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Simple Summary: Up to 60% of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) acquire a T790M mutation after first-line EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Although a liquid biopsy using plasma samples for the detection of the T790M mutation is recommended initially, some patients receive tissue re-biopsy due to the possible false negative results of liquid biopsy. In this study, 40% of patients with one or two metastatic organs at the time of re-biopsy had false negative plasma sample results, and 69% of patients with three or more metastatic organs at the time of re-biopsy had positive plasma results. In multivariate analysis, three or more metastatic organs at the initial diagnosis were independently associated with detection of the T790M mutation using a plasma sample, which means the detection rate of the T790M mutation using a plasma sample was significantly increased in patients with more tumor burden. Background: Detection of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation using plasma samples has been considered simple and non-invasive, but the relatively high false negative results lead to additional tissue sampling in some patients. Until now, the characteristics of patients who prefer liquid biopsy have not yet been established. Methods: To evaluate the favorable conditions for the detection of T790M mutations using plasma samples, a multicenter retrospective study was performed between May 2018 and December 2021. Patients whose T790M mutation was detected in a plasma sample were classified as the plasma positive group. Study subjects with a T790M mutation not detected in a plasma sample but only in a tissue sample were grouped as the plasma false negative group. Results: Plasma positive and plasma false negative groups were found in 74 and 32 patients, respectively. As a result, 40% of patients with one or two metastatic organs at the time of re-biopsy had false negative plasma sample results, and 69% of patients with three or more metastatic organs at the time of re-biopsy had positive plasma results. In multivariate analysis, three or more metastatic organs at initial diagnosis were independently associated with the detection of a T790M mutation using plasma samples. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the detection rate of a T790M mutation using plasma samples was related to the tumor burden, particularly to the number of metastatic organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While ML algorithms have improved conventional ES optimization models, new models using ML techniques have become increasingly important [[55]]. These ML algorithms that have focused on the optimization of ESs aim to accelerate the conventional ES optimization models, decentralize the centralized optimization models, or speed them up by approximating the iteration processes and parameters related to optimization. This editorial overviews the contents of the Special Issue "Machine Learning for Energy Systems 2021" and review the trends in machine learning (ML) techniques for energy system (ES) optimization. In other words, a few ML algorithms have improved the optimization of current ES optimization models rather than been used in the development of new models. [Extracted from the article]

Aquaporins (AQPs), the natural water channel, have been actively investigated for overcoming the limitations of conventional desalination membranes. An AQP‐based biomimetic high‐pressure desalination membrane is designed by tethering AQP‐carrying red blood cell membrane (RBCM) vesicles onto graphene oxide (GO). RBCMs with AQPs are incorporated into GO based on the molecular recognition between the integrin of RBCM and Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate (RGD) ligand on the GO surface. GO is pre‐functionalized with the Glycine‐Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate‐Serine peptide to capture RBCMs. RBCMs are inserted between GO flakes through the material‐specific interaction between integrin of RBCM and RGD ligand, thus ensuring sufficient coverage of channels/defects in the GO for the full functioning of the AQPs. The incorporated AQPs are not completely fixed at the GO, as tethering is mediated by the integrin–RGD pair, and suitable AQP flexibility for appropriate functioning is guaranteed without frictional hindrance from the solid substrate. The integrity of the GO–RBCMs binding can provide mechanical strength for enduring high‐pressure reverse‐osmosis conditions for treating large amounts of water. This biomimetic membrane exhibits 99.1% NaCl rejection and a water permeance of 7.83 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 at 8 bar with a 1000‐ppm NaCl feed solution, which surpasses the upper‐bound line of current state‐of‐the‐art membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Several serum inflammatory markers are associated with poor clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the prognosis and early treatment response in hospitalized CAP patients based on serial neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) measurement has never been investigated. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study for 175 consecutive patients hospitalized with CAP between February 2016 and February 2018. NLR, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin levels were measured on admission day (D1) and on hospital day 4 (D4). The Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) was also assessed on admission. The primary endpoint was all-cause death within 30 days after admission. The secondary endpoint was early treatment response such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission during hospitalization and clinical unstability on day 4. Results: The 30-day mortality rate was 9.7%. In multivariate analysis, NLR D4 (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04–1.18; P = 0.003) and its incremental change (NLR D4/D1 >1) (OR: 7.10; 95% CI: 2.19–23.06; P = 0.001) were significant predictors of 30-day mortality. NLR D4 and its incremental change were significant predictors of ICU admission and clinical unstability on day 4 in multivariate analyses. Adding of incremental NLR change significantly improved the prognostic ability of the PSI. The additive value of incremental NLR change for the prognostic ability of the PSI was larger than that of incremental CRP change. Conclusion: Serial NLR measurement represents useful laboratory tool to predict the prognosis and early treatment response of hospitalized CAP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Three‐phase power lines are usually represented as self and mutual series impedances and shunt admittances at a given frequency. Carson's equations for calculating self and mutual impedances include an improper integral. To solve the integral, the high‐order terms should be calculated. Thus, many studies approximated by ignoring the geometry‐dependent higher‐order terms. However, estimates using approximation models produce impedance errors when compared to calculations using Carson's original equations. Thus, the objective of this study is to present a model with less error that is suitable for the computer‐based calculation of self and mutual series impedances for three‐phase overhead transmission and distribution lines. For this purpose, the proposed model selects a knee point that significantly reduces the calculation error as a result of the sensitivity analysis. The impedances calculated with the proposed model are compared to those calculated using Carson's original equations and various approximation models. The proposed model exhibits the least error at a frequency range of 0.01 to 1 kHz when compared with modified Carson's equations and the complex depth earth return model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Load in short‐circuit analyses is usually neglected because the short‐circuit current magnitude that flows from conventional rotating machines is significantly greater than the short‐circuit current magnitude changed by the loads. However, as distributed loads unbalanced in phases have been connected to a grid, the current that flows from them affects the magnitude and angle of the short‐circuit current. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a short‐circuit algorithm able to analyze the effect of unbalanced loads and phase shifts through transformers on the short‐circuit current. For this purpose, this study adds the steady‐state short‐circuit models of loads unbalanced in phases to the sequence network. To determine the accurate short‐circuit current, this study proposes the superposition principle that superimposes the contribution of pre‐ and post‐fault conditions. To calculate the pre‐ and post‐fault voltages, this study also combines the three‐phase Newton‐Raphson and sequence methods. In addition to the superposition principle, this study takes phase shifts through three‐phase transformers in the sequence network into account. The case studies indicate that the proposed method could be more accurate because of not ignoring loads unbalanced in phases and the phase shift through transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rapid deployment of distributed generation resources such as photovoltaic systems, wind farms, and other power electronics‐based loads has emphasized the requirement for tap‐changing transformers that minimize voltage variations and phase imbalances. Thus, various power‐flow algorithms able to model such a tap‐changing transformer have been proposed. The algorithms include a method that uses the bus impedance or admittance matrix. However, particularly the previous algorithms that use the impedance matrix did not take tap‐changing transformers and P‐V buses into account. Thus, this study models tap‐changing transformers for a power‐flow algorithm using the impedance matrix. For this purpose, it proposes a unified steady‐state T shaped transformer model with a tap changer on the primary or secondary side. The proposed power‐flow calculation algorithm also models P‐V buses by the sensitivity impedance matrix. Since the proposed method reduces the inversion of matrices, it can be faster than the Newton‐Raphson and fast decoupled methods (eg, the modified IEEE 30‐bus test system added by 3000 or more nodes), not losing the accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of enzymatic glucose sensors, accurate glucose sensing has been a challenging task because of the existence of numerous interfering molecules in the blood. Meanwhile, red blood cells (RBCs) selectively uptake glucose via a membrane protein called glucose transporter-1. In this study, we developed the RBC membrane (RBCM)-coated enzymatic glucose sensors that mimic the glucose uptake. The RBCM-coated sensors were examined via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ATR-FTIR. We optimized the glucose permeability of the RBCM filter by controlling the thickness of the filter. The sensing range of the optimized sensor was 1–15 mM, the detection limit was 0.66 mM, and the sensitivity was 2.978 μA mM−1. Intriguingly, the RBCM-coated sensor was highly accurate and precise, despite the coexistence of glucose and interfering molecules (e.g., mannose, galactose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine). For each interfering molecule, the errors of our sensor were 0.8 to 2.3%, which was 4.8–14.2 times more accurate than the uncoated one. A similar result was verified for a human serum sample containing countless interfering molecules. Also, the sensing performance of the sensor was consistent after 4 weeks of storage. The results suggest that applying RBCM may improve the selectivity of various types of glucose sensors including the continuous monitoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A strategy for the control of bus voltage (with V and Q limits) is presented. • DG systems are modeled by a P-Q or P-V bus using a Petri net approach. • The proposed bus voltage control strategy is verified using the IEEE test feeders. Distributed generation (DG) systems—particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems—that can control reactive power can change the behavior of a power system network in spite of their relatively small individual capacities because of bidirectional power flow and reactive power control. Therefore, power flow algorithms should be able to accurately model the response of a power system network that includes DG systems. Various power flow algorithms have modeled DG systems as either a P-Q or P-V bus. However, small DG systems connected to the grid by a short line, but not a long transmission line, or predefined mutually between utilities and DG system owners can participate in the control of reactive power. They can adaptively adjust the reactive power output according to their bus voltage. Thus, the objective of this study is to present a strategy that participates in the control of bus voltage within its limits and reactive power by either injecting or absorbing reactive power. For this purpose, this study presents a Petri net approach that a bus to which a DG system is connected is modeled as a P-Q or P-V bus with equality and inequality constraints. The proposed bus voltage control strategy is verified using the well-known IEEE test feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • AuNP size was optimized for SERS-based LFA. • Reaction time, LFA buffer components, laser wavelength, and power were assessed. • Optimized SERS-based LFA successfully enabled cTnI detection in clinical samples. • Future SERS-based LFA will help to detect biomarkers with high sensitivity. Cardiac Troponin I is measurable using point-of-care testing (POCT) and lateral flow assay (LFA) for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a clinical method that combines the advantages of cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, and ease of use. However, the limitation of LFA is that it hinders the diagnosis of patients with a low analyte concentration, necessitating additional blood tests. Surface-enhancement Raman scattering (SERS)-based LFA can provide the quantitative assay with high sensitivity. This study reports a straightforward process for developing SERS-based LFA that detected 0.02 ng/mL analyte in human serum compared to the 1.56 ng/mL analyte detected using optical intensity measurement in LFA. To ensure highly sensitive detection, the size (30 to 100 nm) of Au nanoparticle (NP) in SERS tags was optimized in SERS-based LFA, and a stronger SERS intensity was achieved using 50 nm AuNP SERS tags. The reaction time and LFA buffer components were determined, and laser wavelength and power were investigated. By optimizing these parameters for SERS-based LFA, the sensitivity of SERS was 78-fold higher than that of optical intensity measurement. This procedure could be beneficial for developing a SERS-based LFA to detect various biomarkers with high sensitivity for potential POCT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG) sources are continually being connected to the grid. Such IBDG sources act as current sources that are unbalanced in either one or two phases. When connected to the grid, unbalanced IBDG sources inject the unbalanced current during an electric fault. Moreover, unbalanced load currents can also change the short-circuit current. Therefore, short-circuit analyses of power systems with either clustered or distributed IBDG sources should not ignore the contribution from unbalanced IBDG sources and load currents. Thus, the objective of this study is to present a method that calculates the short-circuit current flowing from unbalanced IBDG sources. For this purpose, zero- and negative-sequence networks are referred to the positive-sequence network, and new bus impedance matrices are defined for each sequence network. This study also proposes a hybrid method that combines Thevenin's equivalent circuit and the three-phase bus impedance matrix for distribution systems with untransposed lines. The method examines the effect of unbalanced loads on the short-circuit current. The proposed methods are verified by using well known IEEE test feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The presence of EGFR mutation in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) plays an important role in determining the appropriate treatment, response, and survival. Therefore, this study attempted to predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients using data from quantitative mutation measurements. Methods: The data of patients with advanced NSCLC who underwent EGFR mutation testing using the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) mediated clamping method at the Pusan National University Hospital from October 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The efficiency of PNA clamping was determined by measuring the threshold cycle (Ct) value. The ΔCt−1 value (standard Ct value minus sample Ct value) was calculated to quantify EGFR mutation. Results: During the study period, 71 patients were treated with EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The cutoff point for the ΔCt−1 value derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve was 5.32. A survival benefit was observed in the group with an ΔCt−1 value > 5.32 or with a common EGFR mutation type compared to the group with an ΔCt−1 value < 5.32. Conclusion: EGFR mutation testing using PNA clamping may predict patient survival, especially in patients with common EGFR mutations, such as exon 19 deletion or L858R. A higher ΔCt−1 value correlates with better survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrinogen, which is a glycoprotein that circulates in the blood, plays various important biological roles, e.g., in blood coagulation, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Abnormal levels of fibrinogen in plasma have been identified as a key biomarker of a variety of disorders from cardiovascular diseases to hemophilia. Therefore, the development of a quantitative assay for fibrinogen in the blood has emerged as an important issue for the prevention and diagnosis of these diseases. Meanwhile, it is well known that erythrocytes can selectively capture fibrinogen because of the fibrinogen receptor expressed on their plasma membrane. Inspired by these biological interactions, herein, we devised an erythrocyte membrane (EM)-blanketed biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for highly sensitive detection of fibrinogen. By placing the EM onto a nanoparticle-on-substrate, we enhanced the LSPR signal, achieving highly sensitive and selective detection of fibrinogen. We demonstrated that fibrinogen detection is possible over a wide concentration range, 0.001–5.000 mg/mL, which can cover normal and pathological blood fibrinogen levels. In addition, it was verified that the biosensor selectively detects fibrinogen in comparison with other human-blood-plasma components. The nanoplasmonic sensor blanketed with the EM opens up new opportunities for the development of a robust fibrinogen-sensing technology. • The highly sensitive EM-blanketed LSPR biosensor for detection of fibrinogen has been developed. • The coating EMs onto the sensor can improve the LSPR signal by stable attachment of AuNPs onto the sensor. • The EM-blanketed LSPR sensor showed wide linear dynamic range and very low detection limit. • The proposed sensor was used for determination of fibrinogen in human blood plasma samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic blood glucose detection with selectivity is one of the most important conundrums, because human blood contains many components that can hinder enzyme-substrate reactions. Meanwhile, cancer cells express much higher levels of glucose transporter-1 on their cell membrane to selectively and excessively uptake more α-D-glucose than do normal cells. Inspired by such cellular permselectivity for glucose, herein we significantly improved the selectivity of a glucose sensor by using a breast cancer cell membrane (BCCM). The BCCM was extracted from MDA-MB-231 cells and coated onto an enzyme-deposited electrode via a vesicle fusion method. We investigated BCCM-coated sensors using ATR-FTIR, SEM, AFM, and cyclic voltammetry. The exceptional permselectivity of BCCM-coated sensors was validated using glucose solutions containing various interfering molecules (e.g. , D-(−)-fructose, D-(+)-xylose, D-(+)-maltose, L-cysteine, L-ascorbic acid, and uric acid) and human serum (4.35–7.35 mM of glucose), implying their high potential for practical use. • The glucose transporter-rich breast cancer cell membrane (BCCM) was collected from MDA-MB-231. • The BCCM layer was utilized as glucose-specific permeable membrane via glucose transporter. • The BCCM-coated glucose sensors were well optimized with the thickness of BCCM layer for adequate permeability. • The biosensor showed outstanding selectivity to glucose under serum and glucose-added serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound using a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) is used to diagnose peripheral lung cancer. The aim was to identify the accuracy of molecular analysis that were performed with EBUS-GS specimens in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Method: From December 2015 to September 2017, we retrospectively studied 91 patients with peripheral NSCLC who underwent surgery after EBUS-GS. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutational and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation status obtained from surgical specimens served as the references. Results: Compared to the reference data, EGFR mutational testing of EBUS-GS specimens was in 97% agreement, and the κ coefficient was 0.931 (P< 0.001). In addition, on ALK translocation testing, the results of all 91 patients were in agreement with the reference data (concordance rate of 100%, κ coefficient 1.000; P< 0.001). Conclusion: We found that EBUS-GS could be used for molecular diagnosis, such as EGFR mutational and ALK translocation status, in patients with peripheral NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of their small capacity, distributed generation (DG) systems can cause an increase in feeder voltage when they produce power into a distribution system if not appropriately controlled. To prevent such an increase in voltage, the state-of-the-art inverter can adjust reactive power, referred to as Volt/Var control. Furthermore, such an inverter-based DG system has been continuously connected to a large distribution network. Thus, the objective of this study is to present an optimal reactive power control method for DG systems, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems, in the steady state. The second objective of this study is to analyze the transient-state response of a sufficiently large distribution network integrated by high-capacity PV systems able to control reactive power. The large network can be more efficiently developed by a steady-state power-flow analysis program, or OpenDSS based on text editors, than a transient-state analysis program based on graphical editors. Therefore, this study proposes a method that imports the feeder models developed in OpenDSS into a transient-state power systems analysis program, or DIgSILENT. That is, the proposed method models a sufficiently large actual distribution network with thousands of nodes and high-capacity PV systems able to control reactive power. Then, this study examines transient-state dynamics of the feeders. From the steady- and transient-state analyses, this study found that high-capacity PV systems with the capability of Volt/Var control could mitigate an increase in voltage caused by their power injection to the feeder and they could regulate the voltage of a bus to which they are connected within a set voltage range if they are optimally controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As weather-dependent distributed renewable energy resources (RERs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind farms have increasingly been connected to distribution networks, energy storage systems able to compensate intermittency in their power generation may be required. Moreover, such RERs can participate in reactive power control upon voltage regulation. Thus, the problem of optimizing the capacity of storage systems for RERs with the capability of reactive power control is necessary for planning, maintaining, or upgrading a distribution network. The objective of this study is to optimize the capacity of storage systems for RERs, particularly PV inverters with the capability of reactive power control in this study. For this purpose, this study proposes the power-flow algorithm able to optimize reactive power amount to be either consumed or injected by PV systems and a hybrid multi-objective sensitivity analysis algorithm that optimizes the capacity of PV and storage systems. The proposed algorithm includes an objective function that minimizes voltage variations and capital costs of PV and storage as well as maximizes energy savings and peak load reduction. Then, it successfully optimizes the capacity of PV and storage systems in the well-known IEEE test feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed an electrochemical enzymatic biosensor coated with red blood cell membrane (RBCM) for highly selective glucose measurement. The RBCM containing its membrane proteins (glucose transporter-1) was extracted from a human red blood cell (RBC), and then placed on an established enzymatic glucose sensor by the vesicle fusion method. In the newly fabricated glucose sensor, the RBCM plays the role in the diffusion barrier of preventing the penetration of interfering molecules, while in contrast making glucose molecules permeable. We employed scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to analyze the RBCM diffusion barriers. The performance of our glucose sensors with diffusion barriers was tested regarding selectivity to glucose against other interfering molecules, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and galactose. Remarkably, employing the RBCM significantly improved the selectivity and accuracy of the glucose measurement, even under human serum, compared to the uncoated sensors. This result implies that the RBCM serves well as a highly permselective layer to glucose molecules, and a diffusion barrier to other molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In solution-based synthesis of colloidal nanostructures, additions of ligands, stabilizers, and redox reagents are generally required to obtain desirable structures, though ligands and stabilizers on the surface of nanostructures can substantially affect the surface-related activity. Accordingly, an extensive rinsing process is usually required to remove residual reagents and stabilizers. This study reports a spontaneous self-biomineralization of palladium (Pd) ions on a filamentous virus to form ligand-free Pd nanowires under ambient conditions. No reducing reagents or additional surface stabilizers are used; the genetically modified virus alone supports the polycrystalline Pd nanowires within the nanostructure, maintaining the clean surface even without a rinsing process. The advantage of the ligand-free Pd nanowires is found in the Suzuki-coupling reaction, in which the nanowire catalytic activity is maintained after repeated reactions, while conventional Pd colloids undergo surface contamination by the stabilizer and lose their catalytic activity during repeated uses. The ligand-free surface, high electronic connectivity, and structural stability of the Pd nanowires also allow high sensitivity and selectivity in hydrogen gas sensing analysis. This work emphasizes the importance of the ligand-free surface of biotemplated nanostructures in maintaining functionalities without surface contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we introduce a highly catalytic core-shell microfiber electrode based on a cobalt oxygen-evolving catalyst (Co-OEC) electrodeposited on a three-dimensional (3 D) mat of stainless-steel (SS) microfibers. The resulting core-shell microfibers (Co-MF) with a catalytic shell exhibit a turnover frequency and a current density that are much higher than those of a conventional Co-OEC on a flat SS foil (Co-F) at neutral pH. The onset potential of the catalytic wave of Co-MF is also appreciably lower than that of Co-F owing to a combination of the higher surface activity of the Co-OEC and the enhanced local electric field in the 3 D network of the metal microfibers. This study suggests that cost-effective, stable, and earth-abundant SS microfibers can be a promising substrate to enhance the surface activity of water-oxidation electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns of utilities is to minimise voltage variations along their feeders when they enhance their networks by various distributed generation (DG) systems that have uncertainty in their output. Furthermore, such DG systems can provide reactive power to the grid. Thus, the objective of this study is to optimally allocate locations and capacities of DG systems, particularly photovoltaic systems in this study, on distribution networks that host DG inverters with the capability of reactive power control, in other words, Volt/Var management and control. For this purpose, this study proposes a hybrid method based on optimal reactive power control and genetic algorithms. The proposed method is verified in well‐known test feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems such as microturbines with capacities in the range of tens of kilowatts to hundreds of kilowatts have been employed for many years, mostly in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Despite their relatively small individual capacities as compared to centralized conventional utilities, their operation may lead to significant energy efficiency improvements for the electricity and heating of residential and commercial building customers. In addition, modern net-zero energy buildings with such CHP, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and absorption chillers (AbCs) can maximize electrical and thermal energy efficiency as they can reuse wasted heat from CHP systems with AbCs and renewable energy from PV systems. Therefore, the objective of this study is to present a case study that analyzes the impact of combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) of building customers either with or without PV systems in energy-efficient, economical, and environmental aspects. Then, using HOMER software, a computer program for modeling renewable microgrid systems, each case study of residential buildings hosting only CCHP systems in the Atlanta area and office buildings hosting CCHP and PV systems in the area is simulated. Finally, their energy-efficiency improvement and economic sensitivity analysis on investment costs of CCHP and PV systems is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch, column, and pilot scale feasibility experiments for a bio-sorption process using a bio-carrier (beads) with dead Bacillus drentensis sp. in polysulfone polymer were performed to remove heavy metals in groundwater originating from an acid mine drainage (AMD). For batch experiments, various amounts of bio-carrier each containing a different amount of dead biomass were added in artificial solution, of which the initial heavy metal concentration and pH were about 10 mg/L and 3, respectively. The heavy metal removal efficiencies of the bio-carrier under various conditions were calculated and more than 92% of initial Pb and Cu were found to have been removed from the solution when using 2 g of bio-carriers containing 5% biomass. For a continuous experiment with a column packed with bio-carriers (1 m in length and 0.02 m in diameter), more than 98% of Pb removal efficiency was maintained for 36 pore volumes and 1.553 g of Pb per g of bio-carrier was removed. For the pilot scale feasibility test, a total of 80 tons of groundwater (lower than pH of 4) were successfully treated for 40 working days and the removal efficiencies of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Fe were maintained above 93%, demonstrating that one kg of bio-carrier can clean up at least 1098 L of groundwater in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rhodium-catalyzedoxygenative [2 2] cycloaddition of terminal alkynes and imines hasbeen developed, which gives β-lactams as products with high transdiastereoselectivity. In the presence of a Rh(I) catalystand 4-picoline N-oxide, a terminal alkyne is convertedto a rhodium ketene species via oxidation of a vinylidene complexand subsequently undergoes a [2 2] cycloaddition with an imine togive rise to the 2-azetidinone ring system. Mechanistic studies suggestthat the reaction proceeds through a metalloketene rather than freeketene intermediate. The new method taking advantage of catalyticgeneration of a ketene species directly from a terminal alkyne providesa novel and efficient entry to the Staudinger synthesis of β-lactamsunder mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the rhodium-catalyzed oxygenative addition to alkynes, and includes information on its use for the synthesis of amides, esters, and carboxylic compounds. It demonstrates the direct transformation of terminal alkynes into carboxylic acid derivatives in subordinate with mild rhodium catalysis. Moreover, it mentions the involvement of homogeneous catalysis and vinylidene ligands in the experimentation.

The article discusses the study which shows a rhodium-catalyzed oxygenative addition to terminal alkynes, a reaction which was accomplished by water in furnishing carboxylic acid derivatives and wide range of amine and alcohol nucleophiles. The study evaluates the feasibility of the reaction which induce methanol addition to sulfoxyalkyne with concomitant intramolecular oygen transfer. Result shows that the rhodium-catalyzed reaction could be accomplished through tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine.

Abstract: A pilot scale test for a process combining in-situ chemical oxidation using H2O2 solution with biodegradation was performed to remove TPH from a diesel contaminated military site. In batch experiments, when 20% H2O2 solution was used for TPH contaminated soil, TPH removal efficiency was 63.5%. Batch experiments investigating biodegradation by adding indigenous microorganisms in pre-H2O2-treated soil were also performed, and TPH removal efficiency of biodegradation was 48.5%, showing an improvement of 19.4% by biodegradation even after chemical oxidation. For a pilot scale feasibility test, a site contaminated with diesel (2.5m×2.7 m×1m) in Korea was selected, and five injection wells and one extraction well were installed in the site. After 0.3 pore volumes of 17.5% H2O2 solution flushing for 15 days, TPH removal efficiency of the site was 51.5%. Seven days after the H2O2 solution flushing was finished, a mixed indigenous microorganism cultured solution (43L) was injected into the wells two times. After the injection of the cultured solution, the average concentration of TPH in the site decreased to 777mg/kg, showing that an additional 19.6% of TPH was removed by biodegradation (total TPH removal efficiency: 71.1%). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abnormal blood uric acid (UA) levels can lead to its crystallization in the joints, consequently resulting in gout. Accurate detection of UA in the blood is imperative for the early diagnosis of gout. However, electrochemical UA biosensors are vulnerable to antioxidants in the blood, limiting accurate UA detection. To address this issue, we focused on the function of uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1), which is selectively permeable to UA. URAT1 is abundant in the kidney cell membrane (KCM). To apply URAT1 to a sensor, we developed a KCM-coated UA biosensor (called the KCM sensor) that could selectively detect UA through URAT1. The KCM coating in the fabricated KCM sensor was verified via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy. The KCM sensor enabled the detection of UA in the range of 0–1000 μM, with a limit of detection of 8.5 μM, suggesting that it allows the diagnosis of the early stages of gout. On the other hand, the UA permeability of the KCM sensor was significantly reduced in the presence of a URAT1 inhibitor, implying that URAT1 is a key factor for UA detection. The selectivity of the KCM sensor was demonstrated by measuring the amount for UA in the presence of various antioxidants. Finally, the KCM sensor was capable of measuring UA in human serum and was reproducible with 0.5–1.6% deviation. The UA permeability and selectivity of the KCM sensor were maintained even after 3 weeks of storage. • Sensitive and selective uric acid detection platform was developed by functionalizing kidney cell membrane on uric acid sensor (KCM sensor). • URAT1 on kidney cell membrane allows uric acid to selectively permeate the cell membrane. • KCM sensor was able to detect uric acid without interference of antioxidants in human blood. • KCM sensor was stable for 3 weeks storage and highly reproducible (CV < 0.19 μA). • Human serum uric acid ranged from 35 to 835 μM was linearly detected (R2 = 0.9839). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without appropriate treatment, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection can cause life-threatening diseases (e.g., meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis). However, a rapid and accurate point-of-care test for the infection remains challenging. The bacterium secretes α-hemolysin (Hla), which spontaneously binds to the cell membrane of erythrocyte, and eventually lyses the cell via pore formation. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, we apply the erythrocyte membrane (EM) extracted from human whole blood as a novel bioreceptor for detecting Hla, fabricating erythrocyte-camouflaged biosensors (ECB) by coating EM onto electrochemical impedance electrodes. We verify the existence of EM on the ECB by using confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that ECBs sensitively detect Hla spiked in phosphate buffer saline and human serum. Also, the sensor shows higher sensitivity to Hla than major blood proteins, such as human serum albumin, fibrinogen, and gamma globulin. Specifically, the signal intensities for Hla are 8.8–12.7 times higher than those in the same concentration of those blood proteins. The detection limit of the ECB for Hla is 1.9 ng/ml while the dynamic range is 0.0001–1 mg/ml. Finally, we validate the constant sensing performance of ECB with 99.0 ± 5.6% accuracy for 35 days of storage. • To make the erythrocyte-camouflaged biosensors (ECB), erythrocyte membrane was coated on screen printed gold electrodes. • The impedance of ECB increased according to the amount of Hla spontaneously bound to the ECB. • The ECB selectively detected Hla against major blood proteins, as well it showed a high stability for 35 days. • The ECB enabled to detect S. aureus bacteremia from clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length and pattern of air–fuel mixing plays a significant role in the uniformity, flame temperature, and emission characteristics, which can lead to a superior product quality in a non-oxidizing direct fired burner for a cold-rolled steel plate furnace. In this study, a diffusion-flame-type burner and partially-premixed-type burner were experimentally investigated to understand their effects on flame shape, flame temperature, and exhaust gas characteristics. With this aim, fuel nozzle size, nozzle hole number, fuel injection angle, and mixing distance of fuel and air were varied during the experiments. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were also performed to investigate the air–fuel mixing state for a nozzle-mixed burner and a partially-premixed burner. The results show that the flame temperature of the partially-premixed burner increases by up to 26 °C on average compared to that of the nozzle-mixed burner. It is also shown that the mixing distance plays an important role in the flame temperature of the partially-premixed burner. In addition, the residual oxygen concentration and volume ratio of CO/CO2 in the flue gas of the partially-premixed burner exhibit lower concentrations compared to those of the diffusion flame burner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the diabetes diagnosis, noninvasive methods are preferred to invasive methods; urine glucose measurement is an example of a noninvasive method. However, conventional noninvasive methods for urine glucose measurement are not intuitive. Furthermore, such methods exhibit low selectivity because they can detect interfering molecules in addition to glucose. Herein, we fabricate a noninvasive, intuitive, and highly selective paper sensor consisting of polyaniline nanoparticles (PAni-NPs) and red blood cell membranes (RBCMs). The PAni-NPs (adsorbed on the paper) are highly sensitive to hydrogen ions and change color from emeraldine blue to emeraldine green within a few seconds. The RBCM (coated on the PAni-NP-adsorbed paper) having the glucose transporter-1 protein plays the role of a smart filter that transports glucose but rejects other interfering molecules. In particular, the selectivity of the RBCM-coated PAni-NP-based paper sensor was approximately improved ∼85%, compared to the uncoated paper sensors. The paper sensor could detect urine glucose over the range of 0–10 mg/mL (0–56 mM), with a limit of detection of 0.54 mM. The proposed paper sensor will facilitate the development of a highly selective and colorimetric urine glucose monitoring system. [Display omitted] • A highly selective paper-based sensor was fabricated for noninvasive urine glucose detection. • PAni-NP-functionalized cellulose paper was coated with a cell membrane to enhance selectivity. • RBCM prevents interfering molecules from approaching GOx, whereas GLUT-1 in RBCM selectively transports glucose to GOx. • PAni and RPAni paper sensors can be a useful technique for early detection of diabetes and rapid screening of glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt-based oxygen-evolving catalyst (Co-OEC) exhibits high catalytic activity for water oxidation in the neutral pH regime. However, as the externally applied potential toward oxidation is lowered, the catalyst is slowly dissolved and eventually decomposed from the electrode because of their poor interfacial compatibility. Here, we introduce an interstitial polydopamine (PDA) layer to strengthen the Co-OEC/electrode interface for sustainable catalytic activity. The PDA layer efficiently stabilizes the catalyst/electrode interface as a redox-active adhesive interlayer. Under high applied potential conditions, the oxygen evolving catalytic activity is reduced by 95 % in the absence of the PDA layer. On the other hand, the Co-OEC/PDA/ITO electrode keeps the catalytic activity above 70 % under the same condition because the redox mediation of PDA suppresses the dissolution of Co2+ ions. The PDA layer also promotes water oxidation catalysis presumably through proton-coupled electron transfer. It is expected that the redox-active PDA can be applied to various catalysts as a means to improve their microenvironments for enhanced catalytic activity and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Cu addition on the clustering and two-step aging behavior in Al–Mg–Si(-Cu) alloys were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the Vickers hardness and tensile tests, the three dimension atom probe (3DAP) and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). A high amount of Cu up to 4 mass % was added to the Al–Mg–Si alloys. Several types of clusters, namely, Cu–Mg, Cu–Si, Cu–Cu and Mg–Si–Cu, after natural aging for 2419.2 ks were formed in the Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys. The size distribution and chemical composition of the clusters were characterized using 3DAP based on the maximum separation method. The cluster formation was promoted by 1Cu addition, but it was suppressed by 2Cu and 4Cu additions based on the analyses of cluster formation temperature and activation energy. Thermally unstable clusters were confirmed at the early stage of two-step aging at 170 °C after natural aging for 2419.2 ks. The amount of thermally unstable clusters was increased based on the hardness results. The peak hardness during single aging at 170 °C increased with an increasing Cu content. The negative and positive effect of two-step aging at 170 °C after natural aging for 2419.2 ks was clarified in Al–Mg–Si and Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys, respectively. The formation temperature, activation energy, cluster size, and hardness changes with the cluster formation during natural aging and dissolution of cluster and precipitate formation during two-step aging at 170 °C are quantitatively described and those behaviors are discussed based on the age-hardening phenomena. • Size distribution, chemical compositions and cluster types with the Cu contents are characterized using a three dimensional atom probe. • Clusters formed during natural aging are thermally unstable at elevated two-step aging. • The peak hardness of two-step aging is less than that of single aging in Cu-free alloys, but it is increased in Cu-added alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The contribution of a short-circuit current from a balanced IBDG source is examined. • A method that transfers negative- and zero-sequence networks to a positive-sequence network is proposed. • A method that defines new zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence bus-impedance and current-injection matrices is provided. • A method that calculates short-circuit current and zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence induced-voltage matrices is presented. When a grid-connected inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG) source behaves as a current source that can limit its magnitude in current loop control, the contribution from the inverter to the short-circuit current (SCC) is not as significant as those from conventional synchronous generators. However, the increased IBDG sources can change the magnitude and phase angle of the SCC, so they should not be ignored in SCC calculation. The objective of this study is to present a method for calculating the SCC of an IBDG source of acting as an internally either limited or unlimited current source at balanced conditions. For this purpose, negative- and zero-sequence networks are transferred to a positive-sequence network with balanced IBDG sources. Subsequently, SCCs and zero-, negative-, and positive-sequence induced voltage are determined by using zero- and negative-sequence current injection matrices. Then, new SCC calculation equations for a single line-to ground, line-to-line ground, line-to-line, or three-phase fault are also derived. As a result, the proposed method improves the conventional method in terms of taking the contribution from a balanced IBDG source to SCC into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of added Mg on cluster formation and two-step aging behavior in Al–Cu(-Mg) alloys were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Vickers hardness test, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and three dimensional atom probe (3DAP). When Mg was added to Al–Cu alloys, cluster formation was accelerated because Mg lowered formation temperature. Clusters with Mg/(Mg + Cu) values of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.5 predominantly formed in 40C5M, 40C10 M and 40C15 M alloys, respectively. The dominant cluster size was determined to be 0.5 nm regardless of the Mg content. The growth behavior of clusters in the Al–Cu alloys during natural aging was rarely affected, even though the chemical composition inside the clusters was changed by the amount of Mg. It was found that clusters formed during natural aging partially dissolved during two-step aging at 170 °C. The relationship between the thermal stability of the clusters and the decrease in hardness at the initial stage of two-step aging was clarified. Importantly, it was determined that the thermal stability of clusters is affected by the interatomic structure of the cluster, rather than its size, based on 3DAP analyses. The peak hardness of Al–Cu alloys after two-step aging significantly decreased when the amount of added Mg exceeded a certain threshold. Thermally stable clusters formed during natural aging do not directly transform into precipitates during two-step aging in Al–Cu–Mg alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti–B and Si were added to an Al–Cu–Mg alloy to form various reinforcement phases. Various methods for characterizing reinforcement and bulk materials of the aluminum matrix composite (AMC) were investigated. A primary α-Al lamellar structure composed of α-Al and Al 2 CuMg (S) and Al 3 Zr phases was formed in Base alloy. The formation of the Al 3 Zr phase was suppressed and the Al 3 (Zr,Ti) phase and TiB 2 particles were additionally observed in the Ti–B added alloy. Meanwhile, Mg 2 Si (β), Al 2 Cu (θ) and Al 5 Cu 2 Mg 8 Si 6 (Q) phases were formed, and the Al 2 CuMg (S) phase disappeared in the Si added alloy. We deduced that Mg 2 Si (β) and Al 5 Cu 2 Mg 8 Si 6 (Q) phases are preferentially formed over the Al 2 CuMg (S) phase, with the result that the total fraction of Mg in the matrix is decreased in Si added alloy. Several methods for measurement of mechanical properties in AMCs were attempted. Strength was evaluated by compression tests and tensile tests, in which was difficult because of the formation of a brittle Al 3 (Zr,Ti) phase in the AMCs. Micro Vickers and Brinell hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the hardness of the reinforcement and bulk material, respectively. Nanoindentation has advantages in evaluating the properties of each reinforcement phase, and RUSPec is suitable for evaluation of the bulk unit characteristics of AMCs. • The effects of Ti–B and Si additions on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in Al–Cu–Mg based aluminum matrix composite. • Various approaches to measure the mechanical properties of bulk material in AMCs using hardness, tensile, compress and elastic modulus are attempted and analyzed. • The fracture of AMCs is mainly caused by the formation of brittle Al 3 Zr phase due to its low structural symmetry which has insufficient slip system for deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: When inverter‐based distributed generation (IBDG) sources with output current limited by an internal current loop control or other control logic are connected to power system networks, they can affect the short‐circuit current (SCC) despite their small capacities. Therefore, we derive a method to calculate steady‐state SCC from IBDG sources connected to a grid as a current source. To achieve this purpose, this study proposes a method that refers zero‐ and negative‐sequence networks to a positive‐sequence network that includes IBDG sources modeled as a current source. This study also defines positive‐sequence bus impedance and current injection matrices of the network. Subsequently, this study derives new equations that find the positive‐sequence SCC and induced voltages of the network. The proposed method can more accurately calculate SCC that flows from IBDG sources. Thus, accurate SCCs can be used for designing, planning, or maintaining power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (RP-EBUS) accurately locates peripheral lung lesions (PLLs) during transbronchial biopsy (TBB). We performed an updated meta-analysis of the diagnostic yield of TBB for PLLs using RP-EBUS to generate recommendations for the development of the Korean Association of Lung Cancer guidelines. Materials and Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (from January 2013 to December 2022), and performed a meta-analysis using R software. The diagnostic yield was evaluated by dividing the number of successful diagnoses by the total lesion number. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify related factors. Results Forty-one studies with a total of 13,133 PLLs were included. The pooled diagnostic yield of RP-EBUS was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 0.75). Significant heterogeneity was observed among studies (2=292.38, p < 0.01, I2=86.4%). In a subgroup analysis, there was a significant difference in diagnostic yield based on RP-EBUS findings (within, adjacent to, invisible), with a risk ratio of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.23 to 1.72) between within and adjacent to, 4.20 (95% CI, 1.89 to 9.32) between within and invisible, and 2.59 (95% CI, 1.32 to 5.01) between adjacent to and invisible. There was a significant difference in diagnostic yield based on lesion size, histologic diagnosis, computed tomography (CT) bronchus sign, lesion character, and location from the hilum. The overall complication rate of TBB with RP-EBUS was 6.8% (bleeding, 4.5%; pneumothorax, 1.4%). Conclusion Our study showed that TBB with RP-EBUS is an accurate diagnostic tool for PLLs with good safety profiles, especially for PLLs with within orientation on RP-EBUS or positive CT bronchus sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual bronchoscopy navigation (VBN) is widely used for assistance in the histological examination of lung nodules. However, little is known about the optimal CT radiation dose for VBN. Therefore, we performed an animal study to evaluate the feasibility of low dose CT (LDCT) for VBN.Methods: Ten pigs underwent standard dose CT (as a reference) and four different LDCT protocols: LDCT 1, 120 kVp, 15 mAs; LDCT 2, 120 kVp, 8 mAs; LDCT 3, 100 kVp, 7 mAs; and LDCT 4, 100 kVp, 4 mAs. As targets for the VBN, 10 mm virtual lesions were created in the central and peripheral bronchi. To assess the performance of the VBN, the navigation direction (direction of reconstructed pathways to the target) and the number of branching's (the number of peripheral bronchi to the target) were evaluated.Results: The mean effective doses significantly differed across the four LDCTs (P <  0.001). For both central and peripheral virtual targets, there were significant differences in the accuracy of the navigation direction and the number of branching's of the VBNs across the four LDCTs (P <  0.001 for all). Regarding the accuracy of the navigation direction and the number of branching's, the areas under the curves of the ROCs were 0.9352 and 0.9324, respectively, for central virtual targets, and 0.8696 and 0.8783, respectively, for peripheral virtual targets. Youden's index indicated that the optimal effective CT scan dose for both central and peripheral virtual targets was 0.238 mSv.Conclusions: LDCT is feasible for VBN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoscopy using radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is performed when a peripheral lung lesion (PLL) is suspected to be malignant. However, pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed in some patients, and healthcare workers could therefore be exposed to tuberculosis if sufficient precautions are not taken. In this study, we examined the proportion of and factors associated with unexpected exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bronchoscopy using radial probe EBUS. Methods: This retrospective study included 970 patients who received bronchoscopy using radial probe EBUS between December 2015 and November 2018. Clinical, histological, radiological, and microbiological data were reviewed. Results: Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 31 patients (3.2%) during bronchoscopy using radial probe EBUS. Patients with a lower age were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with tuberculosis than elderly patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.951; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.924–0.978; P = 0.001). Among the various CT findings, a low HUs difference between pre- and post-enhanced CT (OR, 0.976; 95% CI, 0.955–0.996; P = 0.022), the presence of concentric cavitation (OR, 5.211; 95% CI, 1.447–18.759; P = 0.012), and the presence of satellite centrilobular nodules (OR, 22.925; 95% CI, 10.556–49.785; P < 0.001) were independently associated with diagnosis of tuberculosis. Conclusions: The proportion of unexpected exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bronchoscopy using radial probe EBUS was 3.2%. A higher risk was independently associated with a younger age and CT findings of a small difference in HUs between pre- and post-enhancement images, concentric cavitation, and the presence of a satellite centrilobular nodule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical use of bioactive molecules in bone regeneration has been known to have side effects, which result from uncontrolled and supraphysiological doses. In this study, we demonstrated the synergistic effect of two bioactive molecules, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) and alendronate (ALN), by releasing them in a sequential manner. Collagen-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds functionalized using BMP-2 are loaded with biodegradable microspheres where ALN is encapsulated. The results indicate an initial release of BMP-2 for a few days, followed by the sequential release of ALN after two weeks. The composite scaffolds significantly increase osteogenic activity owing to the synergistic effect of BMP-2 and ALN. Enhanced bone regeneration was identified at eight weeks post-implantation in the rat 8-mm critical-sized defect. Our findings suggest that the sequential delivery of BMP-2 and ALN from the scaffolds results in a synergistic effect on bone regeneration, which is unprecedented. Therefore, such a system exhibits potential for the application of cell-free tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• By draping the EM, the capturing efficiency of the fibrinogen was significantly improved. • EM-draped biosensor enables the fibrinogen detection using the one droplet. • The EM-draped biosensor delivers a LOD of 49 ng/mL with a wide dynamic range. • This method can get perspectives regarding electrochemical analysis by cell membranes. Because fibrinogen plays an important role as a biomarker of many diseases, including blood coagulation-related and cardiovascular diseases, various methods for the detection of fibrinogen have been developed. Herein, we developed a simple and ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance biosensor (EIB) by draping an erythrocyte membrane (EM) for the detection of fibrinogen. Measurements with the EIB revealed that the specific (selective) adsorption of fibrinogen onto the EM caused a clear rise in the value of interfacial charge transfer resistance. The sensing ability of the EIB for fibrinogen detection showed a wide linear range from 0.0001 to 5 mg/mL, with a limit of detection of 49 ng/mL (144 pM). Moreover, the EIB was able to analyze the fibrinogen in the serum sample, which suggests that it is a facile, low-cost, and ultrasensitive method with great potential for use in the quantitative detection of fibrinogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxygenative [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Terminal Alkynes and Imines for the Synthesis of Beta Lactams" by I. Kim, S. Roh and others, published in the periodical "Organic Letters" in 2014.

Purpose. The aim of this pre- and postintervention cohort study was evaluating how effectively rapid pathogen identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) detected the causative organisms in sepsis. Methods. All consecutive adult patients who had bacteremia within 72 h of intensive care unit admission and met ≥2 quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment criteria at intensive care unit admission were analyzed. The patients whose microorganisms were identified via MALDI-TOF MS between March 2014 and February 2016 formed the postintervention group. The patients whose microorganisms were identified by using conventional methods between March 2011 and February 2013 formed the preintervention group. Results. The postintervention group (n=58) had a shorter mean time from blood draw to receiving the antimicrobial susceptibility results than the preintervention group (n=40) (90.2 ± 32.1 vs. 108.7 ± 43.1 h; p=0.02). The postintervention group was also more likely to have received active antimicrobial therapy by the time the susceptibility report became available (77% vs. 47%; p=0.005). Its 28-day mortality was also lower (40% vs. 70%; p=0.003). Univariate analysis showed that identification via MALDI-TOF MS (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.66; p=0.004) and active therapy (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.16–0.95; p=0.04) were associated with lower 28-day mortality. Conclusion. Rapid microorganism identification via MALDI-TOF MS followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy may improve the clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a versatile method for the direct transformation of terminal alkynes into various carboxylic acid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The safety and tolerability of bedaquiline were acceptable in two patients with MDR-TB and ESRD. • Neither significant QT prolongation nor a clinically significant cardiac event was observed. • Treatment outcomes of bedaquiline-containing regimens were favorable in two MDR-TB patients with ESRD. Abstract The use of bedaquiline to treat patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may raise safety concerns. Currently, no clinical information is available on the use of bedaquiline to treat MDR-TB patients with ESRD. We report the use of bedaquiline to treat two patients with MDR-TB and ESRD. This report highlights the safety and tolerability of bedaquiline as well as the treatment outcome. The use of bedaquiline in patients with ESRD is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isotopic studies on throughfall (precipitation shed from foliages) nitrates are rare despite their importance as a major nitrogen source in forest ecosystems. This study was conducted to examine a seasonal and species-related variability in isotopic composition of throughfall nitrates and its implications on forest nitrate sources. Event based throughfall samples were collected for a year from three locations (Chestnut, Pinus, and Mixed forests) along with rainfall (uninterrupted precipitation to the ground) samples from an open canopy location, and analyzed for nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrates. δN and δO values of rainfall nitrates were greater during the non-growing season (Nov.~Mar.) than the growing season (Apr.~Oct.) as expected from the atmospheric nitrate cycles and associated isotopic effects. Although the isotopic composition of throughfall nitrates followed a similar seasonal pattern with that of rainfalls, their δN and δO values were consistently higher (Sep.~Dec.) or lower (Jan.~Apr.) than rainfalls and showed an abrupt decrease in July, possibly related to the incorporation of nitrates from soil and foliar origin. Isotopic composition of throughfall nitrates also varied systematically with vegetation types, indicating isotopic effects associated with nitrate uptake and release at the forest canopy. The seasonal and species-related variability in the isotopic composition of throughfall nitrates indicated combined effects of atmospheric NOx cycles, dry and wet depositions, and species-specific isotopic effects associated with nitrate use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VLC technology is receiving increasing attention in research and product development these days because high lumen/watt LEDs are becoming the dominant sources for artificial lighting. Successful VLC data transmission from luminaires requires that the data first be moved to the luminaires over a backbone network. This article addresses the lighting control network as a backbone for VLC services and describes a standards-drafting project, designated BSR E1.45, for entertainment lighting control to support the transmission of data for VLC from luminaires. E1.45 specifies a data frame format that can coexist with ANSI E1.11 messages on lighting control network, and thus deliver VLC data to luminaires for transmission from those luminaires. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A pilot scale test for in-situ biosurfactant flushing coupled with a highly pressurized air injection (HPAI) was performed to remediate a bunker oil contaminated site. The contaminated area was located in Ulsan, Korea, which had been used for a roofing tile manufacturing facility for 25 years. This site was mainly contaminated by the leakage of bunker A- and C-oil from the old underground storage tank (the average TPH concentration of soil was 1,820 mg/kg). A pilot scale test site (17 m × 12 m × 4 m) was selected in the contaminated area and twelve injection wells and two extraction wells were established at the site. Two percent of biosurfactant solution was flushed into each injection well at 2 L/min, followed by HPAI (20 kgf/cm) to accelerate the mobility of flushed solution in pore spaces and thus to increase the removal efficiency of in-situ flushing. The process of biosurfactant flushing with HPAI was repeated until about 1.9 pore volumes of biosurfactant solution (350 tons) were flushed at the test site. The effluent solution was gathered and treated by a post treatment process that included a chemical reaction tank. A total of 2.2 ton of TPH (82% of the initial TPH) was removed from the site within 1.9 pore volumes of biosurfactant solution flushing resulting in the average TPH concentration of the residual soil being below 500 mg/kg, suggesting that the in-situ biosurfactant flushing coupled with HPAI, is very useful in remediating bunker oil contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Column and pilot scale experiments for a chemical treatment involving the use of coagulants to remediate heavy metal contaminated groundwater were performed. Granulated lime (Ca(OH)2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were used as coagulants and contaminated groundwater obtained at an abandoned Fe-mine in Korea was used for the experiments. The main removal mechanism of heavy metals in the experiments was “sweep precipitation” by coagulation. Using granulated lime as a coagulant in the column experiment, more than 98% of As and Ni were removed from artificially contaminated water. When granulated calcium carbonate was used in the artificially contaminated water, the removal efficiencies of Ni and Zn were more than 97%, but As removal efficiency was lower than 50%. For the continuous column experiment with mixed lime and calcium carbonate at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio, almost all As was removed and more than 98 % of Ni was removed. For pilot scale experiments (acryl tank: 34cm in length and 24cm in diameter), the removal efficiencies of As and Cd were above 96% for 150l groundwater treatment and their accumulated removal capacities linearly maintained. This suggests that coagulants could treat more than 22 times greater groundwater volume compared with the volume of coagulants used. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]