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The potential of using an artificial neural network (ANN) to reconstruct the solution for CFD was investigated. From various ANN models, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model was adopted. At first, to examine the potential feasibility of using MLP for reconstruction, the numerical characteristics of MLP were investigated. Then training database α was created from the input-output relationship of WENO3, followed by database β (which maps the WENO3 input to the WENO7 output). A total of 6000 MLPs and 10000 MLPs were trained by Database α and β, respectively. To assess the capability of the present MLPs to handle strong discontinuity, the Sod problem was solved. Then the Shu-Osher problem was solved to evaluate the performance for a more general flow problem involving shocks and sinusoidal density waves. The well-trained MLP from database β, which yielded the most accurate solutions for both problems, was further assessed by solving the interacting blast waves problem and the supersonic channel test case on unstructured grids. The well-trained MLP yielded more accurate solutions for all test cases compared to WENO3 without extending the stencil. It was concluded that the MLP can potentially reconstruct the solution more accurately than existing reconstruction schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations of the HVAB were carried out by using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics flow solver. For the computation, mixed meshes of unstructured/Cartesian grids were used. An improved laminar-turbulent crossflow transition model γ − Reθt − CF+ was used to predict laminar-turbulent transition phenomena. In addition, to achieve high resolute flow solutions, an improved scheme ESWENO-P was employed when calculating inviscid fluxes. To find the turbulence intensity for the simulations, a parametric study was first conducted with the PSP rotor configuration. The influence of the facility walls of the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex was also investigated. Then, the HVAB rotor performance was predicted under conditions obtained by simulations of the PSP rotor. The HVAB rotor performance of the rotor, including thrust/torque coefficients and figure of merit, were analyzed. In addition, flow characteristics, such as laminar-turbulent locations and tip vortex trajectories, were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodynamic shape optimization of horizontal axis wind turbines was performed to minimize the cost of energy. The optimum blade was obtained by modifying the blade section contours at selected blade radial stations. For the optimization, the design variables were defined as the coordinates of the blade section contours perpendicular to the chord. An aerodynamic performance database was constructed for those blade configurations defined by random combinations of design variables selected within a given range by Latin-Hypercube sampling. An artificial neural network was applied to derive the approximate functions between the design variables and the aerodynamic performance of the database. By utilizing the approximate functions, a genetic algorithm was adopted to search for an optimized blade. To construct the database, a CFD flow solver based on unstructured meshes was utilized. To consider the effects of aeroelastic deformation of the structurally flexible blades, a coupled CFD-CSD method was also adopted. The applications were made for the NREL phase VI and NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine rotor blades. After optimization, the cost of energy was reduced by 0.82% for the NREL phase VI rotor blade and one percent for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine blade, respectively. • Aerodynamic shape optimization of HAWTs was performed for minimizing the COE. • To search for optimum rotor blades, an ANN and a GA were adopted. • A coupled CFD-CSD method was applied for structurally flexible blades. • After optimization, the AEP was increased by about 0.83–1.1%. • For optimized rotor blades, the COE was reduced by approximately 0.82–1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present study, the aerodynamic performance of an S-76 rotor in hover was numerically investigated by using an unstructured mixed mesh flow solver. The study was made for the rotor for both OGE (out-of-ground-effect) and IGE (in-ground-effect) conditions, and the results are compared against each other. In the present mixed mesh methodology, body-fitted prismatic/tetrahedral mesh was adopted in the near-body flow domain to treat complex geometries easily and to capture the viscous layer on the solid surface more accurately, while in the off-body region away from the blades Cartesian mesh was used. To better resolve the flow characteristics and to prevent excessive numerical dissipation, a high-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme was employed in the off-body flow region. An overset mesh topology was adopted to handle blade rotation and to exchange the flow variables between the two different mesh regions. The calculations were made for three different blade configurations, having swept-tapered, rectangular, and swept-tapered-anhedral tip shapes, and the results are compared with experimental rotor performance data in terms of thrust, torque and figure of merit. The predictions were obtained for a collective pitch angle sweep from 5 to 10 degrees at a tip Mach number of 0.60 for both with and without ground effects. The detailed flow characteristics, such as vorticity contours and tip-vortex trajectory, were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that analyzed lattice damage in silicon induced by BF[sub2][sup+] ion implantation. Characterization of lattice damage; Development of a model for damage formation; Measurement of the concentration depth profiles of the implanted species boron and fluorine in silicon.

In the present study, an empirical theoretical split chemistry model was developed to describe the phenomenon of incomplete combustion for scramjet engines. The model was developed by decoupling flow into two distinct regions, namely, unburned and burned, as in real scramjet flows. The conservation equations for the combustor and the rate equations for the supersonic nozzle were calculated independently for these two regions using the split ratio of the volume occupied by the fuel–air mixture to the overall volume. The split chemistry model was implemented in a one-dimensional flow solver by assuming that the combustion efficiency is known. The effect of incomplete combustion on the performance of a hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engine was investigated by performing a parametric study along the entire flow path through the scramjet engine, including the inlet, isolator, combustor, and supersonic nozzle. The results showed that, for a combustion efficiency of 0.5 with a global equivalence ratio of 0.5, the overall temperature and the thrust performance along the flow path through the combustor and the nozzle significantly decrease owing to incomplete combustion. It was also observed that the chemical composition of the fuel-only region varies, regardless of the change in combustion efficiency, because efficiency is a function of the extent of the combustion reaction and the split ratio. It was found that the present split chemistry model is useful to describe incomplete combustion, and it can be effectively utilized for the preliminary design and analysis of scramjet engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Prostate inflammation has been suggested as an etiology for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We show that decreased expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in luminal cells of human BPH specimens correlates with a higher degree of regional prostatic inflammation. However, the cause-and-effect relationship between the two events remains unclear. We investigated specifically whether attenuating AR activity in prostate luminal cells induces inflammation. Disrupting luminal cell AR signaling in mouse models promotes cytokine production cell-autonomously, impairs epithelial barrier function, and induces immune cell infiltration, which further augments local production of cytokines and chemokines including Il-1 and Ccl2 . This inflammatory microenvironment promotes AR-independent prostatic epithelial proliferation, which can be abolished by ablating IL-1 signaling or depleting its major cellular source, the macrophages. This study demonstrates that disrupting luminal AR signaling promotes prostate inflammation, which may serve as a mechanism for resistance to androgen-targeted therapy for prostate-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, infrared radiation modeling of NO, OH, CO, H 2 O, and CO 2 molecules was devised based on a line-by-line method by utilizing a structured radiation analysis package, SPRADIAN07, coupled with up-to-date spectroscopic parameters and recent high-resolution radiation databases. An infrared calculation module was newly implemented in SPRADIAN07 for simulating the emissivity/radiance of NO and OH. The line positions of NO and OH molecules were determined by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian matrices of each molecule. The Einstein coefficients were obtained from either radiation databases or available calculated temperature-related line intensities. H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO were also modeled based on the high-resolution radiation databases, HITEMP2010 and CDSD-4000. When the line-by-line calculations were performed using the radiation databases, a parallel computing technique based on PC clusters was adopted for fast and efficient evaluation. The line-by-line model devised in the present study was validated by comparing the results with existing measurements. The simulations with room air absorption composed of H 2 O and CO 2 were also carried out. The spectra taken from a plasma torch and those from a rocket plume were calculated by utilizing the present radiation model. It was shown that the calculated spectra are in good agreement with observed ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aeroelastic response and the airloads of horizontal-axis wind turbine rotor blades were numerically investigated using a coupled CFD–CSD method. The blade aerodynamic loads were obtained from a Navier–Stokes CFD flow solver based on unstructured meshes. The blade elastic deformation was calculated using a FEM-based CSD solver which employs a nonlinear coupled flap-lag-torsion beam theory. The coupling of the CFD and CSD solvers was accomplished in a loosely coupled manner by exchanging the information between the two solvers at infrequent intervals. At first, the present coupled CFD–CSD method was applied to the NREL 5MW reference wind turbine rotor under steady axial flow conditions, and the mean rotor loads and the static blade deformation were compared with other predicted results. Then, the unsteady blade aerodynamic loads and the dynamic blade response due to rotor shaft tilt and tower interference were investigated, along with the influence of the gravitational force. It was found that due to the aeroelastic blade deformation, the blade aerodynamic loads are significantly reduced, and the unsteady dynamic load behaviors are also changed, particularly by the torsional deformation. From the observation of the tower interference, it was also found that the aerodynamic loads are abruptly reduced as the blades pass by the tower, resulting in oscillatory blade deformation and vibratory loads, particularly in the flapwise direction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Peak cladding temperature (PCT) of spent fuel were evaluated by various methods. [•] The methods are Wooton–Epstein correlation, two-region model, and CFD. [•] Temperature difference between two-region and CFD ranges from −0.2 to 9K. [•] CFD could be used to calculate PCT because of over-predicting PCT of two-region. [•] Application using CFD was conducted for spent fuel assembly used in Republic of Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background & Aims Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α ( HIF-1α), a key transcription factor in the cellular response to hypoxia, and interleukin 8 ( IL-8), a key mediator of angiogenesis, are important in cancerous tumour growth. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HIF-1α and IL-8 knockdown on angiogenesis and tumour growth in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC). Methods Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were infected with adenoviruses expressing small-hairpin RNA (sh RNA) specific for HIF-1α or IL-8, cultured under hypoxic conditions (1% O2), and examined for their levels of HIF-1α, IL-8, and angiogenesis factors using immunoblot. The effects of adenovirus-mediated sh RNA-induced HIF-1α and IL-8 knockdown on tumour growth and angiogenesis were also investigated in a subcutaneous Hep3B-tumour mouse model. Results Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α knockdown directly repressed tumour growth, whereas IL-8 knockdown indirectly repressed tumour growth. Combined knockdown of HIF-1α and IL-8 increased survival rates of mice. HIF-1α and IL-8 knockdown also decreased microvessel density and tumour volume in vivo. Similarly, HIF-1α and IL-8 knockdown inhibited the angiogenic effects of HCC cell-conditioned media on tube formation and invasion by endothelial cells in vitro. Conclusion These findings indicate that sh RNA-induced HIF-1α and IL-8 knockdown inhibit angiogenesis and tumour growth in HCC. Further development of HIF-1α and IL-8 sh RNA technologies could lead to effective therapies for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-order accurate flow solver based on a discontinuous Galerkin method has been developed for the numerical simulation of vortex convection and wave propagation on unstructured meshes. To assess the performance of the present flow solver, a vortex convection problem in freestream and an acoustic benchmark problem were tested. An airfoil-vortex interaction problem was also simulated by coupling the flow solver with a dynamic mesh adaptation technique. From the mesh resolution test, the present fourth-order discontinuous Galerkin method almost perfectly preserves the vortex and also accurately resolves the acoustic waves on a mesh with an element size of half of characteristic length. It was also observed that the fourth-order method is more than ten times efficient, in terms of the number of degrees of freedom and the elapsed CPU time, compared to the second-order method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A multi-phase RANS solver was developed for the simulation of cavitating flows. [•] Fully unsteady flow simulations involving rotor–stator interaction were performed. [•] A conventional marine propeller was studied for validation. [•] A waterjet pump with a complex rotor–stator-duct configuration was simulated. [•] The development of cavity and the performance behavior were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Adenovirus (Ad)-based cancer therapies have shown much promise. However, until now, Ad has only been delivered directly to primary tumors because the therapeutic efficacy of systemic delivery is limited by the immune response of the host, short blood circulation times, and non-specific liver uptake of Ad. In order to circumvent the issues regarding systemic delivery and to increase the safety and efficacy of Ad therapies, the surface of oncolytic Ad was coated with cationic polymer chitosan via ionic crosslinking (Ad/chitosan), after which polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or folic acid (FA) was chemically conjugated onto the surface of Ad/chitosan, generating Ad/chitosan–FA, Ad/chitosan–PEG, and Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA nanocomplex. The FA-coordinated Ad nanocomplexes (Ad/chitosan–FA & Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA) elicited folate receptor (FR)-selective cancer cell killing efficacy. In vivo administration of Ad/chitosan–PEG or Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA into mice demonstrated that PEGylation greatly increased blood circulation time, resulting in 9.0-fold and 48.9-fold increases at 24h after injection compared with naked Ad, respectively. In addition, generation of Ad-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice treated with Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA was markedly decreased by 75.3% compared with naked Ad. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay results showed a 285.0-fold increase in tumor tissues and a 378-fold reduction of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA in liver tissues compared with naked Ad. Bioluminescence imaging study further supported the enhanced tumor-to-liver ratio of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA. Consequently, systemic delivery of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA significantly inhibited the growth of FR-positive tumor, decreasing 52.8% compared to the naked Ad-treated group. Importantly, PEGylated oncolytic Ad nanocomplexes showed no elevation of both alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, demonstrating that systemically delivered Ad-related hepatic damage can be completely eliminated with PEG conjugation. In sum, these results demonstrate that conjugation of chitosan–PEG–FA to oncolytic Ad significantly improves antitumor efficacy and safety profiles, suggesting that Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA has potential as a therapeutic agent to target FR-positive cancer via systemic administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Modifying the viral genome to express potent and cancer-selective therapeutic genes has enhanced the role of adenoviruses (Ads) in cancer molecular therapeutics. However, the efficacy of Ad systemic delivery in vivo is limited by neutralizing antibodies, short blood circulation time, and high levels of nonspecific liver uptake resulting in hepatotoxicity. We therefore investigated the systemic delivery of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-expressing oncolytic Ad genome DNA (pmT-d19/stTR) via lipid envelopment as an alternative approach for cancer virotherapy in an orthotopic lung cancer model. Cationic liposomes (DOTAP/DOPE) were complexed with pmT-d19/stTR to generate pmT-d19/stTR+DOTAP/DOPE with the average diameter of which was 143.3±5.7nm at the optimal DNA:lipid ratio (1:6). Systemic administration of pmT-d19/stTR+DOTAP/DOPE elicited highly effective antitumor responses in vivo, with tumor volumes decreasing 94.5%, 90.5%, and 92.4% compared to phosphate buffered saline-, naked Ad (mT-d19/stTR)-, or pmT-d19/stTR-treated groups, respectively. Additionally, innate immune responses and Ad-specific neutralizing antibodies were significantly decreased in pmT-d19/stTR+DOTAP/DOPE-treated mice compared to those in the mT-d19/stTR-treated group. The biodistribution profile analyzed by quantitative-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that viral replication occurred preferentially in tumor tissues. Moreover, the viral genome tumor-to-liver ratio was significantly elevated in pmT-d19/stTR+DOTAP/DOPE-treated mice, which was 934- and 27-fold greater than the mT-d19/stTR- and pmT-d19/stTR-treated mice, respectively. These results demonstrate that systemic delivery of oncolytic viral genome DNA with liposomes is a powerful alternative to naked Ad, overcoming the limited clinical applicability of conventional Ads and enabling effective treatment of disseminated metastatic tumors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An efficient and robust implicit operator for the point Gauss–Seidel method is presented for solving the compressible Euler equations. The new implicit operator was derived by adding a scalar form of artificial dissipation to the upwind implicit side. The amount of artificial dissipation was locally adjusted using a weighting factor based on the solution gradient. For validation, the performance of the new implicit operator was compared in detail with that of several existing implicit operators which have been widely used for solving the flow equations. Numerical experiments showed that the stability and convergence characteristics of the new implicit operator are significantly better than those of other existing implicit operators for calculating flows ranging from subsonic to hypersonic speeds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Stagnation-point radiative heating of Fire II flight experiment is analyzed. • Non-local absorption is considered in a devised non-Boltzmann radiation calculation. • Proposed set of excitation rates offers improved agreement with the measured data. • Escape factors of strong atomic lines and diatomic nitrogen vacuum ultraviolet systems with non-local absorption effect are proposed. The present work analyzes the stagnation-point radiative heating in the Fire II flight experiment by devising a collisional-radiative model with non-local absorption. In the stagnation-line flow-field calculations, a viscous shock layer method with a thermochemical nonequilibrium model is utilized. In the radiation calculations, a line-by-line method with the non-Boltzmann electronic populations is employed by adopting the quasi-steady state approach of the electronic master equation calculations. In constructing the electronic master equation, the best set of the electron and heavy-particle impact excitation rates is proposed to achieve better agreement with the measured radiative heating flight data. In the flow-radiation coupling procedure, the effect of the non-local absorption is modeled by devising an iterative process between the quasi-steady state electronic master equation and the radiative transfer equation calculations. Escape factors of the strongest atomic lines and the diatomic nitrogen vacuum ultraviolet systems with the non-local absorption effect are also proposed to more efficiently consider the non-local nature of the radiative transition. When compared with the experimental data from the Fire II trajectories, it is found that the present collisional-radiative model with the non-local absorption improves the ability to predict non-Boltzmann radiative heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a numerical framework for predicting the aerodynamic performance and the aeroelastic behavior of floating offshore wind turbine rotor blades involving platform motion was developed. For this purpose, the aerodynamic and structural analyses were conducted simultaneously in a tightly coupled manner by exchanging the information about the aerodynamic loads and the elastic blade deformations at every time step. The elastic behavior of the turbine rotor blades was described by adopting a structural model based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam. The aerodynamic loads by the rotor blades were evaluated by adopting a blade element momentum theory. The numerical simulations were conducted when the platform of the wind turbine independently moves in each of the six degrees-of-freedom directions consisting of heave, sway, surge, roll, pitch, and yaw. It was observed that flexible blades exhibit complicated vibratory behaviors when they are excited by the aerodynamic, inertia, and gravitational forces simultaneously. It was found that the load variation caused by the platform surge or pitch motion has a significant influence on the flapwise and torsional deformations of the rotor blades. The torsional deformation mainly occurs in the nose-down direction, and results in a reduction of the aerodynamic loads. It was also found that the flapwise root bending moment is mainly influenced by the platform surge and pitch motions. On the other hand, the edgewise bending moment is mostly dictated by the gravitational force, but is not affected much by the platform motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the narrow-band k -distribution (NBK) model parameters for mixtures of H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO are proposed by utilizing the line-by-line (LBL) calculations with a single mixture gas assumption. For the application of the NBK model to radiative flows, a radiative transfer equation (RTE) solver based on a finite-volume method on unstructured meshes was developed. The NBK model and the RTE solver were verified by solving two benchmark problems including the spectral radiance distribution emitted from one-dimensional slabs and the radiative heat transfer in a truncated conical enclosure. It was shown that the results are accurate and physically reliable by comparing with available data. To examine the applicability of the methods to realistic multi-dimensional problems in non-isothermal and non-homogeneous conditions, radiation in an axisymmetric combustion chamber was analyzed, and then the infrared signature emitted from an aircraft exhaust plume was predicted. For modeling the plume flow involving radiative cooling, a flow-radiation coupled procedure was devised in a loosely coupled manner by adopting a Navier-Stokes flow solver based on unstructured meshes. It was shown that the predicted radiative cooling for the combustion chamber is physically more accurate than other predictions, and is as accurate as that by the LBL calculations. It was found that the infrared signature of aircraft exhaust plume can also be obtained accurately, equivalent to the LBL calculations, by using the present narrow-band approach with a much improved numerical efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system for space disposal of the most radioactive component of the spent fuel produced by the nuclear reactors is designed conceptually with an intent of ensuring safety. Unlike the earlier design by NASA, this system is to use a commercially available launch vehicle and be launched from the western Pacific Ocean. It will fly low until it acquires Earth-escape velocity, so that the nuclear package will not fall on land in case of system malfunctioning. The package will be parked in one of the lunar libration points L4 or L5, and kept vigilant by a watch-dog orbital transfer vehicle which will push the package away in case an asteroid approaches. The calculation shows that such a safe system will be feasible and relatively cheap. The details of how the nuclear package is made, how the launch vehicle is made and flown, and how the nuclear package is managed in the final parking orbit are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradable inorganic nanovector based on a layered double hydroxide (LDH) holds great promise for gene and drug delivery systems. However, in vivo targeted delivery of genes through LDH still remains a key challenge in the development of RNA interference therapeutics. Here, we describe in vivo and in vitro delivery system for Survivin siRNA (siSurvivin) assembled with passive LDH with a particle size of 100 nm or active LDH conjugated with a cancer overexpressing receptor targeting ligand, folic acid (LDHFA), conferring them an ability to target the tumor by either EPR-based clathrin-mediated or folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. When not only transfected into KB cells but also injected into xenograft mice, LDHFA/siSurvivin induced potent gene silencing at mRNA and protein levels in vitro, and consequently achieved a 3.0-fold higher suppression of tumor volume than LDH/siSurvivin in vivo. This anti-tumor effect was attributed to a selectively 1.2-fold higher accumulation of siSurvivin in tumor tissue compared with other organs. Targeting to the tumor with inorganic nanovector can guide and accelerate an evolution of next-generation theranosis system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradable inorganic nanovector based on a layered double hydroxide (LDH) holds great promise for gene and drug delivery systems. However, in vivo targeted delivery of genes through LDH still remains a key challenge in the development of RNA interference therapeutics. Here, we describe in vivo and in vitro delivery system for Survivin siRNA (siSurvivin) assembled with passive LDH with a particle size of 100 nm or active LDH conjugated with a cancer overexpressing receptor targeting ligand, folic acid (LDHFA), conferring them an ability to target the tumor by either EPR-based clathrin-mediated or folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. When not only transfected into KB cells but also injected into xenograft mice, LDHFA/siSurvivin induced potent gene silencing at mRNA and protein levels in vitro, and consequently achieved a 3.0-fold higher suppression of tumor volume than LDH/siSurvivin in vivo. This anti-tumor effect was attributed to a selectively 1.2-fold higher accumulation of siSurvivin in tumor tissue compared with other organs. Targeting to the tumor with inorganic nanovector can guide and accelerate an evolution of next-generation theranosis system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mammary gland, PTEN loss in luminal and basal epithelial cells results in differentiation defects and enhanced proliferation, leading to the formation of tumors with basal epithelial characteristics. In breast cancer, PTEN loss is associated with a hormone receptor-negative, basal-like subtype that is thought to originate in a luminal epithelial cell. Here, we show that luminal-specific PTEN loss results in distinct effects on epithelial homeostasis and mammary tumor formation. Luminal PTEN loss increased proliferation of hormone receptor-negative cells, thereby decreasing the percentage of hormone receptor-positive cells. Moreover, luminal PTEN loss led to misoriented cell divisions and mislocalization of cells to the intraluminal space of mammary ducts. Despite their elevated levels of activated AKT, Pten -null intraluminal cells showed increased levels of apoptosis. One year after Pten deletion, the ducts had cleared and no palpable mammary tumors were detected. These data establish PTEN as a critical regulator of luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland, and further show that luminal PTEN loss alone is not sufficient to promote the progression of mammary tumorigenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently reported that the efficiency of adenoviral gene delivery and virus stability are significantly enhanced when a proteoliposome (PL) containing apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is used in an animal model. In the current study, we tested tumor removal activity of oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) using PL-containing wildtype (WT) or V156K. Oncolytic Ad with or without PL was injected into tumors of zebrafish and nude mice as a Hep3B tumor xenograft model. The V156K-PL-Ad-injected zebrafish, group showed the lowest tumor tissue volume and nucleic acids in the tumor area, whereas injection of Ad alone did not result in adequate removal of tumor activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents increased two-fold in tumor-bearing zebrafish; however, the V156K-PL-Ad injected group showed a 40% decrease in ROS levels compared to that in normal zebrafish. After reducing the tumor volume with the V156K-PL-Ad injection, the swimming pattern of the zebrafish changed to be more active and energetic. The oncolytic effect of PL-Ad containing either V156K or WT was about two-fold more enhanced in mice than that of Ad alone 34 days after the injection. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the PL-Ad-injected groups showed enhanced efficiency of viral delivery with elevated Ad-E1A staining and a diminished number of proliferating tumor cells. Thus, the antitumor effect of oncolytic Ad was strongly enhanced by a PL-containing apoA-I and its mutant (V156K) without causing side effects in mice and zebrafish models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For effective cancer gene therapy, systemic administration of tumor-targeting adenoviral (Ad) complexes is critical for delivery to both primary and metastatic lesions. Electrospinning was used to generate nanocomplexes of Ad, chitosan, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and folic acid (FA) for effective FA receptor-expressing tumor-specific transduction. The chemical structure of the Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA nanocomplexes was characterized by NMR and FT-IR, and the diameter and surface charge were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and zeta potentiometry, respectively. The average size of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA nanocomplexes was approximately 140nm, and the surface charge was 2.1mV compared to −4.9mV for naked Ad. Electron microscopy showed well-dispersed, individual Ad nanocomplexes without aggregation or degradation. Ad/chitosan nanocomplexes retained biological activity without impairment of the transduction efficiency of naked Ad. The transduction efficiency of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA was increased as a function of FA ratio in FA receptor-expressing KB cells, but not in FA receptor-negative U343 cells, demonstrating FA receptor-targeted viral transduction. In addition, the transduction efficiency of Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA was 57.2% higher than chitosan-encapsulated Ad (Ad/chitosan), showing the superiority of FA receptor-mediated endocytosis for viral transduction. The production of inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 from macrophages was significantly reduced by Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA nanocomplexes, implying the potential for use in systemic administration. These results clearly demonstrate that cancer cell-targeted viral transduction by Ad/chitosan–PEG–FA nanocomplexes can be used effectively for metastatic tumor treatment with reduced immune reaction against Ad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a two-dimensional Euler flow solver for the simulation of blade-vortex interaction (BVI) problems on unstructured meshes. Simulation of BVI; Discussion of harmonically oscillating airfoil; Discussion of traveling vortex in a freestream.

In the present study, the effect of crossflow transition on the rotor blade performance in hover was investigated numerically. The simulations were conducted for the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) rotor in hover by using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver based on unstructured meshes. The k − ω SST model was used for simulating the turbulent flow fields and for calculating the turbulent eddy viscosity. For predicting the laminar-turbulent onset phenomena involving crossflow-induced transition, the γ − Re θ t − CF + transition model was adopted. For the comparison of the transition locations without considering the crossflow transition effect, simulations were also carried out using the γ − Re θ t transition model. The calculations were made for the PSP rotor at collective pitch angles from four to 12 degrees with an interval of two degrees. To investigate the effect of blade tip Mach number, two blade tip Mach numbers of 0.585 and 0.65 were tested. The predicted results such as the transition onset location and the rotor aerodynamic performance in terms of thrust coefficient, torque coefficient and figure of merit were compared with experimental data. It was found that proper consideration of the effect of crossflow transition is critical for the accurate prediction of the laminar-turbulent transition onset location on rotor blades. The figure of merit also compares better with the experimental data when the effect of laminar-turbulent transition is included. With the addition of the crossflow transition, the figure of merit is slightly decreased, particularly at low thrust levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quantitative temperature measurement of carbon dioxide. • Detector voltage calculation methodology considering the non-linear sensor characteristics and spectral sensitivity. • Computation efficiency comparison between a random statistical narrow band model and a line-by-line model. • Dominant relationship between the temperature and the detector voltage than the pressure in the high-pressure condition. This paper presents a relatively simple method for temperature measurement of hot carbon dioxide gas using an emission spectroscopy setup. The ν 3 band emission at 4.3 µm is detected using an optical band-pass filter and a mercury cadmium telluride detector. A conversion methodology is introduced that calculates the detector voltage from the spectral radiance considering the spectral sensitivities of the optical components and the non-linear characteristics of the detector. Two radiation models, a line-by-line model and a random statistical narrow band model, are employed to calculate the spectral radiance at given flow conditions. Black body radiation is considered for radiance calculation for optically thick conditions. Temperatures under test conditions in a shock tube are determined using the proposed conversion methodology and are compared with the temperatures obtained from a computational fluid dynamics simulation. The accuracy and efficiency of the temperature measurement using the two radiation models and the black body curve are compared. It is confirmed that the proposed method is a reliable way to determine the temperature while using a relatively simple experimental setup. Detector voltages are presented for a wide range of temperature, pressure, and beam path length for applications under different test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature determination in a shock tube is one of the most important factors to understand the relevant flow physics inside. In the present study, the reservoir temperature determination in a shock tube using the ultraviolet emission spectra of hydroxyl radical (OH) A-X band was carried out. A radiation model for the OH A-X transition was developed, and it was validated using the benchmark data. Curve fit parameters, such as a peak-to-peak ratio and the absolute peak intensity of the P-branch, are proposed to evaluate the rotational temperature and the OH number density from the measured emission spectra. In the shock tube experiments, humid air from the atmosphere was employed as a test gas, and a small amount of the ultraviolet OH emission was measured behind the reflected shock wave. The measured spectrum was converted to the rotational temperature and the number density using the present model of the OH A-X emission. Then, the evaluated rotational temperature was compared with the calculated values of the reservoir condition behind the reflected shock wave. A good agreement was detected between the measured and the calculated temperatures, which are 4020 ± 290 K and 4110 ± 220 K, respectively. It was recognized that the reservoir temperature behind the reflected shock wave is well described by the present model of the OH A-X ultraviolet emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study that examined the surface properties of an underlying silicon substrate after reactive ion etching of SiO[sub2] in CHF[sub3]/C[sub2]F[sub6] gas plasmas. Introduction to reaction ion etching of SiO[sub2] on silicon in a fluorocarbon plasma; Experimental results and discussion; Conclusions.

Hong, S.; Lim, H.S.; Kim, C.G.; Park, J.H.; Kim, M.G.; Chae, G.Y.; Sim, G.E.; Bak, S.W.; Kim, J.H., and Kwon, O.J., 2023. Evaluation method of ocean healing content on stress relieve effects by using smart watch and questionnaire. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 493-497. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Recently, research on ocean healing resources has been conducted widely to enhance physical and mental health conditions. Among the ocean healing resources, peaceful and beautiful marine sceneries are also regarded as natural resources that can relieve stress and body pain. In this paper, the positive effects of immersive ocean healing content on stress mitigation are investigated. The basic evaluation procedure with specific biometric data was also established. To investigate this effect, a realistic ocean healing content with stereoscopic visualization is developed and tested as a preliminary experiment. During the experiments, biometric data (blood pressure, heart rate, stress index) are acquired using a wearable Smart Watch (Galaxy Watch 5 Pro) before and after watching the ocean healing content. In addition, the questionnaire evaluation of variation of SRI (Stress Response Inventory) is included. The average stress index value decreased -15.3% after watching ocean healing content, whereas there were no significant changes in blood pressure and heart beat. In addition, the prominent enhancement of SRI value in all stress properties (tension, aggression, somatization, anger, depression, fatigue, frustration) was found. Even though the number of experiment participants was limited, this study presents the positive roles of ocean healing content that improves mental health promotion effects. Moreover, this ocean healing evaluation methodology can be utilized and reviewed as preliminary research. In the following study, different types of immersive ocean healing content using VR, AR, and MR technology will be applied. And, more biometric data acquisition methods using a wearable device linkage platform will be tested. Moreover, application platforms for immersive simulators could be also considered as a new utilization plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanokonjugate aus schichtartigen Doppelhydroxiden …… (LDHs), zielgerichteten Liganden und therapeutischer siRNA nutzen verstärkte Permeabilitäts‐ und Retentionseffekte sowie Ligand‐Rezeptor‐Wechselwirkungen für den Transport in Tumorgewebe und Krebszellen. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4658 ff. beschreiben J.‐H. Choy et al., wie diese biologisch abbaubaren anorganischen LDHs das Tumorwachstum in vivo hemmen und spezifische Genprodukte unterdrücken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The back cover of the periodical is presented.

Although Notch signaling is deregulated in prostate cancer, the role of this pathway in disease development and progression is not fully understood. Here, we analyzed 2 human prostate cancer data sets and found that higher Notch signaling correlates with increased metastatic potential and worse disease survival rates. We used the Pten-null mouse prostate cancer model to investigate the function of Notch signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Disruption of the transcription factor RBPJ in Pten-null mice revealed that endogenous canonical Notch signaling is not required for disease initiation and progression. However, augmentation of Notch activity in this model promoted both proliferation and apoptosis of prostate epithelial cells, which collectively reduced the primary tumor burden. The increase in cellular apoptosis was linked to DNA damage-induced p53 activation. Despite a reduced primary tumor burden, Notch activation in Pten-null mice promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and FOXC2-dependent tumor metastases but did not confer resistance to androgen deprivation. Notch activation also resulted in transformation of seminal vesicle epithelial cells in Pten-null mice. Our study highlights a multifaceted role for Notch signaling in distinct aspects of prostate cancer biology and supports Notch as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multimode theory of the resonant backward-wave oscillator (BWO) with an electron beam inclined with respect to the surface of a periodic structure—a clinotron—is presented. It is shown that mode interaction provides phase velocity variation in the interaction space. The beam–wave interaction power increases at a favorable phase velocity profile along the interaction space, which manifests as power peaks in the clinotron zone. In contrast, when it is nonfavorable, there is power drop in the bandwidth. Developed multimode theory results are in satisfactory agreement with the theory of a BWO with reflections and with particle-in-cell simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cross-linked alginate beads containing adenovirus (Ad) were successfully fabricated using an electrospraying method to achieve the protection and release of Ad in a controlled manner. An aqueous alginate solution containing Ad was electrosprayed into an aqueous phase containing a cross-linking agent (calcium chloride) at different process variables (voltages, alginate concentrations, and flow rates). Alginate beads containing Ad were used for transduction of U343 glioma cells and the transduction efficiency of the alginate beads was measured by quantification of gene expression using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter at different time points. In vitro results of gene expression revealed that the Ad encapsulated in the alginate beads with 0.5wt% of alginate concentration exhibited a high activity for a long period (over 7 days) and was released in a sustained manner from the alginate beads. The Ad-encapsulating alginate beads could be promising materials for local delivery of Ad at a high concentration into target sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thermal analysis of an L-band 60-kW (continuous-wave) double-ring strapped magnetron for optimizing the design of a cathode support structure and cooling system is presented. This magnetron consists of an oxygen-free copper anode with ten built-in cooling channels and a directly heated tungsten cathode. The operating temperature of the cathode is greater than 2000 ^\circ\C; therefore, proper thermal design of the cathode support structure is essential for reliable operation. The heat convection coefficient for the forced air is estimated by simulations comparing the simulated temperatures for different heat convection coefficients with the measured one. It is observed that the comparison between simulations with measurement is in good agreement for various temperatures from 1000 ^\circ\C to 2000 ^\circ\C when the estimated heat convection coefficient of the forced air is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Enhanced Cell Killing Effect of E1 Modified Adenoviruses Expressing HSV-TK Suicide Gene," by Yoon-A Kang, Dong Hyun Ko, Jaesung Kim Kim, Young-Sook Lee, Oh-Joon Kwon, Joo Hyuk Sohn, Chae-Ok Yun, Joo-Hang Kim is presented.