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Background: Cannabis sativa L. is a versatile medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties, derived from its diverse array of secondary metabolites synthesized primarily in female flower organs. Breeding cannabis is challenging due to its dioecious nature, strict regulatory requirements, and the need for photoperiod control to trigger flowering, coupled with highly dispersible pollen that can easily contaminate nearby female flowers. This study aimed to develop a protocol for in vitro flowering in cannabis, investigate factors affecting in vitro flower production, and generate viable in vitro seeds, potentially offering a method for producing sterile cannabinoids or advancing breeding techniques. Results: We show that the life cycle of cannabis can be fully completed in tissue culture; plantlets readily produce inflorescences and viable seeds in vitro. Our findings highlight the superior performance of DKW medium with 2% sucrose in a filtered vessel and emphasize the need for low light intensity during flower induction to optimize production. The improved performance in filtered vessels suggests that plants conduct photosynthesis in vitro, highlighting the need for future investigations into the effects of forced ventilation to refine this system. All tested lines readily developed inflorescences upon induction, with a 100% occurrence rate, including male flowering. We revealed the non-dehiscent trait of in vitro anthers, which is advantageous as it allows for multiple crosses to be conducted in vitro without concerns about cross-contamination. Conclusion: The current work developed and optimized an effective protocol for in vitro flowering and seed production in cannabis, potentially providing a platform for sterile cannabinoid production and an efficient tool for breeding programs. This system allows for the full and consistent control of plant growth conditions year-round, potentially offering the reliable production of sterile molecules suitable for pharmacological use. As a breeding strategy, this method overcomes the complex challenges of breeding cannabis, such as the need for large facilities, by enabling the production of hundreds of lines in a small facility. By offering precise control over factors such as plant growth regulators, light intensity, photoperiod, and temperature, this system also serves as a valuable tool for studying flowering aspects in cannabis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The noninvasive measurement and sensing of vital bio signs, such as respiration and cardiopulmonary parameters, has become an essential part of the evaluation of a patient's physiological condition. The demand for new technologies that facilitate remote and noninvasive techniques for such measurements continues to grow. While previous research has made strides in the continuous monitoring of vital bio signs using lasers, this paper introduces a novel technique for remote noncontact measurements based on radio frequencies. Unlike laser-based methods, this innovative approach offers the advantage of penetrating through walls and tissues, enabling the measurement of respiration and heart rate. Our method, diverging from traditional radar systems, introduces a unique sensing concept that enables the detection of micro-movements in all directions, including those parallel to the antenna surface. The main goal of this work is to present a novel, simple, and cost-effective measurement tool capable of indicating changes in a subject's condition. By leveraging the unique properties of radio frequencies, this technique allows for the noninvasive monitoring of vital bio signs without the need for physical contact or invasive procedures. Moreover, the ability to penetrate barriers such as walls and tissues opens new possibilities for remote monitoring in various settings, including home healthcare, hospital environments, and even search and rescue operations. In order to validate the effectiveness of this technique, a series of experiments were conducted using a prototype device. The results demonstrated the feasibility of accurately measuring respiration patterns and heart rate remotely, showcasing the potential for real-time monitoring of a patient's physiological parameters. Furthermore, the simplicity and low-cost nature of the proposed measurement tool make it accessible to a wide range of users, including healthcare professionals, caregivers, and individuals seeking to monitor their own health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the poetic expressions of a traumatic event experienced by poet Ibrāhīm Abū Ṣyām of the Gdērāt al-Ṣāneʿ tribal group, which was expelled in 1952 from al-Lgiyyeh in the northern Negev to the southern West Bank. Forty days later the tribe was returned to Israel, but not to the area from which it had been expelled. Instead, it was resettled in the eastern Negev. The article presents two poems that tell of this expulsion and return, examining them in their diverse contexts and interpreting their subtle symbolism by drawing on the history and culture of the Negev Bedouin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a meeting between a psychologist and three members of a first-response team in a kibbutz who experienced a traumatic event during a war. The men describe their experiences of trying to save lives and the feelings of abandonment and despair they felt when the army withdrew. The article explores the concept of courage and the importance of listening to one's values in times of crisis. The author emphasizes the need for human responsibility and the reliability of the world. [Extracted from the article]

Within the Zionist movement, the sea initially served no nationalistic purpose; it was a means of transit, a conduit for ingathering the Jewish diaspora. The Zionist leadership neglected the sea as a tool, emphasizing 'Jewish work' in agriculture instead. But the sea held meaning in modern nationalism for many countries, and the pre-state Land of Israel was no exception. The Yishuv institutions began to recognize the sea's significance for the national movement in the mid-1930s and acted to impose its authority in the field. It was then that conflicts erupted over the origins of Jewish seafaring, with the right-wing Revisionist movement laying claim to the Zionist sea ethos and attacking the central institutions' initial dismissive attitude to the maritime field. This dispute, and its expressions surrounding Sea Day celebrations, can be understood within the Yishuv's broader politics and the different institutions' attempts to cement their own status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have raised the prospect of scalable, automated, and fine-grained political microtargeting on a scale previously unseen; however, the persuasive influence of microtargeting with LLMs remains unclear. Here, we build a custom web application capable of integrating self-reported demographic and political data into GPT-4 prompts in real-time, facilitating the live creation of unique messages tailored to persuade individual users on four political issues. We then deploy this application in a preregistered randomized control experiment (n = 8,587) to investigate the extent to which access to individual-level data increases the persuasive influence of GPT-4. Our approach yields two key findings. First, messages generated by GPT-4 were broadly persuasive, in some cases increasing support for an issue stance by up to 12 percentage points. Second, in aggregate, the persuasive impact of microtargeted messages was not statistically different from that of non-microtargeted messages (4.83 vs. 6.20 percentage points, respectively, P = 0.226). These trends hold even when manipulating the type and number of attributes used to tailor the message. These findings suggest--contrary to widespread speculation--that the influence of current LLMs may reside not in their ability to tailor messages to individuals but rather in the persuasiveness of their generic, nontargeted messages. We release our experimental dataset, GPTarget2024, as an empirical baseline for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to cultivate an in-depth understanding of one version of a Transjordanian poem authored in Karak towards the end of World War I, in which the narrator laments the fate of Qadr al-Majali, leader of an anti-Ottoman uprising in 1910. This version was documented in the Negev half a century ago, and at least one person in the Negev remembers it fully by heart to this day, more than a century after its verses were first uttered. In seeking to appreciate the depth of emotion and the outlook expressed in the poem, which also encapsulates the Karak people’s suffering under Ottoman rule during the empire’s final years, the analysis of this poem draws on research into Transjordanian history and the Bedouin culture whose concepts informed the poem. The analysis takes the form of a ‘thick description’ of the poem’s main symbolic expressions, thereby facilitating our understanding of the sorrow, glory, pessimism, and bitter criticism voiced in its verses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to assess the way annual highschool field trips in Israel's State educational system is used to inculcate national narratives. Based on copious data, it shows that knowing and loving the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel) are significant motifs that recur with high intensity in all school field trip programmememes. Concurrently, however, in view of the high frequency of national motives in these trips, integrating the national aspect has apparently become a codeword for the 'right way' to plan out and carry out field trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article provides the first comprehensive examination of an emerging practice within the private equity sector: continuation funds. Continuation funds break from the traditional private equity model by allowing sponsors to hold on to assets beyond the typical fund term and, instead of selling the assets to third parties, sell them to their own newly established fund. Lauded by the private equity industry as providing “optionality” to investors by allowing them to cash out or roll over, continuation funds have grown to represent a major segment of investment activity in the United States. Despite their surging popularity among private equity sponsors, they are subject to investor resistance, and, puzzlingly, most existing investors in the original funds decline the option to roll over their stakes into a continuation fund, even though it is run by the same private equity firm with which they have cultivated relationships for years. This Article addresses this puzzle and makes three contributions to the literature. First, we highlight the labyrinth of concerns that cast a shadow on the growing prevalence of continuation funds. Specifically, we show that private equity managers have strong incentives to establish continuation funds and explore the web of conflicts of interest between sponsors and investors and among investors themselves. Second, employing in-depth interviews with market participants from both sides of the aisle–investors and sponsors––we examine the practical dynamics of continuation funds, exploring the cautionary tale they present to the conventional deference of law and economic theory to private contracting among sophisticated parties. Third, we present two alternative viewpoints regarding continuation funds—the market outcome view and the market failure view—and against this backdrop, we offer several policy recommendations that are particularly timely in light of the SEC’s recently adopted rules addressing the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive pest that causes damage to several crops including maize, its preferred host plant. Initial outbreaks of the pest on the African continent were recorded in early 2016. A variety of management options were explored in Africa to control the pest. The use of biopesticides and biological control was one of them. The current study aimed at measuring the susceptibility of FAW larvae to an entomopathogenic virus, SfMNPV, isolated from Nigeria (West Africa). The findings proved that the new SfMNPV isolate from Nigeria (SfMNPV-KA1) is more effective than its exotic counterpart from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG), paving the way for bioinsecticide use to control the fall armyworm in Africa. The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) has now become an invasive pest of global concern. The pest was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early 2016. Sustainable management options explored by stakeholders during early FAW invasion in Africa included the use of biopesticides and biological control. The current study aimed to compare the susceptibility of FAW larvae to SfMNPV with the assumption that the virus isolated from FAW populations in Africa has higher virulence compared with an isolate from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG). We also hypothesized that host plant plays a role in SfMNPV efficacy and that cannibalism mediates horizontal and vertical transmission of the virus. This work provides pioneering data on the virulence of the new SfMNPV isolate from Nigeria (SfMNPV-KA1), which proved more effective than its exotic counterpart from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG). The host plant effect made a significant difference between maize and onion with more FAW death in the larvae fed with contaminated onion 5 days post treatment. The study demonstrates and discusses the effect of cannibalism on virus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a close reading of two Bedouin poems about the World War I era, this article examines how Bedouin in northern Sinai and Palestine's southern coastal plain perceived the moment at which the Ottomans lost their hold over this region. By anchoring symbolic expressions from each poem in their historical, cultural, and poetic contexts, this inquiry sheds some light on the feelings and outlooks of ordinary people in response to the war's massive transformation of the area in which they lived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sugar alcohols, such as erythritol, are low-impact candidates for attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) to kill mosquitoes. To determine whether erythritol has a viable future in ATSB formulations, a suite of assays was conducted to diagnose toxicity mechanisms and starvation effects on mortality in Aedes aegypti (L.) as a model system. Methods: We measured general carbohydrate load, glucosidase levels, and free glucose in intoxicated adult mosquitoes to observe whether sugar digestion was impaired. We assayed the effects of sugar combinations with erythritol on larvae and adults. To measure erythritol effects when mosquitoes were not resource-deprived, additional assays manipulated the prior starvation status. Results: Up to 50,000 ppm of erythritol in water had no effect on larvae within 72 h, but an ammonia spike indicated diuresis in larvae as early as 4 h (F8,44 = 22.50, P < 0.0001) after sucrose/erythritol combinations were added. Adult consumption of erythritol was diuretic regardless of the sugar pairing, while sucrose and erythritol together generated above 80% mortality (F2,273 = 33.30, P < 0.0001) alongside triple the normal excretion (F5,78 = 26.80, P < 0.0004). Glucose and fructose paired individually with erythritol had less mortality, but still double the fecal excretion. When ingesting erythritol-laced meals, less sugar was detected in mosquitoes as compared to after sucrose meals (χ2 = 12.54, df = 1, P = 0.0004). Conclusions: Data showed that erythritol is a linear competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, marking it as a novel class of insecticide in the current research climate. However, the efficacy on larvae was null and not persistent in adult mosquitoes when compared across various starvation levels. Despite significant diuresis, the combined effects from erythritol are not acute enough for vector control programs considering ATSB against mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poetic heritage of the Negev Bedouin is rich and varied. Particularly captivating are their political verses, which are as old as the nomads themselves. The collection of poems recorded by Sasson Bar-Zvi, former officer of the military government, includes many political verses composed in the 20th century through which runs an unmistakable strand of protest and rebuke. This article seeks to examine the moment when a note of criticism first made an appearance in the political poetry of the Negev Bedouin. We will try to characterize the period in which this note appeared and the historical processes that led to its emergence. We will focus on the growing involvement of the Ottomans in the second half of the 19th century in the internal struggles of the Bedouin, an involvement that eventually led to the founding of a city at the border between the three major Bedouin confederations inhabiting the Negev at that time. At the centre of this study lies the poem that we identify—for now at least—as the first poem of criticism; we will analyse it and the information we have about it, then formulate hypotheses regarding the date, motivations, and circumstances of its composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the urban transformations and socio-political dynamics in Chinese cities, exemplified by the case of Datong's redevelopment, highlighting the displacement of residents and manipulation of heritage for aesthetic purposes. Topics include the impact of government policies on urban landscapes, the role of mayors as key actors in city planning and the consequences of urban renewal projects on local communities.

Buildings and material infrastructure in cities are not just there; rather, they are embedded in complex political and social planning and construction contexts. In China, spatial transformations and urbanisation in its eastern and coastal regions have received a great deal of attention. This article investigates the relatively little explored urban development in China's Northwestern Uyghur homeland of XUAR (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). Based on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork between 2010 and 2017, the article outlines the ways in which Sinicization, modernisation and globalisation have simultaneously changed the morphology of XUAR's cities. The restructuring of material urban infrastructure has also challenged local ethnic place-making. Until the opening-up reforms in the 1980s, Uyghur ethnic belonging used to manifest visually in urban spaces through mosques, Muslim cemeteries or low-rise mud-brick buildings. In recent decades, such structures have been gradually demolished and replaced with Chinese-style urban landscapes such as high-rise residential compounds, riverside promenades or large central squares. This leaves a void for ethnic self-identification through forms of the built environment. Uyghur urban middle-class citizens critically engage with urban restructuring in their native places. The article highlights the ways in which they negotiate ethnicity, social status or the relation to the state through reflecting on the construction and perception of architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrition among children under 5 plays an important role in the overall development of children physically and psychologically. Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition generally affect children. In this study, we estimate the prevalence of 3 malnutrition indicators underweight, stunting and wasting and to assess factors associated with them. Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess the factors contributing to malnutrition among children under 5 years old. Design: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design to assess the factors contributing to malnutrition among children under 5 years of age. Methods: This is quantitative cross-sectional facility-based study of 245 children aged 11 to 49 months. A structured questionnaire was used, and anthropometric measurements were taken to collect data. The Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the bivariate association between the outcomes and the characteristics. The binary logistic regression model was employed to estimate the crude and adjusted odds of malnutrition indicators among the characteristics observed in the study. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 35.9, 13.9, and 33.9%, respectively. Underweight was significantly higher among females compared to males (42.0% vs. 24.1%) and highest among children aged 11 to 23 months (53.6%). Female children had 3 times more odds of being underweight (AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.56-6.12). Compared to children aged 11 to 23 months, the odds of being underweight were less among children aged 24 to 35 months (AOR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.13-0.51, P <.001), and 36 to 47 months (AOR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.03-0.29, P <.001). Wasting was less prevalent among children aged 11 to 23 months (4.8%). Also, wasting was high among children aged 24 to 35 months (AOR: 27.41, 95% CI: 9.12-82.37, P <.001), 36 to 47 months (AOR: 28.23, 95% CI: 7.59-104.94, P <.001), and 48 to 59 months (AOR: 18.10, 95% CI: 3.04-107.76, P <.001). None of the observed factors were associated with stunting in the study. Conclusion: This study concludes that child malnutrition was high among under-five children. Promoting the use of healthy complementary feeding, preventing diarrheal diseases, and vaccinating children integrated with access to nutrition education programs are vital interventions to improve the nutritional status of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bedouin poetry has yet to be explored in the context of memory studies, let alone the poetry of the Negev Bedouin. This article, based on a corpus of hundreds of poems documented between the mid-1940s and late-1980s, reviews excerpts from ten political verses composed by Negev Bedouin poets. These verses attest to the power of Bedouin poetry to evoke -- at times in just a word or two -- a wide range of meanings, a historical depth that may be submersed in a few expressions, and the ways in which these expressions activate memories of the past to communicate something of significance about the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black mothers experience markedly disproportionate maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States, with racism often cited as the root cause manifesting through several pathways. The study examined Black mothers' perceived provider communication, support needs, and overall experiences in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This study used grounded theory embedded in the Black feminist theoretical (BFT) framework to generate new ideas grounded in the data. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews using videoconferencing, with questions related to the mother's overall NICU experiences, communication within the NICU, and perceived support needs. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Twelve mothers participated in the study; most were married (n = 10), had a cesarean birth, had a previous pregnancy complication (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), had attained a graduate degree or more (n = 9), earned an annual household income of $75,000 or more, and were between 35–44 years of age (n = 7). Three broad domains with several accompanying themes and sub-themes were identified, explicating the mother's experiences in the NICU. Specifically, factors influencing NICU hospitalization for mothers included maternal care/nursing experiences, interactions in the NICU, and the perceived support need that might attenuate negative care and birthing experiences.. The study adds to the growing literature championing Black maternal health equity and multilevel quality improvement strategies to foster equitable maternal health. Our study reinforces the need for racially congruent interventions and policy reformations to protect Black birthing people regardless of socioeconomic factors and social class using life course, holistic approaches, and intersectionality mindset. Importantly, using the BFT, this study calls for culturally sensitive research to capture the nuances associated with the multiplicity of experiences of Black people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the meanings and uses of the Hebrew concept mal'akhei ḥabalah [angels of destruction], a common designation for monsters that has been mentioned in Jewish texts for over two millennia. Thus far, scholars have considered mal'akhei ḥabalah only in isolated contexts. In contrast, we examine these monsters' long history, which provided Jews with familiar horror images and figures to visualize and embody experienced and anticipated fears and threats. We argue that Jewish references to them were intended to horrify in order to deter people from sin and to express God's might and authority, thus maintaining religious and communal order in Jewish societies. At the same time, mal'akhei ḥabalah were used to articulate the crises that threatened and challenged the existing social and political order. Although mal'akhei ḥabalah developed within religious interpretations, by the modern era they expanded their applications and relevance for various avenues of Jewish life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R$R$ be a non‐Archimedean Banach ring, satisfying some mild technical hypothesis that we will specify later on. We prove that it is possible to associate to R$R$ a homotopical Huber spectrum Spah(R)${\rm Spa\,}^h(R)$ via the introduction of the notion of derived rational localization. The spectrum so obtained is endowed with a derived structural sheaf OSpah(R)${\mathcal {O}}_{{\rm Spa\,}^h(R)}$ of simplicial Banach algebras for which the derived C̆ech–Tate complex is strictly exact. Under some hypothesis, we can prove that there is a canonical morphism of underlying topological spaces |Spa(R)|→|Spah(R)|$|{\rm Spa\,}(R)| \rightarrow|{\rm Spa\,}^h(R)|$ that is a homeomorphism in some well‐known examples of non‐sheafy Banach rings, where Spa(R)${\rm Spa\,}(R)$ is the usual Huber spectrum of R$R$. This permits the use of the tools from derived geometry to understand the geometry of Spa(R)${\rm Spa\,}(R)$ in cases when the classical structure sheaf H0(OSpa(R))$H^0({\mathcal {O}}_{{\rm Spa\,}(R)})$ is not a sheaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the smoking patterns of women who experienced stressful life events and the impact of racial disparities on the relationship between stressful life events, and prenatal/ postpartum smoking. Methods: The study analyzed data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Phase 8 (2016–2018) survey across five states (CT, LA, MA, MO, WI). Four stressful life event categories were created using thirteen affiliated questions: financial, trauma, partner, and emotional. We assessed: 1) the association between smoking and stressful life events, 2) the impact of race on the relation between smoking and stressful life events, and 3) the long-term effects of smoking on health by assessing the association between smoking and maternal morbidity. Bivariate statistics and multivariate Poisson regression models were conducted. Results: A total of 24,209 women from five states were included. 8.9% of respondents reported smoking during pregnancy, and 12.7% reported smoking postpartum. There was a significant association between all stressful life events and smoking. Trauma stressful life event had the strongest association with smoking during pregnancy (adjusted PR=2.01; CI: 1.79-2.27) and postpartum (adjusted PR= 1.80; CI: 1.64-1.98). Race and stressful life event interaction effects on smoking had varied significant findings, but at least one racial/ ethnic minority group (Black, Hispanic, Asian) had a higher smoking prevalence than non-Hispanic White per stressful life event category. Lastly, the prevalence of maternal morbidity was higher for smoking during pregnancy (adjusted PR= 1.28; CI: 1.19-1.38) and postpartum (adjusted PR= 1.30; CI: 1.22-1.38) compared to no smoking. Conclusions for Practice: Culturally congruent, multi-disciplinary care teams are needed to address both clinical and social needs to reduce stressful life events and smoking. Screenings for stress should be standardized with a referral system in place to provide ongoing support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategy led by Prime Minister Netanyahu during his 12-year rule (2009–21) was not just a military-security strategy but a grand-strategy of national security. Effectively adopting Mapai's 'practical Zionism' strategy rather than Jabotinsky's 'political Zionism', Netanyahu effectively became the last of the 'Mapainiks' who knew how to establish and develop a state, and fortify its power and position, by virtue of action and by strengthening the 'Iron Wall'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period of British rule in Jerusalem (1917–1948), the "Gemilut Hesed shel Emet" society—or Gahsha—a burial society was founded by Jerusalem's community council. From the perspective of national Zionist activity, Jerusalem's burial society reflected attempts to firmly establish a general national awareness within the Jewish community. The idea of a cemetery for all Jews with no distinction made based on origin constituted a significant change for Jewish cemeteries in Jerusalem and in the entire land at the time. Establishing this type of cemetery conveyed an important Zionist principle: the national movement aspired to represent all Jews, in their lives and even in their deaths. Zionist activity in the field of burial and cemeteries was one driving force for creating a new sense of space in Jerusalem, the kind that hoped to connect local identity with Zionist identity and used the language of new Jewish nationalism in the land of Israel. The burial activity should be viewed within nation-building efforts and the Zionist movement's attempts to promote a central authority in the land, which ultimately led to the founding of a sovereign Jewish state in May 1948. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic medical record software is common in healthcare settings. However, data privacy and security challenges persist and may impede patients' willingness to disclose health information to their clinicians. Positive patient-provider communication may foster patient trust and subsequently reduce information nondisclosure. This study sought to characterize information-withholding behaviors among women and evaluate the association between positive patient-provider communication and women's health information-withholding behavior in the United States. Methods: Data were pooled from the 2011 to 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey. We used descriptive statistics, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses to investigate whether positive patient-provider communication significantly impacted health information-withholding behaviors. Data from 7,738 women were analyzed. Results: About 10.8% or 1 in 10 women endorsed withholding health information from their providers because of privacy or security concerns about their medical records. After adjusting for the covariates, higher positive patient-provider communication scores were associated with lower odds of withholding information from the provider because of privacy and security concerns (aOR 0.93; 95% CI = 0.90–0.95). Additionally, we found that age, race/ethnicity, educational status, psychological distress, and smoking status significantly predicted women's willingness to disclose health information. Conclusions: Findings suggest that improving positive patient-provider communication quality may reduce women's privacy and security concerns and encourage them to disclose sensitive medical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the book "Ethics for People Who Work in Tech" by M. Steen, delving into its examination of data ethics and AI strategies in the tech industry. Topics include the challenges faced by tech giants in ensuring social responsibility, the need for practical guidance amid ethical dilemmas, and the book's emphasis on creating a common language for ethical discussions.

We report a case of severe symptomatic hypercalcemia that resolved after a short course of therapy of exclusively fluids and furosemide. An extensive workup for metabolic, neoplastic, and drug-induced causes did not provide a possible etiology of the hypercalcemia. After calcium level returned to baseline, the patient was discharged, only to return a week later with multiple embolic strokes of unknown source. The comparison of cardiac imaging obtained during the hospitalization periods established a possible mechanism for both phenomena; the interior caseous cavity of a calcified mitral annulus (CMAC), which was demonstrated on echocardiography during the first hospitalization, disappeared in a subsequent study in the second hospitalization, probably reflecting a fistulization of the structure into the left ventricle. The spill of contents into the bloodstream, over several days presumably, explains the transient increase in calcium, and the embolic events that followed. We hereby demonstrate a clear relationship between the fistulization of a CMAC and hypercalcemia, emphasizing the risks of this valvular pathology, and introducing a rare mechanism for transient and potentially severe hypercalcemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Glucose is the preferred carbon source for most cells. Yeast Snf1 (AMPK in mammals) is the main regulator of the response to low glucose availability. In the last years, much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of Snf1. We summarize three different mechanisms that control Snf1 activity: (1) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a critical threonine residue; (2) post-translational modification by the addition of a SUMO tag; (3) protonation and de-protonation of a polyhistidine tract. These mechanisms act independently of each other, allowing a flexible response to the availability of carbon sources. Snf1, the fungal homologue of mammalian AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), is a key protein kinase coordinating the response of cells to a shortage of glucose. In fungi, the response is to activate respiratory gene expression and metabolism. The major regulation of Snf1 activity has been extensively investigated: In the absence of glucose, it becomes activated by phosphorylation of its threonine at position 210. This modification can be erased by phosphatases when glucose is restored. In the past decade, two additional independent mechanisms of Snf1 regulation have been elucidated. In response to glucose (or, surprisingly, also to DNA damage), Snf1 is SUMOylated by Mms21 at lysine 549. This inactivates Snf1 and leads to Snf1 degradation. More recently, glucose-induced proton export has been found to result in Snf1 inhibition via a polyhistidine tract (13 consecutive histidine residues) at the N-terminus of the Snf1 protein. Interestingly, the polyhistidine tract plays also a central role in the response to iron scarcity. This review will present some of the glucose-sensing mechanisms of S. cerevisiae, how they interact, and how their interplay results in Snf1 inhibition by three different, and independent, mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One‐third of psoriasis cases occur in the pediatric population. Pediatric psoriasis has a negative long‐term impact on the quality of life of children and their families. However, data regarding the impact of pediatric psoriasis on parental sleep quality are scarce. Objectives: This study examined the effects of pediatric psoriasis on the quality of parents' sleep compared to parents of healthy, non‐psoriatic children. Methods: A cross‐sectional questionnaire study was conducted from September 2020 to November 2021, using the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The study population included parents of patients aged 2–18 years diagnosed with psoriasis and parents of healthy children of the same gender and ethnicity. We further compared sleep quality between parents of children with mild and moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, and fathers to mothers. Results: A total of 301 parents were enrolled; 151 parents of 83 children diagnosed with psoriasis and 150 parents of 124 healthy controls. Parents of children with psoriasis had significantly longer sleep latency (p = 0.031), worse subjective sleep quality (p = 0.043), and greater use of sleep medications (p < 0.001). The comparison between parents of moderate–severe with mild psoriatic children as well as mothers with fathers showed no statistical significance. Conclusion: Poor sleep quality was demonstrated among parents of children diagnosed with psoriasis compared to parents of healthy children. This finding is crucial for the direction of treatment efforts regarding parental well‐being and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Extemporaneously compounded drug suspensions are often necessary for patients who are intubated or receiving nutrition through enteral feeding tubes. Lurasidone is a relatively new antipsychotic medication available only as oral tablets (Latuda®), and there is no data to support its use in this patient population as a compounded liquid formulation. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of preparing lurasidone suspensions from tablets and their compatibility with enteral feeding tubes. Methods: Representative nasogastric tubes were selected for this study, including polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, and silicone tubes with a range of 8 to 12 Fr (2.7-4.0 mm) in diameter and 35 to 55″ in length. Two strengths of lurasidone suspensions, 1 and 8 mg/mL, were prepared by the standard mortar-pestle method. Latuda® tablet 120 mg was used as the drug source, and a 1:1 mixture of Ora-Plus®:water was used as the suspension vehicle. The drug suspensions were delivered through the tubes mounted on a peg board to simulate patient position in a hospital bed. The ease of administration through the tubes was evaluated visually. The drug concentration before and after the tube delivery was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, a 14-day stability study of the compounded suspensions was performed at room temperature to support the beyond-use dating. Results: Freshly prepared lurasidone suspensions, 1 and 8 mg/mL, met the potency and uniformity requirements. Both strengths of suspensions exhibited satisfactory flowability through all the tube types studied with no signs of clogging. The HPLC results confirmed that greater than 97% of drug concentration was retained after tube delivery. During the 14-day stability study, the suspensions retained greater than 93% of their original concentration. There was no significant change in pH or visual appearance. Conclusions: The study demonstrated a practical procedure to prepare 1 and 8 mg/mL lurasidone suspensions that are compatible with commonly used enteral feeding tube materials and dimensions. A beyond-use date of 14-day was established for the suspensions stored at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Exposure to potentially traumatic race-based experiences poses a risk factor for risky drinking among college students from historically marginalized racial/ethnic backgrounds. Objective: The current study examined the relationship between both the level (severity) and pattern of race-based traumatic stress (RBTS) reactions and risky drinking. Participants: The current study sample was made up of 62 male (23.5%) and 202 female (76.5%) Latino/a/x, Black, and Asian college students attending a minority-serving institution. Methods: Study participants were asked to participate in an anonymous online survey. Results: A criterion profile analysis revealed that higher scores on RBTS reactions overall, and elevated scores on RBTS – avoidance, low self-esteem, and anger, specifically, were indicative of more risky drinking. Conclusions: These findings highlight a distinct pattern of RBTS scores that may predict a vulnerability to risky drinking and underscore the importance of racial trauma healing in alcohol use prevention and intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the influence of three types of hypercaloric diets on metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress in experimental model. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized in control (C), high‐sucrose (HS), high‐fat (HF), and high‐fat with sucrose (HFHS) for 20 weeks. Nutritional, metabolic, hormonal, and biochemical profiles, as well as histological analysis of adipose and hepatic tissues were performed. Inflammation and oxidative stress were determined. HF model caused obesity and comorbidities as glucose intolerance and arterial hypertension. In relation to hormonal and biochemical parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups. All groups showed increased deposition of fat droplets in the hepatic tissue, even though adipocyte areas were similar. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in serum and adipose tissues were similar among the groups. HF model was effective in triggering associated obesity and comorbidities in male rats, but all hypercaloric diets were unable to promote oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on messenger RNA (mRNA) translation defects in neurodegenerative diseases. Topics include Neurodegenerative diseases are adult-onset conditions that lack a clear correlative mutation with direct interaction between disease-associated proteins and the translation machinery; and mutations in genes encoding proteins that play a role in translation, which result in familial forms of neurodegenerative disease.

Har HaMenuhot, the cemetery in western Jerusalem, was founded in 1949, but its first two decades were rife with disagreement and neglect. In the decades that preceded the founding of the state, burial societies that were affiliated with different communities had acted with no supervision on the Mount of Olives. Hostilities in the 1940s and the War of Independence meant a search for new burial sites in safer locations. With the birth of the state, a permanent site was found in Givat Shaul, and the government hoped to impose order and oversight over burial through its local executive arm, the community council. However, conflicts between religious agents and the nascent state's executive bodies led to a vacuum in the management of Har HaMenuhot. Ultimately, and against the wishes of the state, the cemetery saw a return to pre-state conditions, with a variety of burial societies active on the mount. The young country's struggle to define the place of its religious institutions in its governing framework ultimately strengthened today's burial societies, whose abundant activities are a result of an earlier reluctance to come to a resolution on the national level within the framework of the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though birds are some of the most common road-killed animals, it remains to be determined whether avian roadkills are related to breeding numbers and breeding success, mainly due to a lack of study areas that monitor breeding populations and roadkills. We studied whether barn owl breeding numbers and breeding success are related to roadkills. We monitored yearly barn owl breeding numbers (2174 breeding attempts and 1682 adults ringed) and breeding success (9380 nestlings ringed) and monitored 95 km of roads weekly for roadkills from 2009 to 2017 in the Beit Shean and Emek Yizreel Valleys, Israel. During the study period, we documented 1073 road-killed barn owls, of which 328 were ring recoveries. The highest mortality occurred between July to September, coinciding with the barn owl post-fledging period. The number of breeding pairs and the number of nestlings ringed were positively related to the total number of barn owl roadkill, the proportion of roadkill ring recoveries, and the proportion of ring recovered roadkills in the first year of their life. First-year owls represent the majority of ringed owls, accounting for 64.6%, while adult owls compose 35.4%. Notably, a substantial fraction of adult ring recoveries, encompassing 67.2%, may pertain to floaters since we did not observe these individuals as breeding adults. Even though more females were found as roadkill ring recoveries, the proportion of male/female ring recoveries from roadkills was similar to that of adults ringed at the nest boxes. This study is the first that shows that barn owl roadkills are density-dependent and demonstrate the importance of monitoring breeding and population numbers in roadkill studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of forced labour in Nazi camps tend to stress the exceptionality of inmates' experiences and their profound difference from common views of work. Yet examination of the wartime and postwar accounts of inmates and survivors reveals that they often combine features of the camp reality itself with phenomena from other times, places and situations. In this way, written, oral and visual depictions articulate a reality in which concepts and ideologies of work familiar from various cultural settings mix with those of the Nazi camp system, as well as with later experiences and current debates. This article traces three cultural frameworks that inmates and survivors utilized to make sense of forced labour in Nazi camps: war and the military, industrial concepts of productive destruction and destructive production, and Jewish religious culture. In exploring the relationship between the continuity and discontinuity of meaning between these cultural frameworks and the Nazi camps, we analyse a wide range of interviews, artworks, songs, memoirs and written reports from the 1930s to the early 2000s. We argue that in order not to make their suffering and work appear senseless, inmates and survivors understood forced labour within well-established frameworks of meaning. Their accounts, we suggest, use symbolic elements as creative acts that address inmates' experiences by expanding the camp reality or going beyond it, thereby making them more comprehensible and communicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy status in all eukaryotic cells is sensed by AMP-kinases. We have previously found that the poly-histidine tract at the N-terminus of S. cerevisiae AMPK (Snf1) inhibits its function in the presence of glucose via a pH-regulated mechanism. We show here that in the absence of glucose, the poly-histidine tract has a second function, linking together carbon and iron metabolism. Under conditions of iron deprivation, when different iron-intense cellular systems compete for this scarce resource, Snf1 is inhibited. The inhibition is via an interaction of the poly-histidine tract with the low-iron transcription factor Aft1. Aft1 inhibition of Snf1 occurs in the nucleus at the nuclear membrane, and only inhibits nuclear Snf1, without affecting cytosolic Snf1 activities. Thus, the temporal and spatial regulation of Snf1 activity enables a differential response to iron depending upon the type of carbon source. The linkage of nuclear Snf1 activity to iron sufficiency ensures that sufficient clusters are available to support respiratory enzymatic activity and tests mitochondrial competency prior to activation of nuclear Snf1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by classical functional analysis results over the complex numbers and results in the bornological setting over the complex numbers of R. Meyer, we study several aspects of the study of Ind-Banach modules over Banach rings. This allows for a synthesis of some aspects of homological algebra and functional analysis. This includes a study of nuclear modules and of modules which are flat with respect to the projective tensor product. We also study metrizable and Fréchet Ind-Banach modules. We give explicit descriptions of projective limits of Banach rings as ind-objects. We study exactness properties of the projective tensor product with respect to kernels and countable products. As applications, we describe a theory of quasi-coherent modules in Banach algebraic geometry. We prove descent theorems for quasi-coherent modules in various analytic and arithmetic contexts and relate them to well known complexes of modules coming from covers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of public parades involving marches has been used historically by political and civic actors as a tool of helping to accomplish recognition of particular agendas or, at the very least, suggest a peaceful proclamation of justice within a democratic framework. Over the past two decades, The pride parade and The flag parade are drawing the attention of radical stakeholders in Israel whilst taking place in Jerusalem—a religiously divided space. Based on EU official reports and data from news reports and social media publications between 2002 and 2022, this paper examines religious extremists' presence in the above parades, in parallel to the appearance of incitement, physical violence and vandalism. All as part of an ongoing Radicalisation process. In addition, it observes the establishment of The flower parade as a civic counter-response initiated by deradicalisation agents. The research reveals that under the values and rule of democracy, the mechanism of public parades can self-trigger a dynamic between participants and opposers, exploited by extreme collectives for violent purposes. It reflects upon a fundamental dispute between different interpretations of the connection between Judaism, nationality and family values in the light of the democratic framework. One is leading to religious-based exclusion agenda on the one hand, while the other is reacting with inclusion activities on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students who are parents in higher education (HE) in the United States encounter competing demands and challenges while navigating multiple roles as parents, students, and employees. These challenges are multifaceted and can hinder their degree attainment. Using the socio-ecological model, we systematically summarised existing literature published between 2009–2020 to understand the experiences and predictors of student-parents academic outcomes in HE. The reviewed articles included students from two-year and four-year institutions (community college, undergraduates, and graduate students). The analysis revealed that the constraints to student-parents academic success are a system-level problem. Most of the barriers and facilitators identified were related to structural policies adopted by HE. This study concludes with recommendations for future research, policymakers, and the school ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research exploring the determinants of infidelity has mainly focused on individual and relationship characteristics that render relationships vulnerable, paying less attention to the external circumstances that increase the likelihood of straying. The present research examined whether online exposure to norms of adultery would affect expressions of desire for alternative mates. In three studies, romantically involved participants were exposed to others' cheating behavior and then thought of or encountered attractive strangers. Their relationship perceptions and reactions during these experiences (fantasmatic themes, expressed interest in alternative partners, and overt flirtation with them in Studies 1–3, respectively) were recorded. Results showed that following exposure to others' cheating behavior, participants were less likely to devalue the attractiveness of alternative partners and to be committed to their relationship. These findings suggest that exposure to adultery norms decreases the awareness of long-term priorities of relationship maintenance, lessening the resistance to the temptation of attractive alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we introduce a general approach for deriving zero-free half-planes for the Riemann zeta function ζ by identifying topological vector spaces of analytic functions with specific properties. This approach is applied to weighted ℓ 2 spaces and the classical Hardy spaces H p (0 < p ≤ 2). As a consequence precise conditions are obtained for the existence of zero-free half planes for the ζ -function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified development protocol and concomitant characterisation of a first generation biosensor for the detection of brain extracellular d -serine is reported. Functional parameters important for neurochemical monitoring, including sensor sensitivity, O 2 interference, selectivity, shelf-life and biocompatibility were examined. Construction and development involved the enzyme d -amino acid oxidase (DAAO), utilising a dip-coating immobilisation method employing a new extended drying approach. The resultant Pt-based polymer enzyme composite sensor achieved high sensitivity to d -serine (0.76 ± 0.04 nA mm−2. μM−1) and a low μM limit of detection (0.33 ± 0.02 μM). The in-vitro response time was within the solution stirring time, suggesting potential sub-second in-vivo response characteristics. Oxygen interference studies demonstrated a 1 % reduction in current at 50 μM O 2 when compared to atmospheric O 2 levels (200 μM), indicating that the sensor can be used for reliable neurochemical monitoring of d -serine, free from changes in current associated with physiological O 2 fluctuations. Potential interference signals generated by the principal electroactive analytes present in the brain were minimised by using a permselective layer of poly(o -phenylenediamine), and although several d -amino acids are possible substrates for DAAO, their physiologically relevant signals were small relative to that for d -serine. Additionally, changing both temperature and pH over possible in vivo ranges (34–40 °C and 7.2–7.6 respectively) resulted in no significant effect on performance. Finally, the biosensor was implanted in the striatum of freely moving rats and used to monitor physiological changes in d -serine over a two-week period. [Display omitted] • Development of a Pt-based polymer enzyme composite biosensor to detect brain extracellular d-serine. • Successful optimisation of electrode surface modification strategies. • High sensitivity, low μM limit of detection and a rapid response time achieved. • Appropriate selectivity and stability properties for neurochemical monitoring. • Preliminary in-vivo experiments performed in freely moving animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrous ethanol flames 20–30% slower than anhydrous, with 10% hydrous marginally faster than iso -octane. • Flames of lower laminar burning velocity linked with larger crossing frequency for the same size and brush thickness. • Increasing water content in ethanol broadened the curvature distribution. • Differences of 4% hydrous ethanol flames could be linked to mixture formation. The production of ethanol fuel involves separating water and ethanol by distillation and dehydration in an energy intensive process. To reduce the carbon footprint, hydrous ethanol is seen as a promising alternative. This study focused on the effect of water content in ethanol on flame development in a single-cylinder optical spark-ignition engine. Ethanol with 0%, 4% and 10% water content per volume was used with Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) for homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture preparation. Tests were also conducted with iso- octane for comparison. Flames captured by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) of OH were spatially filtered to remove scales larger than the flame size, then the flame brush was quantified in terms of thickness, crossing frequency between instantaneous and filtered contours, and curvature. Increasing water content resulted in slower flame growth, with 10% hydrous exhibiting marginally higher flame speed than iso -octane. PFI led to faster flame growth and thicker flame brushes than DI at the same timing after ignition. When the brush thickness was normalised by flame radius, all hydrous fuels and iso -octane exhibited similar values with PFI, whilst anhydrous ethanol exhibited the thickest normalised brush. The alcohols maintained similar normalised thicknesses with DI and iso -octane exhibited the thickest normalised brush. When flames of the same radii were considered with PFI at the same timing, the fuels with sequentially lower laminar burning velocity were associated with larger crossing frequency. For PFI, increasing water content resulted in decreased flame roundness irrespective of size, with the 4% hydrous and iso -octane exhibiting similar values. With DI, anhydrous ethanol flames were rounder than the 4% hydrous when averaged over all cycles, but marginally rounder than the 10% hydrous and iso- octane. Increasing water content widened the curvature distribution and increased the mean with PFI. Flame roundness decreased with increase in mean curvature and Lewis number for both PFI and DI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article questions why the Central Zionist Archives (hereafter CZA), the institutional archive that served the two main pre-State infrastructures, the Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency, was not reorganized by the first government headed by David Ben-Gurion as the national archives of the State in 1948. In seeking an answer, we analyze the historical and theoretical components of archives overall, and particularly those of national and state archives in 19th and early 20th century Europe. We then consider examples of these with respect to the discourse surrounding the CZA in 1948 and the government resolution in 1949 to establish the Israel State Archives, notwithstanding the centrality and importance of the CZA. The reason we ultimately find for the marginalization of the CZA and the establishment of the Israel State Archives as a bureaucratic institution is Ben-Gurion's concept of Mamlachtiuyt ("Statism") in the governance of the nascent State of Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the worldwide increase in people speaking more than one language, a better understanding of the behavioural and neural mechanisms governing lexical selection, lexical access in multiple languages and code switching has attracted widespread interest from several disciplines. Previous studies documented higher costs when processing a non‐native (L2) than a native (L1) language or when switching from L2 to L1. However, studies on auditory language reception are still scarce and did not take into account the degree of switching experience. Accordingly, in the present study, we combined behavioural and electrophysiological measurements to assess lexical access in L1 and L2 as well as code switching in professional simultaneous interpreters, trainee interpreters, foreign language teachers and Anglistics students, while the participants performed a bilingual auditory lexical decision task. The purpose of this study was to expand the knowledge on code switching in auditory language processing and examine whether the degree of simultaneous interpretation experience might reduce switching costs. As a main result, we revealed that L2 compared to L1 trials, as well as switch compared to non‐switch trials, generally resulted in lower accuracies, longer reaction times and increased N400 amplitudes in all groups of participants. Otherwise, we did not reveal any influence of switching direction and interpretation expertise on N400 parameters. Taken together, these results suggest that a late age of L2 acquisition leads to switching costs, irrespective of proficiency level. Furthermore, we provided first evidence that simultaneous interpretation training does not diminish switching costs, at least when focusing on lexical access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising German interest in rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust has been accompanied by an emphasis on their exceptionality among the wartime German population. Seen as aberrations, rescuers are used to present a simplified generalization of the German majority's wartime conduct by defining what it was not. This article argues that this view, as well as the common claim that rescue and rescuers of Jews were "forgotten" in the postwar Germanys, are based on a certain interpretative model concerning the relationship between exception and rule. I trace the different uses of this model and show that from 1945 to the present, many Jewish and non-Jewish Germans employed variously defined exceptions to trace and determine one's preferred image of the majority—as an object of desire or critique. The article presents the different conceptualizations and idealizations of rescue and their functions in imagining a collective self in commemorative and historiographical portrayals of past and current German societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Together with PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin regulates the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. New mitochondria are generated through an interplay of nuclear‐ and mitochondrial‐encoded proteins, and recent studies suggest that parkin influences this process at both levels. In addition, parkin was shown to prevent mitochondrial membrane permeability, impeding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) escape and subsequent neuroinflammation. However, parkin's regulatory roles independent of mitophagy are not well described in patient‐derived neurons. Objectives: We sought to investigate parkin's role in preventing neuronal mtDNA dyshomeostasis, release, and glial activation at the endogenous level. Methods: We generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)–derived midbrain neurons from PD patients with parkin (PRKN) mutations and healthy controls. Live‐cell imaging, proteomic, mtDNA integrity, and gene expression analyses were employed to investigate mitochondrial biogenesis and genome maintenance. To assess neuroinflammation, we performed single‐nuclei RNA sequencing in postmortem tissue and quantified interleukin expression in mtDNA/lipopolysaccharides (LPS)‐treated iPSC‐derived neuron–microglia co‐cultures. Results: Neurons from patients with PRKN mutations revealed deficits in the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, resulting in mtDNA dyshomeostasis. Moreover, the energy sensor sirtuin 1, which controls mitochondrial biogenesis and clearance, was downregulated in parkin‐deficient cells. Linking mtDNA disintegration to neuroinflammation, in postmortem midbrain with PRKN mutations, we confirmed mtDNA dyshomeostasis and detected an upregulation of microglia overexpressing proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, parkin‐deficient neuron–microglia co‐cultures elicited an enhanced immune response when exposed to mtDNA/LPS. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that parkin coregulates mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mtDNA maintenance pathways, thereby protecting midbrain neurons from neuroinflammation and degeneration. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational expectations hypothesis holds that agents should be modeled as not making systematic forecasting errors and has become a central model-building principle of modern economics. The hypothesis is often justified on the grounds that it coheres with the general methodological principle of economic rationality. In this article, I propose a novel Darwinian market justification for rational expectations which does not require either structural knowledge or statistical learning, as is commonly required in the economic literature. Rather, this Darwinian market account reconceives rationality as a market level phenomenon instead of as an individualistic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]