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The purpose of this study is to seek how and in what ways nickelodeons, which came to fore since the beginning of 20th century, were benefited by working class as entertainment apparatuses. Transformations in all spheres of life specifically in USA became concrete in the sector of cinema and nickelodeons turned into an inevitable spot for immigrant workers flooding into US to reinvigorate their American dreams. That’s why, moving from the current literature, it is of great significance to analyze the meanings of these cinema saloons for workers and to make academic synthesis within this research. This is also worth mentioning due to its portrayal of correlation between cinema and labor life. So that the relationship between working class and nickelodeons can be ascertained, literature review was used as research method. The study fundamentally consists of two sections. In the very first part of the research, beginning from definitions and the historical backgrounds of nickelodeons, the process of its transformation into an industry will be uncovered. The second chapter of this paper gives information about nickelodeons on the one hand and clarifies the meanings of these saloons for blue collar workers of the era on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, based on Marxian theory, aims to fill an existing gap in discussions on modern slavery, i.e., the role of the state in institutionalized slavery. We analyze how the participation of the state in social relations, which has built and permeates the penal system, has transformed part of the working class, mostly composed of young and Black people that previously were part of the reserve army of labor, into an imprisoned reserve army of labor, allowing it to be exploited under conditions akin to slavery. We used the method of historical materialism to understand the essence of social relations that we observed over an eight-month period using on-site (in loco) research in seventeen prison units in the state of Minas Gerais and semi-structured interviews. Our analysis allowed us to grasp the expression of the working class overcoming common moral sense, as it is irrelevant whether industrial activities are legal or illegal from the perspective of value and capital accumulation. The difference lies in the particularity of Brazilian capitalist development, which imposed on Black people an intense process of impoverishment due to their initial exclusion from the processes of capitalist exploitation, determining a place for this population with numerous obstacles to the sale of their workforce in the sectors developed under capitalism and in unequal conditions of pay. In this way, with the development of Brazilian capitalism, we see the historical constitution of a predominantly Black stagnant superpopulation, in which the maximum amount paid for their working time is the minimum wage, incorporated by the State into slave labor in prison, especially from the political of rehabilitation and private management1 of the prison system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welfare programs in emerging economies are, in most cases, highly selective. This article illustrates this point by exploring Cambodia's emergency cash assistance scheme coverage for workers affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Drawing on policy analysis and interviews with government officials, industry representatives, and garment and tourism unions, it analyzes the level of benefit and efficacy of the initiative for different groups of workers. Based on this analysis, we find that garment factory and tourism workers received better support than workers in other sectors as a consequence of industry lobbying and strategic decision‐making on the part of the government designed to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on those sectors. Our analysis also reveals, however, that the relatively informal nature of even formal‐sector workplaces in Cambodia meant that the scheme's impact was highly varied even among these targeted groups of workers. We conclude with a discussion of the findings' broader implications. Related Articles: Asongu, Simplice, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. 2023. "The Effect of Inequality on Poverty and Severity of Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Role of Financial Development Institutions." Politics & Policy 51(5): 898–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12558. Lachapelle, Erick, Thomas Bergeron, Richard Nadeau, Jean‐François Daoust, Ruth Dassonneville, and Éric Bélanger. 2021. "Citizens' Willingness to Support New Taxes for COVID‐19 Measures and the Role of Trust." Politics & Policy 49(3): 534–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12404. Onyango, Gedion, and Japheth Otieno Ondiek. 2022. "Open Innovation during the COVID‐19 Pandemic Policy Responses in South Africa and Kenya." Politics & Policy 50(5): 1008–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12490. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workers are biopsychosocial beings who require flexible working hours that consider their family, personal, and emotional development, ensuring that their dignity and potential are not compromised. In this context, recreation and respect for daily work routines become key strategies for improving productivity. This scientific document addresses the elements, concepts, and foundations of workplace recreation and its constitutional legal regulation. The research is based on a qualitative methodology with a hermeneuticdocumentary approach, employing bibliographic review, document analysis, and open interviews with five social actors. Two categories are analyzed, leading to conclusions that highlight the normative framework as a permanent defense of labor relations through the exercise of the right to recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a historical-sociological lens to approach coercive and violent relations within remunerated household labor. Drawing from Orlando Patterson, these relations are understood as interpersonal relations of domination with the concept of domestic servitude. They are analyzed in a qualitative empirical case study on socioculturally isolated domestic workers in Lima, Peru. While the paper attends to scholars concerning migration and domestic work, its main sociological contribution is to empirically and theoretically enrich debates on "unfreedom" beyond economic exploitation. It argues for a reflective and differentiated elaboration on sociocultural dimensions of coercion and violence that are embedded in colonial and patriarchal power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how digital platforms have changed working conditions and labor relations in domestic and care work in recent years. The study focuses on Hogarú, a digital platform in Colombia. Through a qualitative study involving interviews and focus groups, we analyze Hogarú's business model, along with the changes in working conditions for domestic workers compared to traditional employment methods. The study highlights two main findings. First, digital platforms can enhance domestic workers' bargaining power by raising awareness of their rights, professionalizing their work, promoting physical meeting spaces with other workers, providing ongoing training, and ensuring fundamental rights. Second, while digital platforms can shift the traditional labor relationship from one where the domestic worker directly offers care services to one managed by the company, power imbalances and low recognition of this work persist. This article offers insights into digital labor platforms from the perspective of the workers involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: In most countries of the world with a post-industrial type of economy, in particular in Ukraine, there is a deep transformation of the labor market and employment in general. The development of information technology was the impetus for the emergence of a remote form of employment. However, this form of work did not become widespread until almost the end of 2019 and early 2020. The rapid spread of the pandemic and restrictions imposed by states forced the shutdown of many economic sectors and the closure of schools, kindergartens, and universities. Such actions have increased the number of unemployed and reduced work. Of course, such measures do not contribute to further economic development, so the alternative was the transition to a remote form of employment in the workplace, where it was possible to do so. In connection with the outbreak of COVID-19, the world community almost overnight was forced to switch to a remote form of work in order to save their jobs. According to recent studies, in the pre-pandemic period, the share of employees who performed their work remotely reached 31 percent, whereas now this figure has increased to 88 percent. The crisis that has engulfed the whole world has also affected Ukraine: job cuts, layoffs, the closure of a large number of enterprises, and, as a result, the spread of unemployment. The main purpose of our research is to analyze the norms of the existing legislation of Ukraine regulating relations in the labor sphere, in particular those related to the work of remote workers, comparison of the regulatory framework of Ukraine and European countries, as well as our vision of further development of legislation in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To enhance the theoretical understanding of outsourcing in the Latin American context, emphasizing Mexico. Methodological design: It combines bibliographic analysis with the application of data analysis from the Economic Censuses and the Monthly Manufacturing Industry Survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Inegi), covering the years 2009 to 2023 within the Mexican automotive industry. Results: It proposes a new approach to outsourcing based on current labor and institutional regulations and public policies that support employment systems and subsystems within a labor and industrial relations framework. Research limitations: This work has been limited to the analysis of outsourcing exclusively within the Mexican automotive sector, excluding other relevant industries. Findings: The study reveals that employment systems and subsystems are reconfiguring due to the regulation of outsourcing, emphasizing the importance of legal standards, labor governance, and public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to examine the unique characteristics of conflict management in the workplace, within the framework of social dialogue. Through a review of specialized literature, the necessary competencies for workplace mediators to facilitate quality conflict management are analyzed. Additionally, various techniques required for effective mediation are explored. It is concluded that, beyond the specific utility of each technique, the timing of their application is paramount. Moreover, the professionalization of mediators is deemed essential, as they should possess skills such as empathy, active listening, self-control, compassion, creative thinking, assertive language, and critical reasoning, alongside resilience and self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence to neoliberalism in Brazil marked the end of the state interventionist model and opened up projects to modernize the Brazilian economy. Initially assumed as a policy of the government of Fenando Collor de Melo, it was developed in a more pragmatic way in the two presidential terms of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, matured - although less intense - in the PT governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff and transfigured into a wave of attacks on the working class during the governments of Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. This most recent period of Brazilian politics is what interests us in this text. Supported by the government decisions of Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro in the treatment of labor regulation in the country, this article points out the main transformations and attempts to change the labor legislation that occurred between the years 2016 and 2022, critically approaching its impacts on the life and political organization of the working class to show how right-wing and far right-wing governments manage to break the dialogue with society in the quest to maintain the privileges of the most affluent classes by preserving the interests of national employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the implementation of the Biooceanic Corridor, this article analyzes its impact on the labor relations that will be increased in its scope, with the objective of analyzing the legal and labor systems of the countries parties and the applicable international and regional standarts with a view to demonstrating the need to protect and promote social human rights. As a result, there is a series of asymmetries between the countries part of the project with differences in the level of protection of social human rights that in the end imply not only normative disparity, but in gaps in the protection of labor relations throughout the project, which reaffirms the need for protection and promotion of social rights. In addition, the strengthening of state and labor institutions, especially the unions, is a possible way to mitigate these points. To this end, it makes use of bibliographic research and the deductive method as analysis support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the underdeveloped nature of organized labor, it is possible to view the 'individual' and 'collective' components of labor legislation in China as separate and severable. This article aims to challenge such thinking by arguing that collective labor law and collective bargaining practices in China have profoundly shaped the law of employment contracts and individual employment relations. To this end, analyzing the laws surrounding individual employment contracts should not proceed without considering collective labor law. This article investigates, in the first three decades following the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the significance of collective rights to the underdevelopment of legal rules of employment rights and the emergence of the socialist social contract. This article also examines, after the economic reform of 1978, the various ways collective bargaining contributed to the transformation from the socialist social contract to the standard contract of employment and from an underdeveloped to a comprehensive framework of employment legislation. Finally, in the post-economic-reform decades, the analysis suggests that collective bargaining encourages the empowerment of trade unions with legislative and administrative efforts and facilitates the incorporation of terms and conditions improvement into individual employment contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work result of research, aims to demonstrate that the so-called outsourced contracting, harms the rights of workers in Colombia. Companies, in the contemporary context, have created or promoted various forms of work. Outsourced contracting with temporary service companies in Colombia is one of the aforementioned forms. These companies were created with the purpose of contracting with thirdparty beneficiaries, to temporarily collaborate in the development of their activity. However, at the time of the execution of its corporate purpose, the purpose of the creation of the aforementioned companies is not really known. It is perceived, then, that the so-called labor outsourcing brings with it the violation of the principles and rights of workers. This, because the guarantees established by legal and constitutional mandate, are being ignored. It is pertinent to point out that the International Labor Organization (OIT), through the International Agreements ratified by Colombia, has made reference to the subject matter of this investigation, with the purpose of counteracting any form of labor outsourcing. The foregoing, to guarantee equal and dignified treatment to the company's workers, who may be victims of this type of conduct or phenomenon. Thus, the Colombian State, in its model of social State of law and guarantor of human rights, warns that any mechanism that harms people's working conditions is prohibited. All because labor relations linked to labor law are within the structure of social and human rights. To demonstrate what was initially stated, this research is based on the qualitative research approach, with an exploratory scope. The method used was the critical and analogical hermeneutic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study the place and role of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel and to define main tasks and problems of their implementation in Ukraine. Research methods: dialectical, abstract-logical, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogy and comparisons, system, complex and content analysis. Approaches to the formation of modern industrial policy are analyzed, attention is focused on the main determinants of EU industrial policy - the creation of a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized businesses and equal opportunities in conditions of competition, which means the struggle to achieve better conditions of access to limited resources. The role of qualified personnel as the scarcest resource that determines the competitiveness of industry is shown. The problem of the shortage of qualified labor for industry in Ukraine is highlighted, the solution of which requires the creation of conditions for the development of competition and ensuring the training of professional personnel in accordance with the needs of industry, in particular - by modernizing occupational standards of industrial specialties. The place and importance of the implementation of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel, their relationship with the education system and the labor market, and main problems of implementation are defined. It has been proven that employers' decision to introduce occupational standards "affects" the most sensitive foundations of labor relations - employment (the employees' compliance with the requirements for qualifications, education, etc.), remuneration of labor (rate fixing), conditions and safety of work. Conclusions were made about the need to develop the Methodology for the introduction of occupational standards, the existence of a wide field for the joint activity of social partners on the basis of ensuring the transparency of the transition to occupational standards for employees, the use of existing mechanisms of social dialogue for the participation of personnel, in particular - through the representation of trade unions, in the activities of the working group on the introduction of occupational standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore the differences that exist between the exercise of the right to work by refugees and migrant workers under EU law, and to examine the existing differences between these categories under international law. The leading method of research used in the article is the method of comparison. It was used to analyze the differences in the legal regulation and implementation of the right to work by refugees and migrant workers in the EU. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the definition and legal regulation of the terms refugee and migrant worker. The author defines the classification of types of migration and proves the conclusion that economic motives are the most frequent reason for migration. At the same time, the author argues that refugees and labor migrants are different concepts in terms of labor legislation. Therefore, they have different legal status and, accordingly, different frameworks for exercising their rights. Besides, the author as an example considered Polish legislation, which regulates both the issues of labor migration and realization of labor rights of refugees, especially in the context of war in Ukraine, which is also reflected in the results of work and conclusions to the article. The materials obtained as a result of the study can be used in law-making activities to improve the national labor legislation of Ukraine on the example of the considered legal acts, as well as taking into account the European vector of development of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes how organizations interpret the systemic relationships between the labor market and labor relations in human resource management (HRM) strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research adopted a qualitative approach, carrying out four focus groups with 24 people managers and interviewing four union representatives in Brazilian cities located in three of the five Brazilian regions: Northeast (Fortaleza, CE), South (Joinville, SC), and Central-West (Brasília, DF). The findings indicated knowledge gaps in the area of HRM regarding labor market and labor relations. They observed the occurrence of similar HRM practices institutionalized by a common repertoire at different levels while unions were adapting to the new labor legislation in Brazil (enacted in 2017). The Covid-19 pandemic brought structural changes such as an increase in telework and adjustment to labor legislation and organization. It also brought behavioral changes and affected the worker's health. The study contributes a) theoretically by expanding the analysis of HRM under the institutional approach, b) methodologically by providing comparative research, and c) empirically by illustrating how HRM works in different regions of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines (i) how tourism employees perceive their firm's community engagement, (ii) the factors that affect employee attachment, and (iii) how employees' perception of their firm's community engagement affects employee attachment. Using the survey data collected from 119 tourism firms in the Ha Long Bay area, Vietnam, a developing country, the study finds that CSR practices (ethical leadership, labor relations, environmental protection and consumer rights protection) affect employees' perception of their firm's community engagement. Furthermore, employee-perceived community engagement appears to enhance the employees' bond with their firm. The firm's community engagement mediates the relationships between CSR and employees' commitment toward the firm. The theoretical and managerial implications for the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of personal data in socio-labor relations is studied, with a jusfundamental approach. In the first section, the topic is approached from a philosophy of technology perspective. A traditional and contemporary view on the subject is advanced, outlining the legal-normative aspects of a cooperative--integrated protection of personal data. The second section presents a normative analysis linked to ordinary and sensitive personal data in labor relations, indicating legal-semantic standards linked to the parties, employee and employer. Finally, with the hypothesis that personal data claim a cooperative-integrated protection, particularly in work relations, it is indicated a necessary, coordinated exercise by the actors who are part in this scenario, not only individually, or as an exclusive responsibility of the State. Methodologically, it is based on hermeneutics, starting from premises that embody the problem. In procedure, the monographic, and the research technique, the bibliographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the relationship between work and organizational psychology and trade union organizations has been one of mutual indifference and neglect. The aim of this study is to explore whether trade union members' social representations of organizational psychology affect their organizations' engagement with this discipline, conditioning their ability to derive benefit from its findings. In a sample of 448 members of the four main trade unions of the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, social representations of six concepts relating to Psychology or Trade Union Activity were explored using the free association technique. Forty-five categories were created and their frequency and percentages were calculated. In addition, the means of the categories shared by the representations of two different concepts were crossed and statistically tested. Although some associations were found between the representations of the two sets of concepts, most were non-significant. These results highlight that the structure of the representations of Psychology gives only a partial explanation for this lack of connection. The implications of the study and its limitations are discussed, and some recommendations for future research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research raised the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the experience of immigration and Labor Relations (RT) for Brazilian immigrants in Portugal. The research included biographical interviews with 27 women who have lived in the country for three years. The results are presented in two themes: a) experiences of Brazilian immigrants prior to migration, immigration conditions, and relationship with work; and b) analysis of changes in the work context and personal and family challenges after the onset of the global health crisis. The results indicate as main influences of COVID-19 in the scope of RT in the context of immigration: dismissal and search for new paid activities; need for different sources of income; intensification of working hours, especially in cases of home-office; telework linked to companies autonomously, by digital platforms or contact network; and continuity in Portugal dependent on the financial and emotional support of family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social responsibility gains importance and space in academic discussions and in society itself, given the speed of global changes; specifically, in debates around social responsibility in work relations in companies and their surroundings in society, in consequence of economic globalization and pressure from consumers with products and services produced with social responsibility. From this context emerged the problematic and objective of this study to present a mapping of the use of fuzzy methodology, in the analysis of corporate social responsibility in labor relations in the world. This mapping used a literature review in the period from 2013 to 2020, with textual word analysis through textual software use. Methodologically, the Iramuteq software was used, with 11 texts selected on: 1) similitude analysis, 2) descending hierarchical classification by classes and 3) word cloud. The results reached the proposed objectives, and the restrictions of the study are linked to the subjectivity in the choice of search keywords for the selected articles and to the final selection of the articles used to compose the textual corpus of software analysis. There are, as well, new lines of research related to measuring companies' social responsibility in labor relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically constructs a multi-project and a multi-objective human resource scheduling mathematical model in construction projects and puts forward an improved genetic algorithm to solve it by aiming at the problems existing in the process of human resource scheduling and optimization. Specifically, first, the basic mathematical models of GPRs and resource-constrained construction project human resource scheduling problem (RCWSP/GPRs) are established, and the multi-project equilibrium problem is extended. Then, an improved inter-cluster separation (ICS) algorithm is proposed and used to solve the RCWSP/GPRs problem. Finally, on this basis, the mathematical model of multi-project and multi-objective human resource scheduling problem and the solution method based on multi-objective-integrated circuit are proposed. At the same time, the resource-constrained multi-project and multi-skill human resource scheduling problem and the integer programming mathematical model under the generalized priority relationship are proposed. Also, the simulation results verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm and model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a micro-case study of labor relation within a small Hungarian horticulture enterprise, our study reveals what precarity means and what experiences it entails for a small-farmer employer and his workers. Drawing on theoretical works that emphasize relationality and the multifaceted character of precarity, we can delineate the different constellations of vulnerabilities, dependency, and autonomy in different social positions. Precarity covers a wide range of social situations and experiences. In contrast to previous research, which emphasize the challenges that the heterogeneity of precarious situations pose for class formation, we highlight the ways the experience of precarity may become the basis of solidarity. Instead of scrutinizing only the employee’s precarity, which is common in research, we focus on its relationality. Our micro-case study examines the ways precarity interlinks the employer and the employee despite their different social positions and the potential conflict of interest between them. Our analysis shows that the intertwined (shared but differently experienced) precarity can create a labor relation, which is based on the recognition of each party’s vulnerabilities and mutual dependence between employer and employee. Both parties provide each other with some stability and describe this labor relation with the notion of “family,” which demonstrates the possibilities and the limits of this form of solidarity. Yet, the vulnerabilities of both parties also expose the fragility of this labor relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to create an analysis of the phenomenon of pejotization from cressey's triangle theory and internal and external rewards. The general objective of this study was to verify whether pejotization can be identified as fraudulent artifice from the Cressey Triangle and to theories of rewards. Methodology: The methodology used follows the precepts of a research with a qualitative approach, in data collection used the technique of structured questionnaires and in the data analysis the Bardinian technique of content analysis was appropriated. Results: With this study, the results obtained answer that the participants diagnosed the existence of pejotization and fit into this reality. And the linearity of the hypothesis follows in the assertiveness of the answers where the group that did not realize rewards is the same group that considers pejotization as a fraud to labor rights, and the other group did not consider pejotization as fraud, because they prioritized the rewards granted, in order to maximize their own interests. Contributions: The research manages to contribute assertively to the Triangle of fraud in terms of the characterization of pejotization as fraud, adjunct to the fulfillment of vertices. But in the case of the theory of internal and external rewards, and that the characterization of pejotization as fraud is parallel to the proportionality given by the subjects to these rewards, because if the financial benefits are more relevant than morals for these employees, the moral self-concept weighs more to the rewards, ignoring the presence of fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of changes in the labor relations organization regarding to the vacations during martial law. The essence of the category "labor relations" and their characteristic features are considered. The norms of labor legislation in peacetime and during martial law are compared. The procedure for granting leave without pay during martial law was studied: grounds, documentation, timesheets. The procedure for granting vacation was studied, taking into account the changes in the regulatory regulation of labor relations during martial law in such aspects as: the procedure for calculating average earnings; inclusion / exclusion of time from seniority, which gives the right to vacation; removal of holidays and non-working days from the calculation period, the duration of the vacation, taking into account the changes; inclusion / exclusion of unworked time in the calculation period; inclusion / exclusion of payments in the calculation of average earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a history of labor militancy in past decades, Nepal's large construction sector remains unorganized and lacks social protection, prompted by high levels of informality. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among construction laborers in Kathmandu, this article argues that labor subsumption to capital in the construction industry takes place through a systemization of expertise through which access to work is negotiated. I show how this "culture of informality" shapes labor relations and creates a semblance of transparency and justice in otherwise chaotic and fiercely competitive labor communities. Drawing on concepts from political and urban anthropology to probe how informality indexes forms of power, I argue that authority and status become distributed through processes of distinction and thereby extend and deepen inequalities permeating contemporary industrial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to provide a comparative features of labor relations notions in some foreign nations. This study examines the legal laws and regulation of labor relationships, splitting states into 2 classifications. The initial incorporates Germany, Russia, France, and several other European nations. In the next - the USA, Australia, Great Britain, and other nations of the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. The comparative examination of various states' legislation and formal-logical and functional methods are used to gratify the study's objectives. The conclusion is made that the borrowing of the experience of the nations' adhering to the Anglo-Saxon pattern is not acceptable for Russia because, in them, the contract of labor is demonstrated not as a means able to guarantee the workers' rights but as a legal means to generate circumstances able to infringe on their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GIG economy and the uberization of work emerged as new paradigms of work organization, models that intensify the use of technologies and are mediated by digital platforms. Both models encourage autonomous work (crowdwork) or on demand (on demand). The presence of the uberization of work and the GIG economy promotes the precariousness of work and the absence of support for the worker, while 'romanticizing' the discourse of autonomous and flexible work. To understand the consequences of the uberization of work and the GIG economy, the aim of this article is to propose a research agenda to analyze the consequences of these models on workers subjected to these labor relations. Considering the literature on the subject, the article presents an agenda based on themes such as: meaning of work, legislation and union representation, psychodynamics of work, precariousness of work, economic impacts, diversity policies and people management policies. To conclude, the uberization of work and the GIG economy are presented as a new name for a form of work that already existed, informality, but gained visibility with the internet and digital tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-competition agreement is a very common way to protect an employer's interests. In many countries there is such a legal instrument as a non-competition clause. On the other hand, the non-competition agreement is a new and unusual phenomenon for Ukraine, so there is a need to study its legal regulation with the experience of foreign countries. The aim of the article is to study the legal regulation of the nature of the non-competition agreement with the experience of different countries in this matter and the feasibility of applying this experience in Ukraine. The study was conducted using such special legal scientific methods, as historical and legal, comparative legal and formal. The article presents the comparative-legal analysis of the practice of conclusion of non-competition agreements in such countries as France, Germany, Italy, China, Great Britain, the USA and Ukraine. On the basis of this analysis, proposals for Ukraine are made. In particular, the article considers the problems of including non-competition provisions in civil legislation. Also analyzed is the judicial practice of violations of the terms of contracts containing non-competition provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to highlight the panorama of the perception of bullying at work among Brazilian workers, drawn from analyzes with intersections between perceptions of public and private employees, men and women. For data collection, we chose to use the Scale of Perception of Moral Harassment at Work (EP-AMT), an instrument validated by Martins and Ferraz (2014). The results show that 50.3% of respondents are male and 47.8% female, in addition to 32.3% are professionals with an employment contract as a public servant and 65.8% work in the private sector; 1.9% of respondents did not inform their gender and type of employment contract. For cross-analysis, we opted for the analysis based on the Stutent t-test, using the SPSS 21 software. It was evident that personal bullying, professional bullying or bullying at work are not perceived differently by the respondents when cross-analysis considering the types of contract or the gender of respondents. Thus, the research shows that people who work in the public sector have the same perception as those who work in the private sector and, also, men and women have the same perceptions on the subject. Therefore, it is concluded that bullying at work was not perceived as high in the respondents' environments, and that the employment contract or gender were not variables that influenced a greater or lesser perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the social aspects of tobacco history, the empirical basis of which are mainly serial sources but also other fragmental remains of the archival fund of the Tobacco Factory Ljubljana. The scope of the article will cover the final years of the Habsburg Empire, the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 on known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), and the initial years of Tito's Yugoslavia, with ruptures inflicted by the two world wars. Such a temporal framework was chosen deliberately to detect continuities and discontinuities of social transformations throughout various political regimes, in particular how they affected the sphere of labor in the tobacco industry. Due to manageable numbers of workers stretching from about 500 to 2500 over the observed period and among which women always dominated, the sources used also allow for a thorough analysis of gender aspects in the intersectional perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the perceptions of the human resources officials as employer representatives and the union branch managers and union workplace representatives as the employee representative towards the working relations and the factors that affect the relationship between the parties were investigated. The main question of the study is how and from what point of view the perceptions of human resources officials and trade union managers towards each other affect the relationship between them, and how there is a difference in the understanding of labor relations. In the study conducted with a phenomenology research design, it is aimed to contribute to the discussions in the literature on the relationship between the evaluations of the parties and human resources management and union organization with a qualitative research dimension. For this purpose, Human Resources officials, trade union branch managers and trade union workplace representatives were provided with semi-structured interview forms prepared according to their position. A total of 55 people were interviewed in-depth in the study conducted in Manisa and Izmir. Descriptive analysis and content analysis were used in the resulting analysis, and the Maxquda 2020 qualitative data analysis program was used. In the study, it was concluded that human resources officials operating in unionized and non-unionized enterprises, union branch managers and workplace representatives have different perspectives against the unionized industrial relations system. The perceptions of the parties towards each other's roles in their working relations and how they interpret the labor relations system affect the relationship between the human resources manager and the union official. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Costa Rica is positioned as the main pineapple exporter in the world; however this monoculture has generated several socio-environmental consequences. Among the social effects, the labor exploitation of people in irregular migratory conditions stands out in the pineapple plantations in the north region of the country. Objective The text seeks to present some findings about the world of wage labor in pineapple monoculture in the communities of Medio Queso and Santa Fe de Los Chiles. Method These results arise from a research process in the framework of a social action project in the University of Costa Rica, dedicated to organizational support in communities that face socio-environmental conflicts. The project was developed with a participatory methodology and in addition to this, in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted. Results The text presents a description of the pineapple expansion in the communities, as well as the union and community organization present in these territories. Moreover, some elements are provided in order to characterize the moment of creation of labor value in the production stage and the contractual mechanisms present in the pineapple companies studied. In addition to this, the processes of displacement of migrant workers and the forms of reproduction of the labor force are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals by Ukraine and building Industry 4.0 here, which is accompanied by a global digital transformation (digitalization) of all public spheres of activity, such a multifunctional and multidimensional phenomenon as corruption is now a serious threat to all public relations, among which labor relations are no exception. It causes a decrease in the level of labor productivity of active employers due to manifestations of stigma, mobbing, bullying, primarily in relation to employees who expose corruption, etc. The purpose of the study is to clarify the content of one of the main elements of compliance in labor relations - anti-corruption compliance - using a synergetic approach characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics, as well as to highlight the problems of regulating these relations and develop proposals for improving the current anti-corruption legislation in the field of labor in the light of digitalization of Ukraine and achieving sustainable development herein. The object of the study is the labor relations to ensure and support anti-corruption compliance at enterprises and the system of anti-corruption legislation, including in the field of labor, in Ukraine and abroad, which regulates these relations. The main methodological approach to the study of the chosen topic is synergetic, characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics. The results of the study in the most generalized form justify the lack of certainty and little investigation of the legal and economic nature of such categories as "compliance" and "anticorruption compliance", which have not yet become generally accepted for the conceptual apparatus of labor economics and, to a greater extent, labor legislation. Based on the theory of labor legislation and labor economics, the article describes anticorruption compliance in labor relations as a condition of labor and a condition of an employment contract. The problematic issues of the implementation and regulation of labor relations in the field of anti-corruption compliance are identified: a low level of positive perception of the implementation of anti-corruption compliance policy in labor relations by the management of active enterprises; the existence of negative stereotypes in relation to employees who expose corruption; the lack of a clear methodology for measuring the level of digitalization of state processes today, which hinders the study of the impact of digitalization on strengthening the anti-corruption fight. In order to solve these problematic issues, it is proposed to supplement section X "Labor discipline" of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which regulates the internal labor regulations at an enterprise, institution or organization, with norms on new labor rights and obligations of the parties to labor relations that are directly related to combating corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on developing the issue of labor relations in the public sector, and more specifically in the area of the protective nature that the Uruguayan legal system displays on the functional link between the State as employer and the public official as worker. The approach to be taken on the subject will be based on a vision of the general principles of Labor Law, and a constructive syllogistic position in a tertium genus view between Labor Law and Administrative Law for the phenomenon of labor relations in the public sector. On the basis of this idea of common formation and construction among both branches of Law, an attempt will be made to propose the figure of a fourth rule in the form of action of Labor Law operates. Analyzing the impact and scope of the presence of this new legal concept with the aim of protecting public officials and providing a new distinctive element to continue thinking about whether or not we are dealing with a new autonomous branch of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor scholars identify increased roles of "new labor actors," such as civil society organizations, in workers' representation. Previous work found their increasing tendency to cooperate with unions, opening these up to inclusion of precarious workers. Praising these cooperative relations, research has understated other interactions that might develop between labor actors and their contributions to workers. Focusing on the relations among new labor actors and unions in the context of Israeli corporatism, this article analyzes conflictual interactions among labor actors and their implications of these for union legitimacy as well as for workers' representation. Comparing two cases—of noncitizen Palestinian construction workers, and of subcontracted cleaning and security workers—the article argues that "conflictual complementarity" persists in the relations between labor actors in corporatist contexts. Conflictual complementarity is identified as based on sectoral traditions, contributing to transformations in union representation of precarious workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexibility inherent in temporary agency work allows employers to cut labour cost in a variety of ways. Recurring themes in the employment literature draw attention to the duality of the labour market rooted in type-of-contract segmentation. This duality in the labour market carries with it a number of undesirable consequences. Drawing on qualitative data from six case studies in Pakistan, this paper reports on an in-depth study of deceitful labour market intermediaries, through which employers attempt to bypass statutory obligations concerning workers' constitutional rights. A case study inquiry, based on qualitative interviews, suggested that the agencies were 'created' or 'arranged' to illustrate indirectness of employment relationship by misclassifying effectively permanent employees as 'agency workers'. The evidence points towards a growing trend for agencies to be, simply, a sham arrangement. This study broadens our comprehension about the nature of temporary agency employment and subsequent labour market duality in Pakistan, beyond the traditional functional model of legitimate labour market intermediaries. Precarious work in Pakistan, a large and growing economy, shares many features in common with the rest of the world. These findings offer useful policy and social implications for national and multinational companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the word pandemic reentered the lexicon, pressures stemming from institutional and technological change challenged policymakers and provider organizations to rethink core features of the manner in which we deliver healthcare. This essay introduces a special issue devoted to the consequences of change on the healthcare sector's varied stakeholders. It does so in the context of our eventual, post-coronavirus reemergence and a renewed interest in remaking the healthcare system in light of its obvious deficiencies. Towards that end, we introduce the five papers composing this special issue, each of which informs the ways that change actually transpires in healthcare organizations and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of integration of Ukraine into the european community implies the adaptation of the legal framework, as well as important transformations of the social relations established in its population. The study demonstrates the most acute aspects of normative support for labor protection in Ukraine and presents possible ways of reforming the legislation based on the successful experience of the EU countries. The conceptual basis of the reformed legislation of Ukraine should be the protection of the rights of employees, as these rights are most often violated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the word pandemic reentered the lexicon, pressures stemming from institutional and technological change challenged policymakers and provider organizations to rethink core features of the manner in which we deliver healthcare. This essay introduces a special issue devoted to the consequences of change on the healthcare sector's varied stakeholders. It does so in the context of our eventual, post-coronavirus reemergence and a renewed interest in remaking the healthcare system in light of its obvious deficiencies. Towards that end, we introduce the five papers composing this special issue, each of which informs the ways that change actually transpires in healthcare organizations and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to examine the effects of working relationships on the employee's perception of the organization's service, workload and job satisfaction. It is thought that working relations will affect employee attitudes, behaviors and perception of duty. Accordingly, working relationships were considered as independent variables, workload and job satisfaction as dependent variables, and questionnaire forms were prepared using scales for these three variables. The questionnaire includes questions regarding demographic characteristics, questions on the scale, as well as whether employees would like to receive the services of their institutions, and whether they would like to recommend them to their relatives. The application of the study was intended to be carried out with healthcare professionals and was carried out in an RTEU Training and Research Hospital in Rize. Various statistical analyzes were made on the data obtained from 175 healthcare workers, who constituted the sample of the study, and results were obtained regarding the effect of work relations on workload and job satisfaction. The first striking result in the analysis results is the average of the answers given by the employees to the question of obtaining and recommending the service offered by their organization. According to the results of the analysis, the sub-dimensions of employee relations are that respect and support in the work environment, self-learning and self-satisfaction have positive effects on the employee's desire to receive and recommend the services of the organization, and the sub-dimensions of work relations It has been concluded that respect and support in the work environment, relations with superiors and perceived justice have positive effects on job satisfaction, whereas the dimension of respect and support in working relations has a negative effect on work load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the situation of paid domestic workers and their labor relations in the context of Covid-19. Two axes are addressed: the first, the conditions of instability, precariousness and loss of income faced by a high percentage of women workers; the second, labor relations and, particularly, its affective component. We argue that the pandemic reissues, deepens, exacerbates and shows the precariousness and inequalities that historically characterize this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction highlights the contribution of the special issue to a radical contextualisation of the history of the enslaved. In particular, it suggests that the conditions and circumstances that foster or hamper practices of enslavement need to be studied as part of a broader set of labor relations. And it proposes that shifts in the practices of enslavement are closely related to broader transitions in power relations. This double expansion allows connecting the history of enslavement and the enslaved with broader themes in labor and social history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article scrutinizes the limitations of environmental citizenship among citizens and non-citizens in the Arab Gulf states, with a focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE). There are particularly heightened concerns about water scarcity, food security, marine pollution, and dependence on oil and gas industries and how states can address these challenges in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Yet environmental citizenship in the Indian Ocean's Arabian littoral remains poorly understood both in terms of theoretical and grounded questions. This article considers how labor relations and discourses relating to citizenship, environment and sustainability enable or foreclose environmental reform in GCC countries. It shifts the technological and economic focus predominant in literature on sustainability in the GCC to take a more social perspective and examine distinctions between citizens and non-citizens and the depoliticising of environmental claims and national industrial legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the recognition of a new right in the field of labor relations: "the right to disconnect". This right is explained as the connectivity between people by digital means has spread in enterprises as a work tool. This situation is causing a violation of working hours limitations and, thus, upon workers' right to free time. The case being that workers must remain connected to their jobs outside working hours, with all the negative consequences that this entails for their lives, health and family environment. This study examines recent legislation in France --a pioneer country in this regard-- and Spain, which has followed the trend of its neighboring country. We will finish with the case of Chile, where, due to the influence of the aforementioned regulations, there is a legal bill that seeks to enshrine said right into law. The methodology used is that of legal science. We studied the legal sources, both statutory, case law and collective agreements, as well as Chilean and comparative doctrine. The results aim to present a conceptual construction of this right, determine the rights and obligations of the parties, and distinguish the cases where it does not apply. The conclusions emphasize the importance of enshrining this right into law, and, also, that it does not only contemplate the right not to answer, but also the prohibition to send messages outside working hours, except for strict exceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate causes of voluntary turnover in the urban distribution sector of beverages. The choice of theme is due to the scarcity of studies on the subject in Brazil. As a theoretical basis, we used works Mobley (1992) and Price, Abelson and Baysinger (1984). The research was a case study, using qualitative data and descriptive statistics. The qualitative part of the research involved conducting semi-structured interview, involving four managers of two subsidiaries of the same company in the urban distribution segment of beverages in two cities of Minas Gerais Department. The quantitative research involved the analysis of 262 documents, including dismissal interviews filled by workers. Results showed that, even with the Brazilian economy slowing down in the survey period, voluntary turnover can be explained by two factors: the low wages paid in relation to the regional economy and the lack of human resources policies and practices related to worker retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States recognized the constitutional validity of the doctrine of the ministerial exception in Hosanna- Tabor. The Court limited its scope to employment discrimination, leaving open the question of the application of the doctrine in other areas, and avoided a fixed test at the time of defining the minister, thus applying the "all the circumstances" test. The courts have been applying that doctrine and have extended it in other sectors such as the contractual claims, that of sexual abuse and harassment of the clergy, that of the hostile work environment, or that of civil liability for damages. The courts could not enter into ecclesiastical disputes over religious doctrine or litigation over government decisions or ecclesiastical discipline. Since in those cases it was not possible to apply neutral principles of law to solve them, the First Amendment required them to abstain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tips constitute a growing form of income for roughly three million American workers today. While existing scholarship on tipping focuses on worker‐customer dynamics, it neglects the implications of gratuities beyond the service counter. Drawing on the case of restaurant workers in Los Angeles, this study analyzes tip work, the bundle of social relations and labor experiences framed by tips in commercial settings. I argue that tipping strains relations between subgroups of workers who, despite collectively producing service, are subject to unequal access to tip earnings. Tips thereby shape relations among workers in ways that exacerbate existing organizational and social hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]