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Purpose: This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and resilience through a sense of purpose in life (SP) among 578 college students, applying resilience theory and positive psychology. Materials and methods: Using a cross-sectional, online survey design, data were collected. Most respondents were female (71.9%), heterosexual (69.9%), and Caucasian (61.6%) undergraduate students. Results: The results indicated that ACEs were not directly related to resilience (β = −.09,.05). SP had an indirect effect in the relationship between ACEs and resilience (β = −.11, 95% CI = −.16 to −.05). SP fully mediated the association between ACEs and resilience in college students. Discussion: This indicates that students with a history of ACEs tend to have lower levels of resilience due to their reduced levels of SP. Conclusion: Trauma-informed, campus-wide interventions targeting SP for college students who were exposed to ACEs may be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to test children's subjective perception of participation in decision‐making in school and community as protective factors against the negative effects of bullying on child subjective well‐being in three East Asian countries and territories—South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan. This study is based on the subset of data from the third wave of the Children's World survey that consists of 5717 children 10–12 years of age. Our findings suggest that the children with bullying victimization who experience more participation in decision‐making in their school and local community are less likely to have decreased well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the association between cyberbullying victimization and a sense of purpose in the life of college students, focusing on the mediating roles of self-esteem and depressive symptoms. A total of 251 students who had experienced bullying victimization and current cyberbullying victimization were analyzed. Our analysis showed that the direct association between cyberbullying victimization and a sense of purpose in life was not significant. However, self-esteem and depressive symptoms presented a mediated role in the study model. Moreover, the indirect association between cyberbullying victimization and a sense of purpose in life via the sequence of mediators was significant. The findings highlight future research direction and practice implications to deal with cyberbullying victimization in college settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing from positive psychology and general strain theory, this study examined whether a sense of purpose in life has an indirect effect between college students' cyberbullying victimization and their depressive symptoms, cyberbullying perpetration, and suicidal thoughts/behaviors. Data were collected from 314 college students (69.9% female) aged 18 to 24 and older from two universities in the Midwest and South-central region of the United States. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) identified that cyberbullying victimization was positively associated with depressive symptoms and cyberbullying perpetration. Moreover, cyberbullying victimization indirectly affected depressive symptoms through a sense of purpose in life. This study will emphasize the importance of fostering cyberbullied college students' purpose in life to college staff, administrators, faculty, and practitioners, and will provide them with strategies to develop campus-wide cyberbullying interventions for college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to explore whether the protective factors identified in the research literature for Black sexual minority adolescents in urban neighborhoods are similar to those of their heterosexual peers. Participants for the study consisted of 638 Black adolescents, aged 12 to 22 years, who resided in four neighborhoods in Chicago's Southside. Findings indicated that for sexual minority adolescents, government assistance was negatively correlated with perceived school safety while having caring teachers was positively associated with perceived school safety. For heterosexual adolescents, caring parents, a lower level of peer victimization, caring teachers, and bonding to school were positively associated with perceived school safety. However, perceived connectedness to the neighborhood was negatively related to perceived school safety. Except for caring teachers, protective factors were not significantly associated with perceived school safety among sexual minority adolescents as they were for heterosexual adolescents. Overall, findings from the study demonstrate that although identifying protective factors is critical; for Black sexual minority youth, it is especially important to consider macrosystem-level factors that would impede feeling safe in school, such as the presence of racism and homophobia in the school environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined whether parental care and family support moderate the association between school bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization among college students by applying the social anthropological approach and social control theory Data were collected for 261 college students (57.9% female) aged between 18 to 24 or older from a university in the Midwest region of the United States. A latent moderated structural equations approach was utilized The data revealed that bullying victimization was positively associated with cyberbullying victimization. Moreover, parental care was a significant moderator between bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization These findings have implications of preventing victims of bullying becoming victims of cyberbullying. Parental involvement especially needs to be emphasized for college students' cyberbullying prevention and intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines how parenting characteristics of caregivers, such as low levels of parent-child communication, difficulty meeting parenting demands, and parenting frustration might mediate the association between witnessing violence between parents and bullying perpetration in children, aged 6-11 years. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine direct and indirect effects by using a sample of parents or guardians of 15,010 children, aged 6–11 years. Witnessing violence between parents and parenting frustration were positively associated with child's bullying perpetration. Also, parenting frustration partially mediated the association between witnessing violence between parents and child's bullying perpetration. This study findings can provide practitioners strategies to develop anti-bullying interventions for children who are exposed to violence between parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have documented that some bully victims fall into a subcategory of bullying called "bully victims" in which the victim becomes the aggressor. However, studies to date have not examined the pathways linking bully victimization and aggressive behavior. To address this research gap, this study applies the problem behavior theory, theory of stress and coping, and general strain theory to explore possible pathways from bully victimization to aggressive behavior by examining the mediating effects of low life satisfaction, drug use, and exposure to peer deviance. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the path model from a sample of 1,676 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Data were derived from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey. Findings revealed that bully victimization was positively associated with aggressive behavior. Moreover, bully victims displayed lower levels of life satisfaction. In addition, bully victims who were frequently exposed to peer deviance and drug use were likely to engage in bullying. These findings support the problem behavior theory and general strain theory and have implications for research, practice, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have not focused much on the risk or protective factors of Hispanic college students’ cyberbullying victimization. This study applied the stress, appraisal, and coping theory to examine how the association between cyberbullying victimization and a Hispanic college student’s sense of purpose in life might be explained by their depressive symptoms. We also examined how religious beliefs moderate the association of the effect of cyberbullying victimization on a sense of purpose in life via depressive symptoms. The PROCESS Macro was used to examine a moderated mediation model from a sample of 168 Hispanic college students. Findings revealed that depressive symptoms mediated the effect of cyberbullying victimization on a sense of purpose in life. Moreover, cyberbullying victimization on a sense of purpose in life via depressive symptoms was significantly moderated by religious beliefs. These findings support the stress, appraisal, and coping theory and provide implications for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Children and adolescents who are victimized by their peers are at an elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Bullying and suicide are major public health concerns; however, studies have not fully addressed the link between peer victimization and suicidal behavior among urban African American youth. The current study proposed and explored the pathways from peer victimization to suicidal thoughts via internalizing behaviors (i.e., low self‐esteem, depression, and hopelessness). Design and Methods: The sample consisted of 638 African American adolescents (aged 12–22) from low‐income communities in Chicago's Southside. A path model using the structural equation model was employed, controlling for biological sex, age, and government assistance. Results: The study found that victims of bullying are likely to develop low self‐esteem and depression, and depression can contribute to feelings of hopelessness, thereby increasing suicidal risks. Conclusions: Understanding the pathways from bullying victimization to suicidal thoughts is beneficial for nurse practitioners who assess and provide services and treatment to adolescents. Practice Implications: Because of limited resources in urban schools, anti‐bullying programs need to be cost‐effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined how adverse family events (i.e., adult family incarceration, adult family substance use, and adult family mental illness) were associated with adolescent bullying perpetration. More specifically, this study examined whether levels of future orientation mediated the link between adult family incarceration, substance use, and mental illness and bullying perpetration. A sample of 637 African American adolescents from the Southside of Chicago was used for this study. Adult family incarceration, substance use, and mental illness were all found to be positively associated with bullying perpetration. Also, adult family substance use and mental illness were positively associated with low levels of future orientation, which was significantly related to bullying perpetration. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding how adverse family events are related to adolescent bullying. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent bullying is a concern for adolescents, parents, teachers, school officials, and the general public. The purpose of the study is to apply Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems perspective and explore factors that are correlated with bullying perpetration and victimization among 638 urban African American adolescents in Chicago's Southside. Bullying victimization and perpetration are found to be influenced by microsystem-level factors, such as exposure to delinquent peers, teacher support, and neighborhood disorganization. An intervention strategy that involves teachers is particularly important. Anti-bullying intervention and prevention programs in urban schools need to account for the unique situations of urban African American adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined whether having had an incarcerated adult family member was associated with youth bullying perpetration. The study also examined whether exposure to delinquent peers' norms, trauma, and externalizing behaviors mediated the link between adult family member's incarceration and bullying perpetration. The study sample consisted of 638 African American adolescents, aged 13 to 21, in Chicago's Southside. Major findings indicated that 46.8% of the study participants reported bullying perpetration (i.e., at least 1 to 2 times in the past 30 days). Moreover, an adult family member's incarceration history was found to be positively associated with having peers who endorsed delinquent norms, trauma, and externalizing behaviors, which were linked to youth's bullying perpetration. Programs addressing youth bullying need to consider the family dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American youths, especially those in low resource communities, are vulnerable to peer victimization, which can increase risk of sexually transmitted infections. However, few studies explored the relationship between these two health concerns and the pathways that may link them. The present study aimed to address this gap. We used descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, and structural equation modeling to analyze data collected from 277 adolescents ages 13 to 24 years in Chicago. Primary results indicated that peer victimization was not directly related to acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. However, peer victimization was negatively associated with condom use, and condom use was negatively associated with sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, affiliation with sexually active peers was positively associated with substance use. These findings have implications for bullying and sexual risk prevention and intervention of low-income youths. Attention to treatment approaches and interventions that are holistic and culturally feasible is recommended for practitioners working with urban youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the pathway from bullying victimization to delinquency through the mediating roles of alcohol/tobacco use, aggression, and academic performance among South Korean adolescents. Data were derived from the Korea Welfare Panel Study of 2006, 2009 and 2012. Participants included 490 South Korean adolescents who responded to all waves. Path analysis was used for the analyses. Findings indicated that bullying victimization at wave 1 was associated with increases in delinquent behaviors at wave 3, with the mediating role of alcohol/tobacco use, aggression, and academic performance, all at wave 2. More specifically, aggression has a significant mediating role in the relationship between bullying victimization and delinquency. Aggression was also related to higher rates of alcohol/tobacco use and low academic performance. Research implications are highlighted. Highlights • The pathway from bullying victimization to delinquency among South Korean youth was examined; • Bullying victimization was associated with delinquent behaviors, with the mediating role of alcohol/tobacco use, aggression, and academic performance; • Major implications for policies and interventions regarding bullying in South Korea were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Internet gaming addiction is a serious problem for some adolescents in South Korea, although it has not yet been fully explored. The present study aims to explore adolescents' motivations for internet games, how their lives are affected, how they perceive internet games, what they gained and lost, and how they made sense of internet gaming addiction. Interviews, focus groups, and photovoice with a sample of ten adolescents at risk of internet addiction were conducted. The participants reported serious symptoms of internet game addiction, which negatively affected their psychological health and self-identity. They also reported that they were aware of how internet games negatively affected their daily lives, academic performance, and family relationships worsened once they became addicted to internet games. However, they also perceived internet games as avenues for entertainment, stress relief, and peer bonding. Understanding adolescents' perceptions and meaning of internet gaming addiction can facilitate the development of effective psychosocial intervention programs, which can subsequently contribute to healthy coping strategies and positive adolescent development and identity. Highlights • Internet gaming addiction is a serious problem for adolescents. • However, the problem of adolescents' internet game addiction has not yet been fully explored. • The aim of the present study is to explore internet gaming addiction among South Korean adolescents. • Methods used for the study included interviews, focus groups and photovoice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the direct impacts of risk factor (delinquent peer associations) and mediating effects of social controls on three types of bullying status: perpetration, victimization, and perpetration-victimization in each of the following: physical, verbal, and social bullying. The objective of the study is to provide an important explanatory test of the applicability of the integrated approach between social control and lifestyles-routine activities theories. Logistic regression models were estimated using a subsample of 14,627 students from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey. Findings revealed that adolescents who associated with delinquent peers were more likely to be bullies, victims, and bully-victims in physical, verbal, and social bullying. Even after controlling for social controls, it still remained significant. Adolescents attached to parents, peers, and teachers were less likely to be bullies and bully-victims in physical, verbal, and social bullying with the exception of teacher attachment for social bullying. Also, teacher attachment was not significant for all three subtypes of bullying among victim group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying is rapidly increasing in South Korea. The present article reviews research on factors associated with cyberbullying perpetration and victimization in South Korea. Study findings suggest a number of factors within individual, family, peer, and school levels. Relations with parents, parental verbal abuse, and a lack of attachment are related to perpetration. Delinquent peer association is positively associated with perpetration and victimization, and students’ school satisfaction is negatively associated with this victimization. Adolescents’ use of social networking sites and social media and lack of rules in cyberspace are found to increase perpetration and victimization. Research and practice implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to investigate the association between polyvictimization and offline and online sexual harassment and whether the association might be mediated by internalizing problems, low school satisfaction, and dropping out of school. The analytic sample was derived from the Children and Youth Rights Survey in South Korea. It consisted of 6353 adolescents' responses to the sexual harassment question and a set of other questions in the middle and high school questionnaires. The findings showed a direct association between polyvictimization and offline and online sexual harassment. Adolescents who were polyvictimized were more likely to be victims of both forms of sexual harassment. Furthermore, polyvictimization was positively related to dropping out of school, which was positively associated with offline sexual harassment. The findings from the study have significant implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to identify protective factors that buffer the effect of caregiver mental illness on adolescent delinquency. Specifically, we test whether (a) caregiver mental illness will be associated with adolescent's delinquent behavior; (b) community affiliations will moderate the relationship between caregiver mental illness and adolescent's delinquent behavior; (c) teacher support will moderate the relationship between caregiver mental illness and adolescent's delinquent behavior, and (d) religious affiliation will moderate the relationship between caregiver mental illness and adolescent delinquent behavior. The study sample consisted of 509 African American adolescents in Chicago's Southside, 12 to 17 years of age, who reported delinquent behaviors. Analyses for the study included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and hierarchical multivariate regression. The study found a positive association between caregiver mental illness and adolescents' delinquent behavior. Community affiliation was also positively associated, while teacher support was negatively associated with delinquent behaviors. The association between caregiver's mental illness and adolescent delinquency was buffered by teacher support. Teacher support is an important protective factor that is impactful for adolescents in low-resourced and dangerous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and adolescents who are overweight or obese are at a heightened risk of bullying involvement. The aim of the literature review is to review empirical research on weight-based bullying published between 2006 and 2016. Extant research was categorised by the following themes: (1) prevalence of weight-based bullying and peer victimisation; (2) weight-based outcomes of bullying and peer victimisation; (3) bullying outcomes of weight gain and obesity; and (4) psychosocial distress and outcomes associated with weight-based bullying. Findings from the studies reviewed suggest that the prevalence of bullying is high in children who are overweight or obese. Moreover, longitudinal studies revealed that childhood bullying experiences can increase the risk of health problems, including weight gain and obesity. Further, children who are overweight or obese are at a heightened risk of bullying and peer victimisation. Finally, weight-based bullying experiences were found to be related to psychosocial problems, including lower motivation for physical activity, higher avoidance and emotional coping strategies, low self-esteem, and academic problems. Implications for practice are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the role of parental monitoring and help seeking in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in male and female college students. Data were collected for 336 college students (71.72% female and 28.28% male) aged 18 to 24 or older years from two universities in the Midwest and the South Central regions. Logistic regression indicated the interaction term of cyberbullying victimization and parental monitoring was negatively related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a male group (B = −.155, p <.05, Exp(B) =.86). Male students whose parents monitored about being safe on the computer had dramatically fewer suicidal thoughts/behaviors. In both male and female groups, seeking professional help was not a significant moderator that weakened the relationship. There is a need for additional research on the importance of prevention and intervention efforts to foster open dialogue between students and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored racial/ethnic and sex differences in fathers' awareness and perceived ease of communication with fathers and how they are related to adolescent bullying victimization and psychosomatic symptoms. Data were drawn from the 2009 to 2010 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study in the United States. The sample consists of 5,121 White, 1,497 African American, and 1,850 Hispanic adolescents in grades 5 to 10. For all three racial and ethnic groups, bullying victimization was positively associated with psychosomatic symptoms. A higher level of the child's perception of their father's awareness was found to be positively associated with lower levels of bullying victimization for White and Hispanic adolescents. African American, White, and Hispanic adolescents who perceived their fathers as easy to communicate with had a lower risk of bullying victimization. The child's perception of their father's awareness buffered the positive association between bullying victimization and psychosomatic symptoms for Hispanic adolescents. A higher child's perception of their father's awareness was related to lower bullying victimization for adolescents of both sexes. The child's perception of their father's awareness and their perceived ease of communication with their father were found to be associated with a decreased risk of psychosomatic symptoms for both sexes. Overall, the results support the importance of relationship quality with fathers as a protective factor against bullying victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how intra-individual differences in bullying change over time and how inter-individual differences in bullying perpetration are explained by factors associated with self-control, parental involvement, and delinquent peer associations. A sample of 2844 youth were extracted from the Korean Youth Panel Survey, which is a longitudinal survey where individuals were assessed each year between ages 11 and 15 years. Results from latent growth curve models suggest that: (1) the rates of bullying tend to decrease over time, (2) adolescents with lower levels of parental involvement have a greater odds of bullying perpetration, and (3) adolescents with low self-control are at a higher risk for bullying perpetration. Additionally, adolescents with an increased rate of delinquent peer associations demonstrated an increasing rate of change in bullying perpetration. Results from the models assessed here suggest that peer relationships have a profound effect on bullying perpetration. • Bullying decreases over time • Adolescents with lower levels of parental involvement have a greater odds of bullying • Adolescents with low self-control are at a higher risk for bullying • An increased rate of delinquent peer associations corresponded to an increasing rate of bullying [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bark of Prunus yedoensis is used in antitussive medicines and in oral herbal formulations for inflammatory skin disorders. In the present study, we explored whether P. yedoensis bark extract (PYE) and its solvent partitioned fractions could modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we examined the effect of PYE extract and its fractions on LPS-induced NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Oral treatment of PYE decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS injected mice. PYE inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages at the transcriptional level and also suppressed LPS-induced IκBα degradation and MAPK activation in vitro. Among the fractions, the chloroform fraction, which contains genistein, naringenin, sakuranetin, prunetin, and amygdalin, showed inhibitory effects at much lower concentrations than the water and ethyl acetate fractions. Taken together, our results indicate that PYE was able to inhibit LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-6, the latter of which was more prominent. The effects of PYE on inflammatory cytokine synthesis may involve modulation of NF-κB and MAPK activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bark of Prunus yedoensis is used in antitussive medicines and in oral herbal formulations for inflammatory skin disorders. In the present study, we explored whether P. yedoensis bark extract (PYE) and its solvent partitioned fractions could modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we examined the effect of PYE extract and its fractions on LPS-induced NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Oral treatment of PYE decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS injected mice. PYE inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages at the transcriptional level and also suppressed LPS-induced IκBα degradation and MAPK activation in vitro. Among the fractions, the chloroform fraction, which contains genistein, naringenin, sakuranetin, prunetin, and amygdalin, showed inhibitory effects at much lower concentrations than the water and ethyl acetate fractions. Taken together, our results indicate that PYE was able to inhibit LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-6, the latter of which was more prominent. The effects of PYE on inflammatory cytokine synthesis may involve modulation of NF-κB and MAPK activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]