 5 times that of Pt 1.0 -CN (70.5 μmol h−1). Excellent photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin is also achieved and the degradation rate constant of Pt 1.0 -CNA is 1.8 times that of CNA. Molecular modifications and single-atom cocatalytic together significantly improve the photocatalytic efficiency of polymer semiconductors. • Single-atom Pt anchored thiophene ring-doped carbon nitride nanosheets CAN was prepared. • Single-atom Pt stably embedded in the framework of CAN in the form of Pt–N. • Molecular doping and single-atom modification collaborative optimize the performance. • Excellent HER rate and ciprofloxacin degradation were obtained on Pt-CNA. • Prominent stability of photocatalytic activities was attested by cycling tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural modulation of earth-abundant metal-based materials is essential for sustainable renewable energy technology progress. Herein, we report a simple solvothermal synthesis of boron-(B)-doped carbon-based CoMoO 4 /CoMoB (CoMo@BC) nanocomposite to serve as a bi-functional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. The resulting CoMo@BC catalyst achieved 10 mA cm−2 of current density at low overpotential of 167 and 279 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, in 1.0 M KOH with robust stability over 100 h. The CoMo@BC sample serves as a cathode, and the anode requires 1.650 V to attain 10 mA cm−2 of current density in 1.0 M KOH for overall water splitting. Results reveal that incorporating boron into the carbon matrix demonstrates a high degree of modulation of their electronic structure, resulting in improved electric-conductivity and the construction of abundant electrochemical active-sites. This study presents a well-arranged nanoarchitecture and a simple fabrication strategy for efficient water-splitting electrocatalysts. A facile solvothermal approach was developed to synthesize well-ordered boron-doped carbon-based CoMoB/CoMoO 4 heterostructure electrocatalyst with enhanced HER and OER performance and robust electrochemical stability over 100 h toward overall water splitting. [Display omitted] • B-doped carbon-based CoMo@BC catalyst obtained by a one-pot solvothermal strategy. • Ultrasmall CoMoO 4 NPs with rich-oxygen defects enhanced performance for OER and HER. • CoMo@BC catalyst as anode and cathode requires a cell voltage of 1.650 V at 10 mA cm−2. • B-doped carbon/bimetallic NPs hetrointerface plays a crucial role in boosting intrinsic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Structure engineering of zirconium-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) aims to develop efficient catalysts for transforming intermittent renewable energy into value-added chemical fuels. In order to have a deeper understanding of industrial scaling, it is vital to ascertain the favourable operational parameters that are necessary for projecting at the atomic level. The proposed paradigm provides a robust basis for the efficient design of MOFs based heterogeneous photocatalysts. In this study, set of defective MOF (D-NUiO66) was effectively produced using a modular acidic method. Afterwards, the D-NUiO66 was combined with CeO 2 to form the D-CeNUiO66 heterojunction for the purpose of carbon dioxide reduction. The morphological aspect of the composite investigation suggested that D-CeNUiO66 had a mesoporous structure with favourable adsorption properties. The optimized D-CeNUiO66 photocatalyst showed the high activity for the reduction of CO 2 to CO, with a rate of 38.6 µmolg−1h−1 and demonstrated remarkable repeatability in terms of CO production. The incorporation of defect sites in the D-NUiO66 enhanced the light response to visible light, resulting in reduced band gap of 2.9 eV. The photoelectrochemical tests indicated that the introduction of defects in the UiO66 and coupling CeO 2 in the D-CeNUiO66 composite induced fast charge transfer, therefore suppressing the charge recombination rate. This study provides valuable insights into the use of defective engineering and heterojunction approaches to metal–organic frameworks for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Up-to-date review of the current status of magnetic biochar research. • Discussion on prevalent synthesis methods of magnetic biochar. • Trend of replacing Fe using Mn for magnetization. • Review on the use of magnetic biochar for treating liquors containing heavy metals and dyes. • Insight into the reusability and techno-economic aspect of magnetic biochar. Magnetic biochar (MBC) is a novel bio-carbon material with both desired properties as adsorbent and magnetic characteristics. This review provides an up-to-date summary and discussion on the latest development of MBC, which covers the progress on its synthesis, application, and techno-economic analysis. The review indicates that the direct hydrothermal synthesis has been catching more research attention to produce MBC due to its mild reaction conditions. Instead of the Fe-loaded MBC, there is a trend of using Mn for the magnetization. For the MBC application, how to improve its adsorption performance for water decontamination, ideally to match that of the biochar (BC) or activated carbon, is important. In addition, more studies on the environmental impacts of MBC and life-cycle assessment decoding the process optimization options are necessary. This review will provide valuable references for the development of MBC and MBC-based materials for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an efficient, cost-effective, and stable visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the photodegradation of organic pollutants is a challenging task. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of a Ag2O–Co3O4 Z-scheme photocatalyst and evaluation of its photocatalytic performance are reported. An aqueous solution of a reactive yellow dye was used as a model organic pollutant. Co3O4 and Ag2O–Co3O4 were synthesized by precipitation and impregnation methods, respectively. Advanced techniques including XRD, DRS-UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, TGA, and XPS were employed for the characterization of the synthesized Ag2O–Co3O4. The prepared materials were tested as a catalyst for the degradation of the reactive yellow dye. It was found that coupling of Ag2O with Co3O4 enhanced the photocatalytic performance from 55 to 100% towards a 50 mL dye solution containing 100 mg L−1 of dye. The rate constant for Ag2O–Co3O4 catalyzed photodegradation of the reactive yellow dye was 2.8 times higher than the rate constant with Co3O4. The dependence of photocatalytic performance on experimental parameters like catalyst dosage, Ag2O content, recycling of the catalyst, and concentration of the dye was also investigated. The as-prepared Ag2O–Co3O4 was found to be an efficient, cost-effective, and stable Z-scheme photocatalyst for the photodegradation of the reactive yellow dye under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • In-situ prepartion of NiS 2 nanoparticles/MoS 2 nanosheets hierarchical sphere anchored on reduced graphene oxide (NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO). • NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO composites display improved HER activity. • The HER activity of composites due to the synergetic effect between NiS 2 and MoS 2 at heterointerface. • The enhanced HER performnce was explained DFT calculations. As an important energy storage and transportation carrier, hydrogen has the advantages of high combustion heat, non-toxic, and pollution-free energy conversion process. Bimetallic sulfide composites are one of the emerging catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) during water splitting. Herein, a hydrothermal method has been employed for the in-situ synthesis of NiS 2 nanoparticles/MoS 2 nanosheets (NiS 2 /MoS 2) hierarchical sphere anchored on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for enhanced electrocatalytic HER activity. The NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO composite displays improved HER activity compared to MoS 2 /RGO and NiS 2 /RGO. The optimized NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO-9 requires only an overpotential of 136 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 53.4 mV dec-1, and good stability in acid solution. The synergetic effect between NiS 2 nanoparticles and MoS 2 nanosheets is responsible for enhanced HER performance. Moreover, RGO provides the substrate for NiS 2 /MoS 2 species and maintains the overall conductivity of NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO composites. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations justify and approve the efficient HER activity of NiS 2 /MoS 2 /RGO in terms of lower Gibbs free energy (0.07 eV) and lower work function (3.98 eV) that subsequently enhance the dissociation of H 2 O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current energy crisis, converting solar-thermal energy into chemical forms has become paramount. Within the broad spectrum of light-mediated catalysis, which includes heat and photocatalysis (relevant to processes like organic transformations, water splitting, and CO2 reduction), photothermal catalysis is a critical avenue for transforming solar energy into chemical or thermal forms via light-matter interactions. However, challenges persist, notably in conventional semiconductor photocatalysts. These challenges encompass the suboptimal harnessing of solar radiation, electron-hole pair recombination, limited exposure of reactive sites, and the complex endeavor of establishing the structure-activity relationship. This state-of-the-art review sharply focuses on photothermal catalytic materials associated with water splitting, CO2 conversion, and the breakdown of organic contaminants. Distinctively, it provides a profound experimental and theoretical insight into the application of various materials in photothermal catalysis, representing a pioneering consolidation. Furthermore, the article delves deep into the barriers to commercialization, offering a robust discussion of the inherent challenges and their prospective remedies. Our findings underscore that enhancing catalytic efficiency is achievable through strategic structural, surface, and compositional modifications. Techniques such as doping, the formation of heterojunctions using Z- and S- schemes, multi-metal incorporation, and the synergistic application of materials prove beneficial. Equally pivotal is the introduction of supporting materials to curb agglomeration, the incorporation of porosity, and the design of varied 3D structures. Collectively, these innovative approaches enhance surface area, modulate band gaps, widen light absorption capacity, minimize charge recombination, and, consequently, pave the way for the evolution of optimal catalysts suited for photothermal applications. In the quest to address energy challenges, this comprehensive review delves into the pivotal role of photothermal catalysis in converting solar-thermal energy into valuable chemical forms. Highlighting the inherent limitations of conventional semiconductor photocatalysts, it presents a synthesis of advanced materials tailored for water splitting, CO2 conversion, and organic contaminant decomposition. Through in-depth analysis, the paper underscores innovative techniques like doping, heterojunction formation, and multi-metal incorporation. By emphasizing strategic structural and compositional modifications, the review offers insights into the roadmap for optimizing photothermal catalytic efficiency and paves the way for future commercialization. [Display omitted] • Delivers groundbreaking insights into materials for photothermal catalysis including water splitting and pollution reduction. • Provides solutions to commercialization issues including solar radiation harnessing and recombination reduction. • Shows efficiency gains through structural modifications, doping, and heterojunctions. • Emphasizes techniques like material synergy and 3D structuring to enhance catalyst performance. • Details optimization strategies for photothermal catalysts, aiming at sustainable energy and environmental solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ni 3 S 2 nanostrips@FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles embedded in N -doped carbon microspheres (Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 /C) were synthesized using a facile heat-treatment method. • Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 /C catalyst displays improved OER performance. • The outstanding OER performance is mainly attributed due to the synergetic effect between FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles and Ni 3 S 2 nanostrips. The designing and preparing of low-cost and easily available electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial for many advanced energy technologies. Herein, the Ni 3 S 2 nanostrips@FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles embedded in N -doped carbon (Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 /C) microspheres were synthesized as improved electrocatalyst for OER, using a facile heat-treatment method. The optimized Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 /C-3 sample exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward OER performance with an overpotential of 280 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 33.9 mV dec−1. Furthermore, Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 /C-3 composite shows good stability in alkaline media. The outstanding electrocatalytic OER performance of composites was attributed due to the synergetic effect between Ni 3 S 2 nanostrips and FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles and it is believed that the heterointerfaces between them act as active centers for OER. Additionally, N -doped carbon prevents the aggregation of Ni 3 S 2 @FeNi-NiFe 2 O 4 species and enhances the conductivity of composites during the OER process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this novel research work, for the first time, green g‐C3N4 nanocomposites have been synthesized by utilizing Eriobotrya japonica as a stabilizer and mediator. Based on DRS absorbance spectra, TGA, fluorescence spectra related to •OH amount, photoelectrochemical curves, TPD, and BET results, it has been confirmed the Eriobotrya japonica mediated green g‐C3N4 (G‐CNS) nanosheets are efficient, stable, and more than 2.4 times enhancement in activities as compared with conventional chemically synthesized g‐C3N4 nanosheets. In order to further improve the performance, the as‐synthesized green g‐C3N4 was modified with SnO2 nanosheets. Our results confirmed that coupling of SnO2 nanosheets prolonged the lifetime of charge carriers and provided catalytic function. Compared with pristine G‐CNS, the photocatalytic activity of the resulting 5SO/G‐CNS improved by 2.3 and 2.6 times, for doxycycline and rhodamine B degradation, respectively. In addition, the possible photodegradation pathway for doxycycline and RhB mineralization is proposed. Finally, this novel work will provide a new platform for the efficient green synthesis of g‐C3N4 based nanocomposite and its utilization for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nanosized Ag-modified 2D/2D hydroxylated g-C 3 N 4 /TS-1 Z-scheme nanocomposites were synthesized for photocatalytic CO 2 RR. • The Z-scheme charge transfer and separation mechanism between g-C 3 N 4 and TS-1 has been clearly verified. • Ag NPs function as electron capturers benefiting the charge separation meanwhile as catalytic sites for activating CO 2. • This work showcases an effective and feasible design strategy to fabricate highly effective TS–1 based photocatalysts. It is significant to enhance the charge separation and extend the visible-light range for the TS-1 molecular sieve-based photocatalysts to improve the photocatalytic performance for CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). Here, dimension-matched 2D/2D hydroxylated g-C 3 N 4 /TS-1 (hCN/TS-1) nanocomposites have been successfully fabricated and further modified by nanosized Ag by the photoreduction method. The optimum Ag-modified hCN/TS-1 exhibits ∼ 7-time CO 2 conversion than that of 2D TS-1. Based on the surface photovoltage responses, monochromatic photocurrent action spectra and electrochemical reduction curves, it is confirmed that the exceptional photoactivity is attributed to the greatly-enhanced charge separation via the Z-scheme mode between hCN and TS-1 at intimately-connected interfaces, extended visible-light absorption endowed by hCN, and Ag nanoparticles as the effective electron capturers with favorable catalytic function for activating CO 2 molecules. This work showcases an effective and feasible design strategy to fabricate highly effective TS-1 molecular sieve-based photocatalysts for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodegradation of organic pollutants strongly depends on design of metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts. Graphene, if composited with ZnO, can effectively enhance its photocatalytic performance for the eradication of pollutants from aqueous medium. Here in, ZnO‐rGO is reported as highly active catalyst for degradation of methylene blue. A 200‐mg/L solution of methylene blue dye was completely degraded within 1 h in comparison to 74% and 56% degradation over ZnO and rGO, respectively. The commonly used mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism, and the Eley‐Rideal mechanisms, were used to describe the reaction kinetics. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism was found as more favorable in this study. Apparent activation energy, Eap, true activation energy, ET, entropy, ΔS, and enthalpy, ΔH were calculated as 36.2 kJ/mol, 13.1 kJ/mol, 197.5 J/mol, and 23.1 kJ/mol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo catalytic degradation of pollutants is one of the techniques used for treatment of dye contaminated wastewater. TiO2 has attracted much attention as photo catalyst for treatment of contaminated water. In this study, the photo catalytic performance of TiO2 has been enhanced by formation of p–n Co3O4-TiO2 hetero-junction. The p–n Co3O4-TiO2 hetero-junction was prepared by wet incipient impregnation method and characterized by various techniques. The photo catalytic activity of prepared composite was evaluated by photo degradation of methyl orange. The as prepared Co3O4-TiO2 composite was found as effective catalyst than Co3O4 and TiO2. The higher photo catalytic activity was attributed to p–n junction formed between Co3O4 and TiO2. The degradation data was analyzed according to Eley–Rideal mechanism in terms of 1st and 2nd order kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work incorporates a variety of conjugated donor-acceptor (DA) co-monomers such as 2,6-diaminopurine (DP) into the structure of a polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) backbone using a unique nanostructure co-polymerization strategy and examines its photocatalytic activity performance in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO and H2 under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized samples were successfully analyzed using different characterization methods to explain their electronic and optical properties, crystal phase, microstructure, and their morphology that influenced the performance due to the interactions between the PCN and the DPco-monomer. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculation result, pure PCN and CNU-DP15.0 trimers (interpreted as incorporation of the co-monomer at two different positions) were extensively evaluated and exhibited remarkable structural optimization without the inclusion of any symmetry constraints (the non-modified sample derived from urea, named as CNU), and their optical and electronic properties were also manipulated to control occupation of their respective highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Also, co-polymerization of the donor–acceptor 2,6-diamino-purine co-monomer with PCN influenced the chemical affinities, polarities, and acid–base functions of the PCN, remarkably enhancing the photocatalytic activity for the production of CO and H2 from CO2 by 15.02-fold compared than that of the parental CNU, while also improving the selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's highly desired to design and fabricate effective α-Fe 2 O 3 -based photocatalysts by increasing the surface area, promoting the charge separation and providing catalytic function. Herein, specific surface area-enlarged α-Fe 2 O 3 (SE-FO) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by a functional molecule-modulated phase-separated hydrothermal method, with high photocatalytic activities for CO 2 conversion and phenol degradation. The photocatalytic activities of SE-FO could be greatly improved by coupling nano-sized BiPO 4 via an in-situ introduction method. This is attributed to the coupled BiPO 4 as a high-energy platform to accept photogenerated electrons from α-Fe 2 O 3 so as to enhance the charge separation mainly by means of surface photovoltage spectra and fluorescence spectra-related to the amount of produced •OH species. Moreover, the photocatalytic activities are further improved by introducing a proper amount of nanocrystalline CuO via a simple impregnation process. It is confirmed based on the temperature-programmed desorption and electrochemical reduction measurements that the improved photoactivity is attributed to the introduced CuO as the co-catalyst for promoting electron-induced reduction reactions. Remarkably, the optimized α-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite exhibits about 3-time photoactivity improvement compared with the pristine α-Fe 2 O 3. This work would provide a feasible route to fabricate high-activity α-Fe 2 O 3 -based photocatalysts for CO 2 conversion and phenol degradation. Photocatalytic activities of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles are improved after co-modifying BiPO 4 and CuO, attributed to the promoted photogenerated electron transfer, and the provided catalytic functions. Image 1 • α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles with increased surface area have been synthesized by a molecule-modulated hydrothermal method. • Resulting α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles exhibit high photocatalytic activities for CO 2 conversion and pollutant degradation. • Photocatalytic activities of α-Fe 2 O 3 are further improved after co-modifying BiPO 4 and CuO with a proper amount. • Used nano-sized BiPO 4 is taken as a high-energy platform to accept photogenerated electrons from α-Fe 2 O 3. • Introduced nano-sized CuO provides a catalytic function to electron-induced reduction reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 /AC is fabricated for photocatalytic degrading high-concentration pollutants. • The activities are improved by constructing heterojunction with SrTiO 3. • The activities are further improved by modifying phosphoric acid. • Exceptional photoactivities mainly depend on the enhanced charge separation. • Charge separation is due to the improved charge transfer and O 2 adsorption. It is highly desired to develop efficient TiO 2 -based nano-photocatalysts with excellent recycling properties for practical application to degrade high-concentration pollutants. Herein, TiO 2 nanoparticles have been successfully modified by coupling activated carbon (AC), constructing heterojunction with SrTiO 3 and modifying with phosphoric acid. It is clearly demonstrated that the as-prepared nano-photocatalysts exhibit exceptional photoactivities for degrading high-concentration pollutants like 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and bisphenol A (BPA), both with ∼3-time activity enhancement compared to commercial P25 TiO 2. Based on the surface photovoltage responses and the fluorescence spectra related to the formed OH amounts, it is deduced that the exceptional photocatalytic activities are attributed to the coupled AC for accepting electrons and promoting reactant adsorption, to the formed SrTiO 3 for inhibiting the anatase TiO 2 crystallite growth to increase the surface area and promoting the charge separation, and to the modified phosphate groups for promoting the adsorption of O 2 to enhance the charge separation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated through the radical trapping experiments that the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals could be dominant for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP. This work would provide a feasible route to obviously enhance the photocatalytic activities of TiO 2 -based nano-photocatalysts for the environmental remediation with good recycling properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The MoS 2 nanosheets grown on M@NDC (M = Co, Fe or CoFe alloy) by hydrothermal method. • The as-prepared M@NDC@MoS 2 hybrids display improved HER performance. • The CoFe@NDC@MoS 2 hybrid shows excellent performance and durability for HER. • The enhanced HER properties was explained by characterizations and DFT calculations. The design and synthesis of a highly active noble metal-free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water splitting are crucial for renewable energy technologies. Herein, we report the growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) on N-doped carbon encapsulated metal particles (M@NDC@MoS 2 , where M = Co, Fe or CoFe alloy) as a highly active electrocatalyst for HER. The hierarchical MoS 2 nanosheets are grown on M@NDC using the hydrothermal method. Our results show that CoFe@NDC@MoS 2 hybrid spheres exhibit excellent HER performance with an overpotential of 64 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 45 mV dec-1. In addition, CoFe@NDC@MoS 2 hybrid spheres have good long-term stability and durability in acidic conditions. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) simulations of the proposed catalysts are performed and suggest that the superior catalytic activity of CoFe@NDC@MoS 2 is due to the optimal electron transfer from CoFe@NDC nanoparticles to MoS 2 nanosheets. This electron transfer facilitates H+ interaction and adsorption, leading to a decreased Gibbs free energy (ΔG H* ≈ 0.08 eV) and local work function on the surface, which consequently enhances the HER performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]