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The effect of the lipid extract isolated from the tunic of the marine hydrobiont Halocynthia aurantium was studied. Its administration during hypothermia, hyperthermia, muscle load, introduction of hexenal, and the vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold, as well as its embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, was evaluated. The impact of stress (vertical fixation of rats by the dorsal neck fold) was accompanied by an increase in the plasma levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, cholesterol/phospholipid ratios, and a decrease in the total phospholipids, as well as by a change in the quantitative characteristics of classes of neutral and phospholipids. A correction of the developed changes by a lipid extract of ascidia and a commercial reference preparation Omega-3 was carried out. The lipid extract of H. aurantium showed a higher efficiency in restoring the lipid composition of the blood plasma under stress impact compared to the preparation Omega-3 due to the wider range of neutral and phospholipid classes, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 families. The tunic of ascidian can be used as a raw material for obtaining preparations with stress-protector and lipid-correcting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a lipid extract isolated from the marine green algae Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot on the liver and blood biochemical indicators in mice under the impact of acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold) was studied. The pharmacological effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was manifested in the restoration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in the normalization of the indicators of the endogenous antioxidant defense system under the effect of stress. The biological activity of the lipid extract of C. fragile is, probably, due to the action of its constituent polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families. The lipid extract of C. fragile was not inferior to the reference Omega-3 preparation in restoring the body's metabolic reactions caused by the impact of the stress; however, it showed higher antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the lipid complex isolated from the thallus of the red marine algae Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (LCA) on the metabolic parameters of the blood and liver of rats under a high-fat diet was studied. It was shown that the administration of LCA had a pronounced lipid-correcting and antioxidant effect, which was superior to that of the "Omega 3-6-9" reference preparation in terms of its ability to restore lipid metabolism, the ratio of lipoprotein fractions, and the indices of the endogenous antioxidant protection system; in addition it prevented the development of hepatosis. The lipid-correcting and antioxidant effect of LCA is specified by the action of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, which are part of the structure of phospholipids and glycolipids of marine origin and make up the main part of the studied lipid complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, the green seaweed species belonging to the family Codiaceae, is one of the mass macrophyte species in the Pacific Region of the Russian Federation. The C. fragile total lipid content amounts 13.92 ± 0.22 mg per g of dry tissue, of which 44% are glycolipids, 40% come from neutral lipids, while phospholipids account for 16%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in C. fragile lipid extract is over 50% of the total fatty acids, of which ω-3 (36.2%) and ω-6 (17.8%) are predominant. Here, we studied the effects of the C. fragile lipid extract and Omega-3 reference drug on biochemical and physiological parameters of erythrocytes in mice exposed to stress (vertical fixation by the scruff skinfold). Under the impact of stress, erythrocytes underwent alterations in both their dimensional characteristics and membrane phospholipid profiles, leading to changes in their permeability and lability, as well as impeding their circulation through the capillary bed. The endogenous antioxidant defense system in stress-exposed mice experienced a considerable strain, as evidenced by an increase in the malonic dialdehyde level, with a simultaneous decrease in plasma superoxide dismutase and antiradical activities. The administration of the C. fragile lipid extract to stress-exposed mice entailed the restoration of the erythrocyte membrane lipid content, a decrease in the amount of lysophospholipids, and the normalization of the sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratio, which contributed to the recovery of erythrocyte dimensional characteristics and osmotic resistance, as well as blood antioxidant system parameters. The pronounced stress- and membrane-protective effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was due to the presence in its composition of a wide range of neutral and polar lipids containing ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, which ensured a higher anti-stress efficacy of the algal extract compared to the Omega-3 reference preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of heavy study load on the indicators of lipid metabolism and antiradical activity in the blood of students has been estimated. Male full-time students of the university (11 subjects) at the age of 18–20 years took part in the study. Healthy male donors (10 subjects) of comparable age were recruited as a reference group (control). The blood of students studied during the educational process was found to have changes in lipid metabolism indicators: an imbalance in the ratio of fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids. An increase in the content of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL_С) by 16% and a decrease in the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL_С) by 15% compared to the control parameters were also revealed. The calculated atherogenic index was significantly higher than the control values, which is a risk factor for the development of heart and vascular diseases. The level of antiradical activity in the blood plasma of students were significantly reduced (by 9%) against the background of an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (by 11%). This suggests activation of lipid peroxidation processes, which is typical during stress exposure. For the purpose of prevention and preservation of health, students were proposed to take a functional food product (FFP) consisting of pumpkin juice with the addition of a functional ingredient, an extract from the sea green alga Ulva lactuca. Students consumed this product every morning in amount of 100 mL. The consequent blood sampling was performed in 6 weeks later after taking the FFP. Preventive administration of FFP for six weeks allowed preserving metabolic reactions of students at the control level. A questionnaire survey using a point scale for assessing the students' psychoemotional state showed that the use of FFP significantly improved the well-being of the subjects, reduced mental fatigue, and also increased the capacity for work, mood, and desire to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the lipid fraction from the aqueous EtOH extract of brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum thallus and the commercial reference drug Essentiale® on the physiological characteristics of rat erythrocytes and the lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes after CCl4-induced toxic injury was studied. CCl4 intoxication (50% solution in olive oil, s.c., 2 mL/kg for 4 d) was associated with changes of all studied physiological and biochemical erythrocyte parameters that did not return to normal after withdrawing the toxicant. Intragastric administration to rats through a probe of the lipid fraction from S. pallidum extract at a dose of 80 mg of total lipids per kg of mass for 7 d after CCl4 intoxication gave membrane protection that manifested as a restoration of the characteristic erythrocyte dimensions (average volume and diameter), extension of the threshold to their hemolysis stability, and retention of the lipid constituent ratio in the membrane. The lipid fraction from brown seaweed S. pallidum was comparable to Essentiale® for restoring erythrocyte physiological characteristics and the lipid composition of their membranes after CCl4-induced damage. The pronounced protective effect of the S. pallidum lipid fraction for repairing erythrocyte membranes was evidently determined by the combined action of the marine lipids in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative and quantitative composition of the lipid complex and total content of polyphenols were compared in aqueous alcoholic extracts from three species of marine macrophytes collected in Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan. Examined seaweeds belonged to different phyla: green alga Ulva lactuca L. sea lettuce, brown alga Sargassum pallidum (Turner) C. Agardh sargassum pallidum, and red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno et Matsubara) Makijenko ahnfeltia tobuchiensis. It was shown that glycolipids (30.3–41.5%) and neutral lipids (34–48.5%) prevailed among total lipids in the extracts from all three algal species; phospholipids accounted for 10–25.7% of total lipids. Among neutral lipids in all the seaweeds, triacylglycerols and free sterols prevailed. The greatest quantity of triacylglycerols was found in A.tobuchiensis and that of free sterols was in S. pallidum. As to the individual fractions of phospholipids, their composition and content considerably differed. In terms of content, predominant phospholipid fractions in the extract from U. lactuca were phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, those from S. pallidum were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol, and those from A. tobuchiensis were phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol. As to the percentage of main fatty acids comprising the lipid component of the extracts from the examined algal species, it was found that the extract from brown alga S. pallidum contained the greatest content of PUFA from the family n-6. The extract from green alga U. lactuca contained the greatest content of PUFA from the family n-3. In the extract from red alga A. tobuchiensis, arachidonic (family n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (family n-3) acids prevailed among PUFA. The greatest quantity of polyphenols was detected in the extract from brown alga S. pallidum, which 15–24 times exceeded respective figures in U. lactuca and A. tobuchiensis. Moreover, the extract from S. pallidum showed a much higher level of antiradical activity in respect to ABTS+, which was 5–12.5 times greater than in U. lactuca and A. tobuchiensis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a new source of oligomeric proanthocyanidins. At present, there is increasing interest in biologically active additives containing complexes of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (COPCs). COPCs are found in many plants, but their content in most cases is rather low. Because of the low content of COPCs in the main initial materials, grape seeds and pine bark, used for the commercial production of COPCs, the final product cost is very high. This situation stimulates the search for new domestic sources of raw materials containing COPCs. It was established that the total content of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the cranberry oilcake extract amounts to 1.5 percent . This is a high level indicative of good prospects for using the cranberry juicing wastes as a source of COPCs.