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This study introduces a sustainable, zero-waste biorefinery approach for the valorization of pomegranate (Punica granatum) waste, focusing on the sequential extraction of anthocyanins, ellagic acid and its derivatives using environmentally friendly solvents, followed by biochar production. Initially, a COSMO-RS in silico analysis was conducted, screening 10 512 combinations of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) typically used in eutectic solvent formulations, along with 49 bio-based solvents, to identify the most efficient green solvents for recovering anthocyanins, ellagic acid and its derivatives. In the first step, an aqueous solution of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) (2900 mM, pH 2) was used for solid–liquid extraction; this led to the optimization of extraction conditions (solid–liquid ratio of 0.07 gbiomass mLsolvent−1, at 25 °C for 55 minutes) yielding 38.52 ± 0.06 mganthocyanins gbiomass−1. Subsequently, the residual biomass underwent a second extraction using an aqueous solution of the ionic liquid (IL) cholinium acetate (2900 mM, pH 13) under similar conditions, yielding a rich fraction of ellagic acid and its derivatives (21.82 mgellagic acid gbiomass−1). The remaining biomass was then converted into activated biochar using a eutectic solvent composed of cholinium chloride and oxalic acid (molar ratio 1 HBA : 2 HBD), providing a greener alternative to traditional biochar production methods. The resulting biochar was utilized as an adsorbent for removing synthetic dyes (food and textile) from aqueous solutions, presenting new opportunities for the remediation of contaminated water effluents. This zero-waste process fully valorizes pomegranate residues, adhering to green extraction principles and achieving a Path2Green score of 0.401 (corresponding to around 288.50 gCO2 gbiomass−1), underscoring its eco-friendliness. By minimizing waste and reducing the need for harmful organic solvents, this biorefinery model highlights the potential for greener industrial practices through the use of bio-based solvents and the complete utilization of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossil mammalian assemblage of the Itaboraí Basin, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was recovered from fissure fill deposits that vertically cut its limestone beds. Previous studies have considered the abundant and diversified fossil mammals excavated from such deposits of this small basin to have been deposited synchronously. An analysis comparing the whole Itaboraí mammalian assemblage with that of the Las Flores Formation, Argentina, estimated its age as early Eocene. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of an asynchronous formation and infilling of the fissures and to conduct faunistic comparisons with other South American local faunas, considering the mammals of each Itaboraí fissure (MN, MCT-1 and MCT-2) separately, as these fissures were formed in distinct areas of the basin and in different topographic levels. To evaluate the faunal similarities between the Itaboraí fissures and other South American local faunas, cluster analysis and parsimony analysis of endemicity were undertaken. Both methods nest all three Itaboraí fissures with the Yacimiento Las Flores fauna, but some analysis show two fissures (MN and MCT-1) to be closer to it than the third. Based on the topographic levels of the fissures, their fossil mammals (diversity, presence/absence, and abundance), marsupial trophic structure and evolutionary stage, we conclude that the Itaboraí mammal assemblage is composed of faunas of different ages/stages: the fauna of the fissure discovered in 1968 (MCT-2) is the oldest (probably late Paleocene to earliest Eocene), and the fissure discovered in 1949 (MCT-1) is the youngest (early Eocene). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a century, the role of acoustic communication in the sensory ecology of bark beetles (Scolytinae) has been recognized. However, their 'world of sound' remains largely unexplored. Here, we review 153 years of bark beetle bioacoustics publications to summarize current knowledge, identify gaps and suggest future research directions. Our survey identified 117 publications covering 170 species. Morphological reports revealed five stridulatory organs across 125 species, with elytro‐tergal, gular‐prosternal and vertex‐pronotum mechanisms being the most prevalent for sound production. However, confirmed sound recordings exist for only 40 species. Acoustic signalling in adults is proposed to function in avoiding enemies, pair formation, sexual selection and spacing, while in juveniles, vibratory communication is proposed for gallery spacing. However, experimental evidence supporting these functions is lacking. Acoustic sensory organs remain unidentified, and comprehension of signal transmission—whether through airborne sounds or solid‐borne vibrations (or both)—is limited. Bioacoustic technologies have emerged as tools for potential management practices and are also discussed. Based on these findings, we recommend three directions for future research: (1) characterize acoustic morphology and behaviours in more species, particularly unrepresented taxa, with recordings in various contexts, preferably under natural conditions; (2) test hypotheses to explain the functions of acoustic communication through experimental and comparative phylogenetic methods and (3) investigate how sounds or vibrations are transmitted and received through behavioural and neurophysiological experiments. Advancements in bark beetle acoustic sensing and communication research will enhance our understanding of their sensory ecology and facilitate potential control measures of these fascinating insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene microband electrodes were fabricated by direct laser writing on Kapton® polyimide tape utilizing a low-cost, blue laser (500 mW and 405 nm). The structural properties of the graphene were examined by Raman spectroscopy, and key features such as D, G, and 2D bands and the presence of multilayer structures were revealed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the microband morphology, highlighting the 3D (foam-like) nature of the graphene microbands. Electrochemical experiments revealed cyclic voltammetry profiles that demonstrated radial diffusion dominance at low scan rates and Randles–Sevcik behavior at higher scan rates. Reproducibility and repeatability analyses confirmed the stability and consistency of these microband electrodes within individual devices. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) images revealed the electrochemical reactivity of the microbands. At a relatively low microband separation (200 µm), the produced material can be collected at the adjacent microband, which was confirmed via generator/collector experiments. Theoretical–experimental comparisons regarding the current measured for a single microband were performed, and the obtained results were in good agreement, with deviations attributed to the 3D morphology of the microbands. This research underscores the potential of these cost-effective and reproducible graphene microband electrodes for diverse applications in electrochemical sensing, and we present preliminary results on caffeic acid and paracetamol detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the differences between productive and reproductive performance traits of sexually precocious and non-sexually precocious Nellore heifers and to evaluate the genetic correlation of sexual precocity with traits of economic importance. For this purpose, 300,000 Nellore heifers were evaluated for reproductive traits: heifer pregnancy (HP) at 14 (HP 14), 18 (HP 18), and 24 (HP 24) months; heifer rebreeding (HR); number of progenies up to 53 months (NP 53); and probability of the cow remaining in the herd until 76 months with at least 3 progenies (Stay). The growth-related traits evaluated included female yearling weight (YW); average daily gain from weaning to yearling (ADG W-Y); weight at maturity (MW); weaning weight of first progeny (WW prog); and female visual scores at yearling for conformation (Conf), precocity (Prec) and muscling (Musc). The effects of female YW and ADG W-Y in six categories on HP 14 , HP 18 , and HP 24 were analyzed using Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Furthermore, a linear mixed model was used to evaluate the impact of HP on WW prog , MW, and reproductive performance (NP 53 and Stay). Genetic correlations of HP evaluated in different months with growth and reproductive traits were estimated using a bivariate animal model. Precocious heifers (HP 14) were lighter for YW and MW but had greater ADG W-Y than HP 18 and HP 24. The probability for HP 14 , HP 18 , and HP 24 increased as the classes of YW and ADG W-Y increased. However, heifers weighing more than 326 kg had a slight reduction in the probability of becoming pregnant at HP 14 and HP 18. Precocious heifers (HP 14 and HP 18) produced their first progeny by 3 % lighter than HP 24 , although they had a greater NP 53. Precocious heifers at 18 months (HP 18) were 3 % and 6.8 % more likely to remain in the herd than HP 14 and HP 24 heifers, respectively. Genetic correlations between growth traits (WW, YW, ADG W-Y, and MW) and heifer pregnancy (HP 14 , HP 18 , and HP 24) ranged from weak (r g = 0.27 ± 0.05) to moderate (r g = −0.47 ± 0.07). The genetic correlation between HR and HP was stronger for HP 24 (0.75) against HP 14 (0.58) and HP 18 (0.64). Although, the genetic correlation between NP 53 and Stay with HP 14 was higher (r g = 0.53 and 0.45) than those observed for HP 18 (r g = 0.46 and 0.38) and HP 24 (r g = 0.35 and 0.39). The genetic correlation estimates between HP and visual scores were moderate and favorable for HP 14. Selecting HP 14 is beneficial for production systems because it increases the NP 53 during the productive life without compromising heifer productivity or reproductive performance. However, attention should be given to improving the HR of heifers who become pregnant early. • Sexual precocity at 14 months improves herd productive longevity. • The probability of heifer early pregnancy increases as the yearling weight and weight gain class increase. • Precocious heifers produced lighter first progeny but had more at 53 months than late heifers. • Selecting for precocity increases the number of progeny, enhancing system profitability. • Attention should be given to improving rebreeding rates in pregnant heifers at 14 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grapevine moth Lobesia botrana is a major pest of vineyards worldwide. Chemical insecticides and the sexual confusion technique are used to reduce damage. Several biological control approaches are being studied, including the use of the obligate intracellular bacteria Wolbachia, however, this method has been little explored. To use this bacterium for pest control it is necessary to know if the target pest is infected. The aim of this study was to examine Wolbachia infection in L. botrana populations from different vine growing areas of San Juan, Argentina. Lobesia botrana were captured in vineyards using sticky traps with pheromones. Wolbachia infection was diagnosed using a specific PCR test and fully characterized using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) analyses. All populations tested were positive for Wolbachia, representing the first record of Wolbachia strains in grapevine moths from Argentina. The MLST analyses showed that Wolbachia strain belongs to supergroup B, clustering with other Wolbachia moth strains. More research is needed to understand the relationship between the grapevine moth and Wolbachia and how to use this to manage pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an innovative approach to address the pressing need for efficient and transparent evaluation techniques to assess extraction processes' sustainability. In response to society's growing demand for natural products and the consequent surge in biomass exploration, a critical imperative arises to ensure that these processes are genuinely environmentally friendly. Extracting natural compounds has traditionally been regarded as a benign activity rooted in ancient practices. However, contemporary extraction methods can also significantly harm the environment if not carefully managed. Recognizing this, we developed a novel metric, Path2Green, tailored specifically and rooted in 12 new principles of a green extraction process. Path2Green seeks to provide a comprehensive framework beyond conventional metrics, offering a nuanced understanding of the environmental impact of extraction activities from biomass collection/production until the end of the process. By integrating factors such as resource depletion, energy consumption, waste generation, and biodiversity preservation, Path2Green aims to offer a holistic assessment of sustainability of an extraction approach. The significance of Path2Green lies in its ability to distill complex environmental data into a simple, accessible metric. This facilitates informed decision-making for stakeholders across industries, enabling them to prioritize greener extraction practices. Moreover, by setting clear benchmarks and standards, Path2Green incentivizes innovation and drives continuous improvement in sustainability efforts, being a new user-friendly methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoporous gold electrodes are of great interest in electroanalytical chemistry, because of their unusual activity and large surface area. The electrochemical activity can be further improved by coating with molecular catalysts such as the tetraruthenated cobalt‐tetrapyridylporphyrazines investigated in this work. The plasmonic enhancement of the scattered light at the nanoholes and borders modifies the electrode's optical characteristics, improving the transmission through the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. When monitored by hyperspectral dark‐field and confocal Raman microscopy, this effect allows probing of the porphyrazine species at the plasmonic nanholes, improving the understanding of the chemically modified gold electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 80% of the food consumed worldwide is provided by agriculture, and almost 30% of these products are affected by phytopathogenic agents, which cause numerous plant diseases. Microorganisms have been used as biocontrol agents to eliminate or decrease damage caused by phytopathogens. For the application of biocontrol agents, such as strains of Bacillus velezensis , several parameters need to be considered, including their habitat and molecular and biochemical conditions, such as plant growth promotion and antifungal activity. B. velezensis strains also have potential as control agents against nematodes in greenhouse cultivation, as probiotic supplements for feed, to pretreat lignocellulosic materials, or in wastewater treatments through the enzymes they produce. Many microorganisms have been reported as bioagents for producing ecofriendly, cost-effective, and safe products. Some Bacillus species of bacteria can be used in agricultural applications. Bacillus velezensis in particular has shown promising results for controlling destructive phytopathogens and in biofungicide manufacturing. Some B. velezensis strains can promote plant growth and display antibiotic activities against plant pathogen agents. In this review, we focus on the often-overlooked potential properties of B. velezensis as a bioagent for applications that will extend beyond the traditional agricultural uses. We delve into its versatility and future prospects, the challenges such uses may encounter, and some drawbacks associated with B. velezensis -based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits (CF) are highly consumed worldwide, fresh, processed, or prepared as juices and pies. To illustrate the high economic importance of CF, the global production of these commodities in 2021 was around 98 million tons. CF's composition is considered an excellent source of phenolic compounds (PC) as they have a large amount and variety. Since ancient times, PC has been highlighted to promote several benefits related to oxidative stress disorders, such as chronic diseases and cancer. Recent studies suggest that consuming citrus fruits can prevent some of these diseases. However, due to the complexity of citrus matrices, extracting compounds of interest from these types of samples, and identifying and quantifying them effectively, is not a simple task. In this context, several extractive and analytical proposals have been used. This review discusses current research involving CF, focusing mainly on PC extraction and analysis methods, regarding advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of Green Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passive bristling mechanism of the scales on the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is hypothesized to play a crucial role in controlling flow separation. In the hypothesized mechanism, the scales are triggered in response to patches of reversed flow at the onset of separation occurring in the low-speed streaks that form in a turbulent boundary layer. The two goals of this investigation were as follows: (1) to measure the reversing flow occurring within the low-speed streaks in a separating turbulent boundary layer; (2) to understand the passive flow control mechanism of movable shark skin scales that inhibit reversing flow within the low-speed streaks. Experiments were conducted using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). DPIV was used to analyze the flow in a turbulent boundary layer subjected to an adverse pressure gradient formation over both a smooth flat plate and a flat plate on which shark skin specimens were affixed. The experimental analysis of the flow over the smooth flat plate corroborated the findings of previous direct numerical simulation studies, which indicated that the average spanwise spacing of the low-speed streaks increases in the presence of adverse pressure gradients upstream of the point of separation. However, the characteristics of the flow over the shark skin specimen more closely resemble that of a zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. A comparative analysis of the width and velocity of the reversed streaks between flat plate and shark skin cases reveals that the mean spanwise spacing decreases, and thus, the number of streaks increases over the shark skin. Additionally, the reversed streaks observed over shark scales are thinner and the highest negative velocity within the streaks falls within the range required to bristle the scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) in beef cattle can be investigated using reaction norm models to assess environmental sensitivity and, combined with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), to map genomic regions related to animal adaptation. Including genetic markers from whole-genome sequencing in reaction norm (RN) models allows us to identify high-resolution candidate genes across environmental gradients through GWAS. Hence, we performed a GWAS via the RN approach using whole-genome sequencing data, focusing on mapping candidate genes associated with the expression of reproductive and growth traits in Nellore cattle. For this purpose, we used phenotypic data for age at first calving (AFC), scrotal circumference (SC), post-weaning weight gain (PWG), and yearling weight (YW). A total of 20,000 males and 7,159 females genotyped with 770k were imputed to the whole sequence (29 M). After quality control and linkage disequilibrium (LD) pruning, there remained ∼ 2.41 M SNPs for SC, PWG, and YW and ∼ 5.06 M SNPs for AFC. Results: Significant SNPs were identified on Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 10, 11, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25 and 27 for AFC and on BTA 4, 5 and 8 for SC. For growth traits, significant SNP markers were identified on BTA 3, 5 and 20 for YW and PWG. A total of 56 positional candidate genes were identified for AFC, 9 for SC, 3 for PWG, and 24 for YW. The significant SNPs detected for the reaction norm coefficients in Nellore cattle were found to be associated with growth, adaptative, and reproductive traits. These candidate genes are involved in biological mechanisms related to lipid metabolism, immune response, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and energy and phosphate metabolism. Conclusions: GWAS results highlighted differences in the physiological processes linked to lipid metabolism, immune response, MAPK signaling pathway, and energy and phosphate metabolism, providing insights into how different environmental conditions interact with specific genes affecting animal adaptation, productivity, and reproductive performance. The shared genomic regions between the intercept and slope are directly implicated in the regulation of growth and reproductive traits in Nellore cattle raised under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphine is the most common fumigant used for stored product protection, and its use intensified with the global phasing out of methyl bromide due to its ozone depletion characteristics. These use patterns led to phosphine resistance, which was subjected to a globe-wide survey in the 1970's, but without a subsequent (global) update. Thus, the present work aimed to undertake a comprehensive review of the phosphine resistance literature published since the initial survey in 1975 until 2021. Next, meta-analyses were used to synthesize and quantify the resistance observed within the main insect pest species of stored products. Forty-six papers were recognized surveying 13 species of stored product insect species, encompassing 980 populations around the world; 72.96% of these populations exhibited phosphine resistance, and 10 out of the 13 species evaluated exhibited resistance in more than 60% of the populations tested. The most widespread problems were observed with the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). The frequency of resistant individuals ranged from 12 to 48% for the populations. The levels of phosphine resistance were higher for the lesser grain borer (73-fold on average), followed by the red flour beetle (32-fold), and the maize weevil (28-fold). Furthermore, a considerable variability was observed within species and among localities. Therefore, phosphine resistance remains an ongoing problem and worldwide concern, with increasing levels and prevalence among key pest species of stored products, although reports and monitoring are largely circumscribed to four countries–Australia, Brazil, Greece, and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal precipitation contrasts in South America (SA) associated with two types of multiyear El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events – reintensified and persistent – during the period 1901–2012 were investigated. These multiyear events differ in the timing of the maximum anomalies in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the central tropical Pacific Ocean during the austral summer of the first year (Y1) relative to the second year (Y2). These SST differences drive or couple with other modes of climate variability in the adjacent oceans, modifying in different ways the Walker circulation. For El Niño (EN), intensification [persistence] starts in the winter [autumn] following Y1 summer, when the strengthened [weakened] northeast [east] trade winds couple with the Walker circulation leading to the strengthening of subsidence in Indonesia and the intensification [persistence] of warming in the central Pacific until Y2 summer. In response, precipitation anomalies in SA during Y1 seasons exhibit different [similar] positioning and are more intense compared to the Y2 seasons during reintensified [persistent] events. For both events, dry conditions in northern and northeastern SA are modulated by the position and intensity of the descending branch of the Walker circulation. The most severe dry conditions occur in the Y1 summer, but they are more intense and with larger coverage during persistent events when EN is more intense. Wet conditions show substantial spatial variability in central eastern and southern SA and are associated with changes in regional atmospheric circulation and Rossby wave trains. Considering the linearity of ENSO, in the sense that EN and La Niña (LN) have nearly opposite effects, our results are also valid for LN events, but with reversed sign of the above-described precipitation and atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns. So, the results can be valuable for climate modeling, prediction, and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Bombycoidea caterpillars, renowned for their large size and diverse appearances, possess an intriguing hidden talent – the ability to ‘vocalise’. Vocalisation is a rare form of sound production in insects, whereby sounds emanate from the oral cavity by air being forced through the foregut. Here, we report on vocalisation in 10 Bombycoidea species that occur across three families. Sounds in all 10 species are evoked in response to simulated predator attacks. Species were identified as vocalisers based primarily on video evidence of mouthparts being open during sound production. Vocalisations, when considered collectively across all 10 species studied, sound like a train of ‘hisses’ (sound units) that occur following an attack. Each sound unit comprises a series of pulses (4– 104 on average) and is broadband with high dominant frequency (24–49 kHz on average). Given that vocalising species occur in different families across this large superfamily, we asked whether related species shared similar sound features. We found considerable overlap between sound characteristics of different vocalising species, suggesting a shared mechanism overall. However, distinct differences were also noted between families, suggesting that vocalisation may have evolved multiple times within Bombycoidea. The evolutionary origins and specific functions of vocalisation in caterpillars are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic selection (GS) offers a promising opportunity for selecting more efficient animals to use consumed energy for maintenance and growth functions, impacting profitability and environmental sustainability. Here, we compared the prediction accuracy of multi-layer neural network (MLNN) and support vector regression (SVR) against single-trait (STGBLUP), multi-trait genomic best linear unbiased prediction (MTGBLUP), and Bayesian regression (BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, BRR, and BLasso) for feed efficiency (FE) traits. FE-related traits were measured in 1156 Nellore cattle from an experimental breeding program genotyped for ~ 300 K markers after quality control. Prediction accuracy (Acc) was evaluated using a forward validation splitting the dataset based on birth year, considering the phenotypes adjusted for the fixed effects and covariates as pseudo-phenotypes. The MLNN and SVR approaches were trained by randomly splitting the training population into fivefold to select the best hyperparameters. The results show that the machine learning methods (MLNN and SVR) and MTGBLUP outperformed STGBLUP and the Bayesian regression approaches, increasing the Acc by approximately 8.9%, 14.6%, and 13.7% using MLNN, SVR, and MTGBLUP, respectively. Acc for SVR and MTGBLUP were slightly different, ranging from 0.62 to 0.69 and 0.62 to 0.68, respectively, with empirically unbiased for both models (0.97 and 1.09). Our results indicated that SVR and MTGBLUBP approaches were more accurate in predicting FE-related traits than Bayesian regression and STGBLUP and seemed competitive for GS of complex phenotypes with various degrees of inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

9H‐ and 7H‐2,6‐Diaminopurine (26DAP) photoinduced events in vacuum were studied at the MS‐CASPT2/cc‐pVDZ level of theory. The S11(ππ* La) state is initially populated evolving barrierless towards its minimum energy structure, from where two photochemical events can take place in both tautomers. The first is the return of the electronic population to the ground state via the C6 conical intersection (CI‐C6). The second involves an internal conversion to the ground through the C2 conical intersection (CI‐C2). According to our geodesic interpolated paths connecting the critical structures, the second route is less favorable in both tautomers, due to the presence of high energy barriers. Our calculations suggest a competition between fluorescence and ultrafast relaxation to the electronic ground state via internal conversion process. Based on our calculated potential energy surfaces and experimental excited state lifetimes from the literature, we can infer that the 7H‐ must have a greater fluorescence yield than the 9H‐tautomer. We also explored the triplet state population mechanisms on the 7H‐26DAP to understand their long‐lived components observed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim was to evaluate the effect different types of abdominal fat have on NAFLD development and the effects of abdominal fat has on the association between Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and NALFD. Methods: Data was collected from the cross-sectional NHANES dataset (2017–2018 cycle). Using the controlled attenuation parameter (USG CAP, dB/m), which measures the level of steatosis, the cohort was stratified into two groups: NAFLD(+) (≥274 dB/m) and NAFLD(-). Using complex samples analyses, associations between liver steatosis or NAFLD and types of abdominal fat area [Total abdominal (TAFA), subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral (VAT)] were determined. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to evaluate the associations between adipose tissues and NAFLD. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI)]. Participants were also classified by MetS, using the Harmonizing Definition criteria. Results: Using 1,980 participants (96,282,896 weighted), there was a significant (p<0.001) correlation between USG CAP and TAFA (r = 0.569), VAT (r = 0.645), and SAT (r = 0.479). Additionally, the risk of developing NAFLD was observed for total abdominal obesity (OR = 19.9, 95%CI: 5.1–77.8, p<0.001), visceral obesity (OR = 9.1, 95%CI: 6.2–13.5, p<0.001) and subcutaneous obesity (OR = 4.8, 95%CI: 3.2–6.9, p<0.001). Using 866 participants (44,399,696 weighted), for visceral obesity, participants with MetS and visceral obesity (OR = 18.1, 95%CI: 8.0–41.3, p<0.001) were shown to have a greater risk than participants with MetS only (OR = 6.3, 95%CI: 2.6–15.2, p<0.001). For subcutaneous obesity, again, participants with MetS and subcutaneous obesity (OR = 18.3, 95%CI: 8.0–41.9, p<0.001) were shown to have a greater risk than the MetS-only group (OR = 10.3, 95%CI: 4.8–22.4, p<0.001). Conclusion: TAFA, VAT, and SAT were positively associated with USG CAP values and increased the risk of developing NAFLD. Also, the type of abdominal fat depots did affect the association between MetS and NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt tectonics on passive margins are driven by sediment loading and gliding with minimal influence from basement-involved tectonics and is associated with variable and complex salt structures, such as minibasins and diapirs. A major enigma in salt tectonics is the origin of load-driven diapir-flanked minibasins, synclinal depocenters formed by localized subsidence of syn-kinematic sediments into salt. How can less-dense clastic sediments sink into the denser salt, promoting diapirism at their flanks? We use two-dimensional numerical modeling of lithospheric extension including syn- and post-rift sedimentation to understand the evolution of salt-tectonic minibasins along rifted passive margins. Our results show that these minibasins are driven by deposition of dense early post-salt carbonates and then amplified during progradation of less-dense and compacting clastics. In contrast, basin-scale salt flow driven by clastic progradation alone, without deposition of early post-salt carbonates, does not produce minibasins as observed on salt-bearing passive margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continental rifted margins can be associated with widespread and thick salt deposits, which are often formed during the final stages of rifting, prior to breakup. These salt‐bearing margins are typically characterized by pronounced post‐rift salt tectonics with variable and complex structural styles and evolution. We use a lithosphere‐scale geodynamic numerical model to investigate the role of varying post‐rift sediment fluxes and progradation rates on rifted margin salt tectonics. We focus on a single, intermediate, rifted margin type and salt basin geometry to explore scenarios with different: (i) constant and (ii) time‐varying post‐salt sediment fluxes. We demonstrate that these promote significant contrasts in the style and magnitude of salt tectonics in the proximal, transitional and distal margin domains. The differences are primarily controlled by the relationship between the rates of sediment progradation (Vprog) and salt flow (Vs). When Vprog > Vs, the salt is rapidly buried and both vertical and lateral salt flow are suppressed across the entire margin. When Vprog < Vs, the salt flows vertically and seaward faster than sediments prograde producing major diapirism in the proximal domain and major distal nappe advance, but only moderate overburden extension and distal diapirism. When Vprog ~ Vs, there is moderate proximal diapirism and distal nappe advance, but major updip extension and downdip shortening, which produces major distal diapirism. Modelling results are comparable to various natural systems and help improve our understanding of the controls and dynamics of salt tectonics along salt‐bearing rifted margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt‐bearing rifted margins comprise some of the most structurally complex and economically important sedimentary basin settings such as the South Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico salt basins. They are also involved with some of the largest uncertainties regarding the crustal and syn‐rift basin architecture and supra‐salt tectonic evolution, as well as the link between rifted margin architecture with salt deposition and post‐rift gravity‐driven salt tectonics. We thus conduct a margin‐scale study along nearly the entire West African salt basin, from South Gabon to Namibe, combining a vast data set of 2D and 3D seismic and well data with gravimetric and magnetic data to analyse its along‐strike rift and salt tectonic structural variability. We construct regional structural and thickness maps of key salt and post‐salt intervals to depict the history of individual margin segments and to investigate (1) how rifting and rifted margin architecture influences post‐rift salt tectonics evolution, (2) how these vary through time and space and (3) what are the controls between their different salt tectonic styles. We show that rifting and rift structures controlled the salt basin geometry, thickness and base‐salt relief in different ways for the different margin segments, and drastically influenced their post‐rift salt tectonic evolution. Differences in post‐salt sediment supply and continental uplift also had a role in their salt tectonic evolution. The results also have general implications to understand the interplay between rifted margin architecture with post‐rift salt tectonics for salt‐bearing rifted margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are widely used in global agriculture to achieve high productivity levels. Among them, fungicides are specifically designed to inhibit fungal growth in crops and seeds. However, their application often results in environmental contamination, as these chemicals can persistently be detected in surface waters. This poses a potential threat to non-target organisms, including humans, that inhabit the affected ecosystems. In toxicologic research, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is the most commonly used fish species to assess the potential effects of fungicide exposure, and numerous and sometimes conflicting findings have been reported. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the neurobehavioral effects of fungicides in zebrafish. Our search encompassed three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science), and the screening process followed predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We extracted qualitative and quantitative data, as well as assessed reporting quality, from 60 included studies. Meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes of distance traveled in larvae and adults and spontaneous movements in embryos. The results revealed a significant overall effect of fungicide exposure on distance, with a lower distance traveled in the exposed versus control group. No significant effect was observed for spontaneous movements. The overall heterogeneity was high for distance and moderate for spontaneous movements. The poor reporting practices in the field hindered a critical evaluation of the studies. Nevertheless, a sensitivity analysis did not identify any studies skewing the meta-analyses. This review underscores the necessity for better-designed and reported experiments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf-borne vibrations are predicted to be significant for caterpillar communication and risk assessment, but the caterpillar's vibratory landscape remains largely unknown. To address this, we used the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, as a model in our study with two main goals: (1) to characterize the vibratory landscape on a leaf in the presence of abiotic (wind and rain) and biotic (conspecifics and invertebrate predator) stimuli; and (2) to assess whether different larval instars detect and respond to those vibrations. Our findings show that abiotic and biotic vibrations were distinct from background noise, except for those produced by 1st instar larvae. Wind-induced leaf movement produced vibrations with a low-frequency and high-amplitude (< 100 Hz and 2.97 mm s−1), in contrast with raindrops (> 174 Hz; 3.25 mm s−1). The 2nd to 5th instar larvae and predatory stinkbugs moving on leaves produced vibrations with dominant frequencies ranging from 140 to 326 Hz and amplitudes from 1.42 to 2.95 mm s−1. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of vibrations across bean leaves revealed that abiotic vibrations were more widely spread across leaves, unlike the more concentrated biotic vibrations. Regarding the caterpillar response to vibratory stimuli, caterpillars exposed to abiotic stimuli behaved differently from undisturbed caterpillars, regardless of instar. By contrast, caterpillars exposed to biotic stimuli do not respond consistently. Our findings contribute insights into a caterpillar's vibroscape and support the hypothesis that armyworms can perceive and respond to both abiotic and biotic vibrations, filling a knowledge gap about this economically important pest species' sensory ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nemolestes and Procladosictis are Eocene sparassodonts of controversial affinities. Nevertheless, despite the poor preservation of their holotypes, several other specimens have been tentatively assigned to these genera, as exemplified by some isolated teeth from the Itaboraí and Laguna Fría faunas. Here, we revise specimens referred to Nemolestes and Procladosictis from Itaboraí, Laguna Fría and Ameghino's collection. Nemolestes differs from Patene in its more reduced metaconid, and "carnassialized" m4 (with reduced talonid and talonid cuspids, except the hypoconulid), features that make it possible to identify specimens from Itaboraí and Laguna Fría as Nemolestes. This taxon occurred from the early Eocene (Itaboraian SALMA) to the middle Eocene (Casamayoran SALMA). Nemolestes represents the oldest known hypercarnivorous sparassodont. The inclusion of Nemolestes and Procladosictis in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis recovered them in a polytomy as the sister taxa of Borhyaenoidea and a new unnamed clade that includes Lycopsis, Dukecynus, Hathliacynidae, Hondadelphys and Stylocynus. Nemolestes shares with these taxa, but not Patene, the presence of a "carnassialized" m4. Nemolestes differs from known borhyaenoids in the absence of a medially positioned protoconid and short anterolabial cingulid. Therefore, Nemolestes is an early lineage of Sparassodonta. "Procladosictis erecta" is a lower premolar of the unnamed clade, as it shows symmetric walls and a small precingulid. "Procladosictis erecta" should be, in fact, referred to Procladosictis. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that during the early middle Eocene (Laguna Fría and La Barda faunas), the unnamed clade and Borhyaenoidea had already diverged. Therefore, the evolutionary history of these groups is older than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold angular rolling process (CARP) has emerged as a potential continuous severe plastic deformation technique enabling the processing of bulk metal sheets with improved mechanical properties. The CARP technique involves a combination of cold rolling of a sheet by a single rotation roller followed by equal-channel angular pressing of the sheet passing through a bent channel. The present work uses finite element method (FEM) to model CARP by considering processing conditions, including different friction values and processing velocities for different copper and stainless steel alloys. The simulations reveal the influence of these processing parameters on distributions of strain, strain rate, stress (in both the metal sheet and the CARP tool), temperature, and torque requirements through one pass of CARP on the metal sheets. The modeling results are validated by the experimental characterization of the hardness distribution and microstructure after CARP on a copper sheet. The results from FEM are used to estimate the energy incorporated into different metal alloys at various processing conditions. Finally, this study discusses the feasibility of scaling up the CARP technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressurized techniques are straightforward for high-scale applications and highly controllable, which seems an excellent strategy for recovering unstable natural compounds. In this work, the main advance was the development of a platform based on the pressurized liquid extraction coupled in-line with a solid-phase extraction step (PLE-SPE) combined with the use of eutectic mixtures as solvents to promote an efficient extraction and purification of natural pigments from food wastes. Eutectic mixtures, conventionally known as (deep) eutectic solvents - (D)ES, are combinations of two or more substances with a lower melting point than any of their components. (D)ES are often referred as "green solvents" because they can potentially be more environmentally friendly than other solvents, especially volatile organic solvents (VOSs). Overall, (D)ES have the potential to contribute to the achievement of several of the SDGs (especially 3, 13, and 14) through their positive impacts on health, environment, and sustainable production and consumption practices. Thus, in this work, (D)ES were used as solvents to valorize Brazilian berry waste (Plinia cauliflora). Anthocyanins are the biomass's main compounds of commercial interest, mainly for food and cosmetic applications. However, there are several technological issues regarding color control due to their high sensitivity to light, heat, oxygen, and pH variations. Thus, the data achieved in this work highlighted the high efficiency and low environmental footprint of the PLE-SPE-(D)ES platform developed. The success of the downstream process here developed was proved by the high extraction efficiency and the purity level of the anthocyanins obtained. Besides, thermal stability analysis was evaluated, demonstrating that (D)ES are not only solvents but also stabilizing agents, improving the shelflife of the extracted colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rio do Peixe Basin is part of a series of aborted Cretaceous rifts formed within the Proterozoic Borborema Province, onshore NE Brazil in response to rifting between Africa and South America. The basin is remarkably well‐imaged and comprises fault‐bounded depocentres, the main ones being the NE‐oriented Brejo das Freiras and the E–W‐oriented Sousa half‐grabens. These grabens and their bounding faults are influenced by Neoproterozoic basement shear zones and present a complex framework of secondary normal faults and folds. Recent workers also interpret large reverse faults and regional post‐rift shortening driven by far‐field stresses from the Andes. For those reasons, the basin represents an ideal setting to investigate the multiphase history of rift basins. We thus combine borehole‐calibrated 2D and 3D seismic and magnetic data with section restoration and numerical modelling to investigate the architecture and evolution of this basin. We aim to understand: (i) the controls of the basement fabric in 3D fault architecture and kinematics and (ii) how syn‐rift faults controlled the geometry and development of fault‐related folds. By doing this, we also investigate the timing, kinematics, and magnitude of inversion in the basin to explore its multiphase history. We demonstrate that (i) the basement fabric controlled not only the strike of faults but also their geometry and polarity at depth, (ii) folds in the syn‐rift sequence are attributed simply to syn‐rift extension along stepped and/or curved faults, and (iii) inverted and/or reverse faults occur within the basin, but these are minor and appear to have formed during rifting. We explain this minor inversion by a change in plate kinematics related to the onset of the nearby transform margin to the north. These results have implications for understanding the 3D evolution of oblique grabens, the role of structural inheritance, and the recognition of inversion‐ versus extension‐related folds in rift basins worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The astonishing diversity of ancient mountains was likely shaped by multiple evolutionary processes. However, there is an ongoing debate on what were the main processes driving the assembly of campos rupestres, the mega‐diverse flora of Eastern South American mountains. Although the ancient nature of these mountains suggests their flora should be composed by relatively older lineages, they harbour a number of recently diverged clades. To better understand the evolution of ancient mountains' floras, we tested if the campos rupestres are mainly composed by relatively old or recent communities and if angiosperm diversity is geographically structured using analyses of diversity and endemism. Location: Eastern South America. Time Period: Oligocene/Miocene to the present. Taxon: Flowering plants. Methods: We used analyses of diversity and endemism for 10% of the campos rupestres flora. We obtained distribution data from online databases, and phylogenetic hypotheses from the literature. With these datasets, we estimated alpha and beta metrics of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, and conducted categorical analyses of neo‐ and palaeo‐endemism. Results: Phylogenetic overdispersion predominates in the campos rupestres. However, this general pattern is permeated by both lineage‐ and site‐specific phylogenetic clustering, suggesting that recent diversification events depend on particular regional conditions and on the overall maintenance of old lineages. Although endemism patterns vary among different campos rupestres sites, palaeo‐endemism is widespread and particularly prominent where phylogenetic overdispersion is evident. Moreover, while phylogenetic composition indicates variable past spatial connections across different sites, taxonomic composition is highly geographically structured and seems to be influenced by the vegetation surrounding the campos rupestres and/or by abiotic conditions. Main Conclusions: Our results reinforce the idiosyncratic nature of diversification patterns in ancient mountains and suggest that old, climatically buffered, infertile montane ecosystems not only include both relatively old and recent lineages, but that recent diversification is lineage‐ and spatially‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition formed by several species from different geographical origins. The complex propolis composition requires an accurate and reproducible characterization of samples to standardize the quality of the material sold to consumers. This work developed an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector method to analyze propolis phenolic compounds based on the two key propolis biomarkers, Artepillin C and p‐Coumaric acid. This choice was made due to the complexity of the sample with the presence of several compounds. The optimized method was hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection allowing the detection of 23 different compounds. A step‐by‐step strategy was used to optimize temperature, flow rate, mobile phase composition, and re‐equilibration time. Reverse‐phase separation was achieved with a C18 fused‐core column packed with the commercially available smallest particles (1.3 nm). Using a fused‐core column with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography allows highly efficient, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible determination of compounds extracted from propolis with an outstanding sample throughput and resolution. Optimized conditions permitted the separation of the compounds in 5.50 min with a total analysis time (sample‐to‐sample) of 6.50 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe slugging is a prevalent issue in offshore oil wells that significantly hampers oil production. While active pressure control has proven effective in mitigating this problem, determining optimal setpoints remains a manual and labor-intensive procedure. This study introduces the Input-Output Cross Autocorrelation Diagram (IO-CAD), which examines both input and output autocorrelations to provide a more comprehensive assessment of control loops compared to previous methods that only use output autocorrelation data. Four indicators based on IO-CAD were developed and tested in two case studies involving offshore oil production. They were compared to an oscillation detection method published in the literature, as oscillations in the control loop may indicate the slugging flow. Early detection of slugging patterns is crucial in offshore oil production to prevent severe slugging and stabilize control loops. The results demonstrated that the IO-CAD indicators are robust against setpoint changes, disturbances, and noise in the control loop performance assessment, while the oscillation detection method from the literature is sensitive to measurement and process noise, as well as control loop oscillations. • The study presents the IO-CAD, a novel method for assessing control loop performance. • IO-CAD handles diverse data types, including oscillatory and stationary, ensuring versatility and computational efficiency. • The method is simple for real-time implementation. • The efficiency of IO-CAD was demonstrated through case studies involving actual and simulated offshore oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whiteleg marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei , originally from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, now inhabits tropical waters across Asia and Central and Southern America. This benthic species exhibits rapid growth, wide salinity and temperature tolerance, and disease resistance. These physiological traits have led to extensive research on its osmoregulatory mechanisms, including next-generation sequencing, transcriptomic analyses, and lipidomic responses. In crustaceans, osmotic and ionic homeostasis is primarily maintained by the membrane-bound metalloenzyme (Na+, K+)-ATPase. However, little is known about how various ligands modulate this enzyme in P. vannamei. Here, we examined the kinetic characteristics of the gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase to get biochemical insights into its modulation. A prominent immunoreactive band of ~120 kDa, corresponding to the (Na+, K+)-ATPase alpha-subunit, was identified. The enzyme exhibited two ATP hydrolyzing sites with K 0.5 = 0.0003 ± 0.00002 and 0.05 ± 0.003 mmol L−1 and was stimulated by low sodium ion concentrations. Potassium and ammonium ions also stimulated enzyme activity with similar K 0.5 values of 0.08 ± 0.004 and 0.06 ± 0.003 mmol L−1, respectively. Ouabain inhibition profile suggested a single enzyme isoform with a K I value of 2.10 ± 0.16 mmol L−1. Our findings showed significant kinetic differences in the (Na+, K+)-ATPase in Penaeus vannamei compared to marine and freshwater crustaceans. We expect our results to enhance understanding of the modulation of gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase in Penaeus vannamei and to provide a valuable tool for studying the shrimp's biochemical acclimation to varying salinity conditions. [Display omitted] • P. vannamei gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase exhibits two ATP hydrolyzing sites. • The enzyme affinity for NH 4 + is 100-fold greater compared to other crustaceans. • Low Na+ concentration stimulates (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity by 50 %. • The activity of (Na+, K+)-ATPase is not synergically stimulated by K+ and NH 4 + together. • The microsomal preparation contains significant (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Harnessing macroalgae extracts with eutectic solvents for sustainable solutions. • Exploring eutectic solvents as critical components in macroalgae extracts. • Unlocking the potential of eutectic solvents for generating macroalgae extracts of high biological value. • Pioneering sustainable approaches in macroalgae extract production: novel insights and hurdles. The article discusses how aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can foster a sustainable economy, mainly through the (green + blue) economy, which involves valorizing macroalgae to produce ready-to-use extracts. It focuses on the potential of eutectic solvents (commonly known as deep eutectic solvents − DES) as promising candidates for this purpose. Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds from macroalgae, which rely on organic solvents and aqueous buffers, often involve harsh conditions and extensive processing. These factors can lead to reduced extract quality and/or low yields. In contrast, if properly designed, DES presents a green and sustainable alternative. They offer advantages such as low volatility, adjustable polarity, and negligible toxicity, making them a more environmentally friendly and efficient option for extraction processes. They can be customized to enhance both biological and technological properties, resulting in extracts with unique characteristics such as increased antioxidant activity, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as improving the viscoelasticity of polysaccharides (fucoidans, alginates, and κ-carrageenan) from macroalgae. In this sense, the tunable nature of DES enables the optimization of extraction conditions to maximize yield, purity, and bioactivity, making it a smart alternative for producing bio-based products. Despite limited literature on DES for this purpose, the article highlights their potential and outlines the main advantages and challenges needed for macroalgae valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclones represent a cost-effective solution employed for the separation of particles in gas-solid streams, wherein the enhancement of performance relies on the careful balance between pressure drop and collection efficiency. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to numerically assess a large-scale first stage cyclone within a cement kiln cyclone tower. Investigating its reported low collection efficiency, we analyze the impact of geometric modifications aimed at enhancing cyclone performance. The introduction of a dipleg proves to be particularly effective, leading to a substantial increase in collection efficiency and a reduction in pressure drop. The most favorable cyclone configuration demonstrates a remarkable 6 % improvement in collection efficiency and a decrease in pressure drop of approximately 1 mbar. Consequently, particle emissions from the first-stage cyclone are reduced by approximately 30 %, while an increase in clinker production by approximately 100 tons per day is achieved. These findings showcase the potential for significant operational and environmental benefits through optimized cyclone design in cement manufacturing processes. [Display omitted] • CFD techniques for evaluation of large-scale first stage cyclone in a cement kiln. • A diagnosis to explain a poor performance of industrial cyclone based on CFD. • Prognosis proposition for cyclone redesign. • A dipleg improved the efficiency while reducing the pressure drop in cyclone. • The best cyclone presents an emission reduction of 30 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to design a sequential biorefinery from wine-making by-products for the obtaining value-added products, focusing on extracting natural pigments and the evaluation of bioenergy produced by remaining biomass from Carménère Grape Residues (CGR) through slow pyrolysis. To achieve these goals, solid-liquid extraction of pigments from CGR was performed using a reusable bio-based solvent. Concurrently, these pigments' antioxidant activity and toxicity were evaluated in embryo cells, exploring their potential applications in the cosmetic industry. Secondly, it focused on applying the residual colorless biomass derived from the initial extraction process. This involved the evaluation of kinetic triplet: apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction model. From these parameters, the thermodynamic properties (∆H, ∆G, and ∆S) were estimated. The results from the first step revealed the recovery of 18.21 mg/g CGR of total anthocyanin that exhibited robust antioxidant capabilities and compatibility with biological systems, indicating potential applications in the cosmetic industry. The pyrolysis of residual colorless biomass revealed a complex chemical structure with multiple stages of decomposition. The kinetic parameters, including activation energy and pre-exponential factor, indicated better energy yield than other biomass, highlighting the potential for bioenergy production. The difference between activation energy and standard enthalpy of the reaction was less than 5.72 kJ/mol, indicating a favorable exothermic reaction and the feasibility of the energetic process. This study provides insights into the dual benefits of utilizing CGR for pigments recovering and bioenergy, contributing to sustainable practices towards a circular economy model. [Display omitted] • CGR pigments extracted for cosmetic industry showed potent antioxidant properties. • Safety assessment using HET-CAM assay showed no skin irritation potential. • Pyrolysis of residual biomass from extraction process revealed complex decomposition stages. • Kinetic studies indicated multistage reaction with varying activation energy values. • Thermodynamic parameters estimated for bioenergy production feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Highlighting a new green extraction platform for the valorization of grape pomace; • Investigating the techno-economic analysis of a eutectic solvent extraction approach; • Exploring the potential of alternative extraction processes based on DES in the industrial sector; • Discussing process design integration for DES recycling. A techno-economic analysis of a novel eutectic solvent-based platform useful to recover anthocyanins from grape pomace was performed. The study addressed the economic impact of conventional drying methods and explored the economic implications of purification strategies to separate the extract from the eutectic solvent. This was exemplified by employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18-based adsorbent material. An alternative low-energy demanding approach using SiO 2 particles was also assessed for profitability as a freeze-drying replacement strategy. The results highlighted challenges in the economic feasibility of eutectic solvent reusability when conventional SPE is applied, highlighting the need to obtain new and inexpensive bio-based adsorbents. Moreover, it was uncovered that the SiO 2 -based drying strategy presents itself as a financially viable alternative, effectively addressing the elevated energy requirements associated with conventional drying methods. The findings highlight the potential of alternative solvents-based processes, particularly towards challenges related to the circularity of raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the study of sedimentary facies, the reconstruction of paleoenvironments depends on a detailed understanding of the taphonomy of a fossil accumulation. The Capianga Member of the Aliança Formation (Middle to Late Jurassic of the Jatobá Basin, northeastern Brazil) reveals vertebrate fossil accumulations composed predominantly of disarticulated bone and osteoderms, scales, spines and isolated teeth from a lacustrine paleoenvironment. However, the taphonomic history of the accumulation has not yet been studied extensively. The present work aims to interpret taphonomic facies based on lithological data and the systematic collection of fossils from the Capianga Member of the Aliança Formation, located in the northeastern portion of the Jatobá Basin, mainly in the municipality of Ibimirim. Six lithofacies were identified: Fm – massive claystones, Fl – Shale laminated Lt – calcilutites, Lc – calcarenites, Gf – fibrous gypsum and Scl – calciferous sandstones. Two primary taphonomic classes were recognized, consisting essentially of disarticulated elements, including (1) incomplete, semi-complete, or rarely complete bioclasts (such as osteoderms and fish scales) and (2) small-sized, occasionally complete bioclasts (osteoderms and scales) that sometimes compose bonebeds. According to the vertebrate taphonomy characteristics, three taphofacies were identified, with the Taphofacies A and B occurring in calcarenites and the Taphofacies C in calcilutites. The interpretation of these taphofacies reveals a multi-episodic history of the lacustrine environment. The integrated model suggests that the genesis of the identified taphofacies is linked to the action of lowering the water level of the paleolake, as well as the agents responsible for transport and disarticulation. These agents are related to pre-burial sub-aerial exposure, the action of unidirectional turbidity currents in shallow waters, and the likely influence of storms. • Climatic conditions in Gondwana contributed to the disarticulation of vertebrate fauna. • First taphonomic model for a Jurassic vertebrate fauna from Western Gondwana. • Taphofacies studies contribute to elucidating the Mesozoic paleoclimate. • Taphonomic artifacts aid in reconstructing paleoenvironments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full implementation of phylogenetic classifications remains pending, particularly to delimit infrageneric divisions of large genera. Mimosa, one of the largest genera of Fabaceae, includes five sections and 41 series, most of which are not monophyletic. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationship among species of Mimosa series Pachycarpae and Setosae, two diverse series from the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) Domain. We analysed morphological and molecular data for a wide taxonomic sample in a total-evidence approach. Our results show the non-monophyly of these series is more problematic than previously realized and extends to M. series Piresianae. Nonetheless, most taxa of M. series Pachycarpae and Setosae fall in a clade, which has an enlarged underground organ as one of its synapomorphies and an important functional trait underlying adaptation to fire in the Cerrado Domain. On the basis of these results, and after transferring some species to M. series Piresianae, we synonymize M. series Setosae under M. series Pachycarpae. These updates are a first step towards aligning the infrageneric classification of Mimosa with the tenets of phylogenetic systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association between CT-based percentage of pathological lung opacities volume (%PLOV) and the occurrence of adverse outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Methods: An observational, longitudinal, single-center study was performed including patients with COVID-19. CT-based lung segmentation was performed to calculate %PLOV. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of adverse lung event (ALE), defined as ICU admission, the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Mann-Whitney U test was performed for univariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of critical illness. Results: 138 patients (84 men [61%]) with a mean age of 47.3 years were enrolled. Median %PLOV was 28.64% (interquartile range [IQR], 6.33-47.22%). ALE occurred in 52 patients (38%) with an overall mortality rate of 21% (29 patients). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that %PLOV was an independent predictor of ALE with an Odds ratio of 1.049 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.014-1.085) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, a %PLOV of 64% demonstrated a 25.5-fold increased risk of ALE with a sensitivity and specificity higher than 75% (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The quantitative evaluation of chest CT impacts the determination of severity of COVID-19 pneumonia on admission. %PLOV was the strongest predictor for the development of ALE in hospitalized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Santos Basin, offshore Brazil contains a complex set of salt‐tectonic structures, the origins of which are debated, that is, the Albian Gap and the São Paulo Plateau (SPP). The Albian Gap is a ca. 450 km long, 60 km wide feature characterized by a post‐Albian, counter‐regional rollover overlying depleted Aptian salt, and in which the Albian is largely absent. The SPP, located immediately downdip, is defined by a pre‐salt structural high overlain by ca. 2.5 km thick salt. Another prominent feature is the Merluza Graben, a rift‐related depocentre that underlies the southern portion of the Albian Gap and displays significant (3–4 km) base‐salt relief along its main faults. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain the kinematics of these provinces. One invokes post‐Albian extension in the Albian Gap and kinematically‐linked contraction in the SPP. The other invokes post‐Albian salt expulsion in the Albian Gap and salt inflation in the SPP. Recent studies, however, suggest these processes likely alternate in time and space, contributing nearly equally to the evolution of these domains. We apply 3D physical modelling to (i) test this hypothesis; and (ii) to more generally understand how gravity gliding and spreading over three‐dimensionally variable base‐salt relief control regional salt tectonics. The results show a similar salt‐related evolution and structural styles to those proposed in the most recent studies. They also (i) explain the origin of the ca. 25 km wide diapir precursor of the Albian Gap by early salt inflation against base‐salt steps; (ii) show that normal faults with different polarities and rollover types form due to the interplay between gliding and spreading over different base‐salt domains and (iii) provide a mechanism for the origin of strata encased within salt structures. This improves our understanding of the distribution and origin of salt‐related structural styles in worldwide salt basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continental rifted margins are often associated with widespread, thick evaporite (i.e., salt) deposits and pronounced salt tectonics. The majority of salt basins formed during the latest stages of rifting, prior to continental breakup. We use 2D thermo‐mechanical finite element modeling of lithospheric extension to investigate the interplay between rifted margin architecture, late syn‐rift salt deposition, and post‐rift salt tectonics. We focus on four different types of continental margins: (a) narrow, (b) intermediate, (c) wide, and (d) ultra‐wide margins. We evaluate the: (a) interplay between laterally variable syn‐rift extension, salt deposition and salt tectonics, (b) influence of syn‐rift basin architecture on post‐rift salt flow, (c) spatial and temporal distribution of salt‐related structural domains, and (d) contrasting styles of salt tectonics for different margin types. Narrow and intermediate margins form partially isolated salt basins associated with prominent base‐salt relief, limited translation but significant diapirism, and minibasin development. Wide and ultra‐wide margins form wide salt basins with subtle base‐salt relief that results in significant seaward salt expulsion and overburden translation. These wide margins demonstrate significant updip extension with the development of post‐rift normal faults and rollovers, mid‐margin translation associated with complex diapirism and downdip diapir shortening. All margins contain a distal salt nappe that varies in width and complexity. We also test the effect of different salt viscosities, relative post‐salt progradation rates, and pre‐salt sediment thicknesses. The results are comparable to several examples of salt‐bearing rifted margins and improve our understanding of their dynamics and on the controls on their salt tectonics variability. Plain Language Summary: Rifting of the continental lithosphere can lead to continental breakup and formation of continental margins, which are often associated with widespread, thick salt basins that deform in a ductile fashion and produce complex geological structures. Most of these basins formed during the latest stages of rifting, prior to continental breakup. We use 2D thermo‐mechanical numerical modeling of lithospheric extension to investigate the interplay between rifted margin architecture, late‐syn‐rift salt and post‐rift salt tectonics for four different types of margins: (a) narrow, (b) intermediate, (c) wide, and (d) ultra‐wide. We evaluate the interplay between syn‐rift extension, salt deposition and deformation, the influence of rift basin architecture on post‐rift salt flow, and the contrasting styles and magnitudes of salt deformation for different margin types. Narrow and intermediate margins form isolated salt sub‐basins associated with prominent relief, limited seaward translation but significant vertical salt flow. Wide and ultra‐wide margins form broad salt basins with subtle relief, significant seaward salt expulsion, updip extension, translation and downdip shortening. All margins contain a distal salt sheet advancing laterally over newly formed oceanic crust. The results can be directly compared to several examples of salt‐bearing rifted margins worldwide and provide an improved understanding of their dynamics. Key Points: We use geodynamic models of lithospheric extension to investigate post‐rift salt tectonics for different types of rifted marginsNarrow margins form partially isolated salt sub‐basins associated with prominent relief, limited seaward translation but major diapirismWide margins form large salt basins with low relief, major seaward salt expulsion, nappe advance, updip extension and downdip shortening [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) seed costs have motivated interest in reduced seeding rates to improve profitability while maintaining or increasing yield. However, little is known about the effect of early-season plant-to-plant spatial uniformity on the yield of modern soybean varieties planted at reduced seeding rates. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate traditional and devise new metrics for characterizing early-season plant-to-plant spatial uniformity, (ii) identify the best metrics correlating plant-to-plant spatial uniformity and soybean yield, and (iii) evaluate those metrics at different seeding rate (and achieved plant density) levels and yield environments. Soybean trials planted in 2019 and 2020 compared seeding rates of 160, 215, 270, and 321 thousand seeds ha−1 planted with two different planters, Max Emerge and Exact Emerge, in rainfed and irrigated conditions in the United States (US). In addition, trials comparing seeding rates of 100, 230, 360, and 550 thousand seeds ha−1 were conducted in Argentina (Arg) in 2019 and 2020. Achieved plant density, grain yield, and early-season plant-to-plant spacing (and calculated metrics) were measured in all trials. All site-years were separated into low- (2.7 Mg ha−1), medium- (3 Mg ha−1), and high- (4.3 Mg ha−1) yielding environments, and the tested seeding rates were separated into low (< 200 seeds m−2), medium (200–300 seeds m−2), and high (> 300 seeds m−2) levels. Out of the 13 metrics of spatial uniformity, standard deviation (sd) of spacing and of achieved versus targeted evenness index (herein termed as ATEI, observed to theoretical ratio of plant spacing) showed the greatest correlation with soybean yield in US trials (R2 = 0.26 and 0.32, respectively). However, only the ATEI sd, with increases denoting less uniform spacing, exhibited a consistent relationship with yield in both US and Arg trials. The effect of spatial uniformity (ATEI sd) on soybean yield differed by yield environment. Increases in ATEI sd (values > 1) negatively impacted soybean yields in both low- and medium-yield environments, and in achieved plant densities below 200 thousand plants ha−1. High-yielding environments were unaffected by variations in spatial uniformity and plant density levels. Our study provides new insights into the effect of early-season plant-to-plant spatial uniformity on soybean yields, as influenced by yield environments and reduced plant densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generic delimitation in Piptadenia and allies (mimosoid legumes) has been in a state of flux, particularly caused by over-reliance on fruit and seed morphology to segregate species out of Piptadenia into the genera Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Pseudopiptadenia. Although supporting their segregation from Piptadenia, previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that some of these segregated genera are not monophyletic. Here, we test the monophyly of Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Pseudopiptadenia with dense taxon sampling across these genera, including the type species of each genus. Our analysis recovers Parapitadenia as monophyletic, but places Pseudopiptadenia species in two distinct lineages, one of which includes all three species of Pityrocarpa. Given that the type species of both Pseudopiptadenia and Pityrocarpa are nested in the same clade, we subsume Pseudopiptadenia under the older name Pityrocarpa. The remaining Pseudopiptadenia species are assigned to the new genus Marlimorimia. Alongside high molecular phylogenetic support, recognition of Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Marlimorimia as distinct genera is also supported by combinations of morphological traits, several of which were previously overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: This article approaches the medical ethnobotany of the Criollos of the east of the province of Formosa (Argentina) from the description and study of a particular typical pathology of their ethnomedicine named py'a ruru, as a local name for hepatitis or stomach swelling, (its etiology, therapeutics and the plants involved in its treatment). These rural and peri-urban populations wiht Hispanic-Guarani roots, live in the Chaco Húmedo region and in their medicine and ethnobotany classificatory were observed notions related to the Hippocratic-Galenic theory, as occurs in the medicines and ethnobotany of other human groups of the country and of America. M&M: Ethnobotanical information was collected through semi-structured interviews. Plant material was collected in the forest and also plant samples were acquired in a market. Results: The etiology and therapeutics of py'a ruru are exhaustively described and analyzed. The 21 vegetal species used in its therapeutics are detailed. 10 of them are classified as "fresh remedies" and 7 of them as "drying remedies". Furthermore, these species imply 21 medical ethnobotanical data. Conclusions: The continuities and discontinuities of warm-fresh and dry-humid notions typical of the local Criollos in their medical ethnobotany and ethnomedicine, together with the 21 plant species used in the treatment of the disease described, allow us to glimpse the wealth of knowledge that are used in domestic and specialists medicine in the east of the province of Formosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decapod Crustacea exhibit a marine origin, but many taxa have occupied environments ranging from brackish to fresh water and terrestrial habitats, overcoming their inherent osmotic challenges. Osmotic and ionic regulation is achieved by the gill epithelia, driven by two active ATP-hydrolyzing ion transporters, the basal (Na+, K+)-ATPase and the apical V(H+)-ATPase. The kinetic characteristic of gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase and the mRNA expression of its α subunit have been widely studied in various decapod species under different salinity challenges. However, the evolution of the primary structure has not been explored, especially considering the functional modifications associated with decapod phylogeny. Here, we proposed a model for the topology of the decapod α subunit, identifying the sites and motifs involved in its function and regulation, as well as the patterns of its evolution assuming a decapod phylogeny. We also examined both the amino acid substitutions and their functional implications within the context of biochemical and physiological adaptation. The α-subunit of decapod crustaceans shows greater conservation (∼94% identity) compared to the β-subunit (∼40%). While the binding sites for ATP and modulators are conserved in the decapod enzyme, the residues involved in the α-β interaction are only partially conserved. In the phylogenetic context of the complete sequence of (Na+, K+)-ATPase α-subunit, most substitutions appear to be characteristic of the entire group, with specific changes for different subgroups, especially among brachyuran crabs. Interestingly, there was no consistent separation of α-subunit partial sequences related to habitat, suggesting that the convergent evolution for freshwater or terrestrial modes of life is not correlated with similar changes in the enzyme's primary amino acid sequence. Topology of gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase highlighting the amino acid residue substitutions shown in a decapod phylogeny. [Display omitted] • The decapod (Na+, K+)-ATPase α-subunit shows greater conservation than β-subunit. • The binding sites for ATP and modulators are conserved in the decapod enzyme. • Most substitutions of α-subunit emerged at the onset of the Decapoda lineage. • Convergent evolution for freshwater life is not linked to similar sequence changes. • Substitution at TM1–2 may cause lower sensitivity to ouabain in decapods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, insulin resistance fluctuated during the menstrual cycle. • Older females showed a different rhythmicity than younger females. • The Triglyceride-glucose-BMI index is better associated with the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) than other indices. • The Triglyceride-glucose-BMI index did not fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. • To assess insulin resistance, the day of the menstrual cycle must be considered. To determine how age affects insulin resistance during the menstrual cycle and insulin resistance-associated indices: the Triglyceride-glucose and Triglyceride-glucose-BMI indexes. This prospective observational study used fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and days since the start of the menstrual period collected from the NHANES dataset (1999–2006). Insulin resistance was determined using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The participants were categorized as young (16–34 years) or older (>35 years). Rhythmicity during the menstrual cycle was analyzed using the Cosinor and Cosinor2 packages for R. Cosine fit curves for insulin resistance during the menstrual cycle and age-associated effects on rhythmicity. Using 1256 participants, rhythmicity was observed for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) but not for fasting plasma glucose, the Triglyceride-glucose index, or the Triglyceride-glucose-BMI index. Significant amplitudes for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were observed when age was considered. Acrophases for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were significant only for the younger group, and the differences between these groups were significant, suggesting that the changes in scores for insulin resistance for the younger and older groups occur at different times of their menstrual cycle. Insulin resistance does fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, and it is at a maximum at different times for younger and older women. Since these results are unadjusted, this study is preliminary and further investigation is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Macrobrachium amazonicum complex is composed of at least the Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium pantanalense species, with the latter described from specimens originally identified as part of an endemic M. amazonicum population in the Brazilian Pantanal region. While there may be a reproductive barrier between these two Macrobrachium species, both are phylogenetically close, with small genetic distance. However, there is currently no available biochemical information of Macrobrachium pantanalense (Na+, K+)-ATPase. Here, we report the kinetic characteristics of the gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase in two populations of M. pantanalense from Baiazinha Lagoon (Miranda, MS, Brazil) and Araguari River (Uberlândia, MG, Brazil), and compare them with Macrobrachium amazonicum populations from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin. (Na+, K+)-ATPase activities were 67.9 ± 3.4 and 93.3 ± 4.1 nmol Pi min−1 mg−1 protein for the Baiazinha Lagoon and Araguari River populations, respectively. Two ATP hydrolyzing sites were observed for the Araguari River population while a single ATP site was observed for the Baiazinha Lagoon shrimps. Compared to the Araguari River population, a 3-fold greater apparent affinity for Mg2+ and Na+ was estimated for the Baiazinha Lagoon population, but no difference in K+ affinity and ouabain inhibition was seen. The kinetic differences observed in the gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase between the two populations of M. pantanalense , compared with those of various M. amazonicum populations, highlight interspecific divergence within the Macrobrachium genus , now examined from a biochemical perspective. [Display omitted] • (Na+, K+)-ATPase exhibits two ATP hydrolyzing sites for the Araguari River population. • Mg2+ and Na+ affinities are 3-fold greater in the Baiazinha Lagoon population. • (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity is ∼40% greater for the Araguari River population. • (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity in M. pantanalense is lower than in M. amazonicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a Bayesian approach for sequential detection of anomalies in the motion of a target and joint tracking. The anomaly is modeled as a binary (on/off) switching unknown control input that goes into action (begins to exist, or "switches on") thereby modifying the object dynamics; and by ceasing its activity (becoming nonexistent, or "switching off") returns the dynamics to nominal. The developed Bayesian framework brings together random finite set (RFS) theory to represent the switching nature of the anomaly, and optimal joint input and state estimation to sequentially update a hybrid state that incorporates a random vector for the kinematic state and a Bernoulli RFS for the unknown control input. In addition, a closed-form solution, the Gaussian-mixture hybrid Bernoulli filter (GM-HBF), has been developed to provide a customized solution for dynamic anomaly detection in the maritime domain characterized by linear Gaussian target dynamics. Based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck dynamic model for vessels, where the evolution of the object velocity is governed by a piecewise mean-reverting stochastic process, the anomaly can be represented by a change in the long-run mean velocity (i.e., the unknown control input) from the nominal condition that forces the vessel to deviate from its standard route. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GM-HBF in both simulated and real-world maritime surveillance applications and test its performance in the face of false measurements, detection uncertainty, and sensor data gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on insect biotremology has resulted in a burgeoning body of literature over the past few decades. Despite this, several biases and knowledge gaps have been proposed, but not quantified. Therefore, a systematic literature review and meta-analyses were carried out to summarize the temporal trends and test for biases regarding taxa, developmental stages, and research topics reported in scientific papers spanning 75 years. The survey tracked 831 papers, which exhibited exponential growth since the 1990s and covered 17 insect orders. Among these studies, 70.4% were associated with adaptive behaviors, while the remaining (29.6%) focused on applied entomology and sensory organs. Three main biases were detected: (i) a prevalence of studies on Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, (ii) a focus on adults, and (iii) a preponderance of studies on reproductive behaviors. Considering only adaptive behaviors, the likelihood of studies with adults was 3× higher than for juveniles. Studies documenting receiver response were 2× higher than not. Still, few insect orders (9 of 17) included reports on vibrations used in an adaptive context, while studies reported in the remaining orders focused on mechanisms of vibration production or vibration characteristics. The results of this study highlight knowledge gaps worthy of future investigations. In particular, further research is necessary on the role of vibratory sensing and communication in juveniles (eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs), testing hypotheses on the adaptive roles of vibrations in a broader range of taxa, characterization of vibratory landscapes, and research on sensory receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]