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The single‐molecule electronic devices offer the ultimate solution to miniaturize integrated circuits, and subthreshold swing (SS) is the key indicator of the power consumption for single‐molecule transistors but is still quite restricted. In this study, the redox‐mediated single‐molecule transistor with a SS down to 120 mV decade−1 in the faradaic potential region via the electrochemical‐STM break junction (EC‐STM‐BJ) technique is fabricated. With an off‐state leakage current of less than 10 pA and an on/off ratio of 100, the balance between low static power consumption and a high switching ratio is achieved. The theoretical investigations reveal that the conductance tuning is from the difference of transmission in the redox process. The study provides a new strategy for the design of single‐molecule transistors with promising SS, which is essential for the potential application of single‐molecule devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) wild relatives are rich genetic resources for genetic improvement of wheat. The short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) contains many beneficial genes for resistance to drought, insects, and diseases, therefore the 1RS wheat translocations have been widely used in wheat breeding programs worldwide. To facilitate marker‐assisted identification of 1RS in wheat breeding, we designed a set of Kompetitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers to detect the translocations of 1RS with long arm from wheat chromosome 1A (1RS.1AL) and 1RS with long arm from wheat chromosome 1B (1RS.1BL) based on the sequence flanking single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) between wheat and rye panels. We identified a set of three SNP markers for diagnosis and differentiation of the two 1RS translocations in wheat. Among the three KASP markers, 1AS‐05056 is 1RS specific, and clearly separated the genotypes with 1RS (1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL) from those without the two 1RS translocations; whereas 1AS‐29875 clearly identified the 1RS.1AL translocation and 1BS‐16654 separated 1RS.1BL from 1RS.1AL. The three new KASP markers together accurately identified the presence of 1RS translocation on either 1A or 1B chromosome in a panel of 95 representative U.S. winter wheat accessions, which were further validated in two additional U.S. hard winter wheat panels. Therefore, they can be used for routine screening of 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL translocation lines in wheat breeding programs. Core Ideas: 1RS, 1AS, and 1BS specific SNPs were identified by analyzing GBS‐SNPs from both wheat and rye panels.Three chromosome‐arm‐specific KASPs clearly detected the 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL translocations in wheat.Three KASP markers were diagnostic for 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL in two U.S. hard winter wheat panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is one of the most widely cultivated brown marine macroalgae species in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific Oceans. To meet the expanding demands of the sugar kelp mariculture industry, selecting and breeding sugar kelp that is best suited to offshore farm environments is becoming necessary. To that end, a multi-year, multi-institutional breeding program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program. Hybrid sporophytes were generated using 203 unique gametophyte cultures derived from wild-collected Saccharina spp. for two seasons of farm trials (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). The wild sporophytes were collected from 10 different locations within the Gulf of Maine (USA) region, including both sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and the skinny kelp species (Saccharina angustissima). We harvested 232 common farm plots during these two seasons with available data. We found that farmed kelp plots with skinny kelp as parents had an average increased yield over the mean (wet weight 2.48 ± 0.90 kg m−1 and dry weight 0.32 ± 0.10 kg m−1) in both growing seasons. We also found that blade length positively correlated with biomass in skinny kelp x sugar kelp crosses or pure sugar kelp crosses. The skinny x sugar progenies had significantly longer and narrower blades than the pure sugar kelp progenies in both seasons. Overall, these findings suggest that sugar x skinny kelp crosses provide improved yield compared to pure sugar kelp crosses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WenTongGanPi Decoction (WTGPD) is a representative medical practice of the Fuyang School of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which originated from the classical Lu's Guizhi method. WTGPD places emphasis on the balance and functionality of yang qi, and is effective in treating TCM symptoms related to liver qi stagnation and spleen yang deficiency. In TCM, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is often diagnosed as liver depression and spleen deficiency, and the use of WTGPD has shown significant therapeutic effect. However, the underlying mechanism of WTGPD treating IBS-D remains unclear. To explore the effect and mechanism of WTGPD in the treatment of IBS-D. An IBS-D model with liver depression and spleen deficiency was constructed by chronic immobilization stress stimulation and sennae folium aqueous gavage. The impact of WTGPD on IBS-D rats was evaluated through measurements of body weight, fecal water content, and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR). Intestinal permeability was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE), alcian blue-periodic acid schiff (AB-PAS), immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The components of WTGPD were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The underlying mechanisms were investigated through network pharmacology, transcriptomics sequencing, western blot (WB), molecular docking, and 16S rRNA sequencing. WTGPD treatment effectively alleviated diarrhea and abnormal pain in IBS-D rats (P < 0.05). It enhanced the intestinal barrier function by improving colonic structure and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins (P < 0.05). A total of 155 components were identified in WTGPD. Both network pharmacology and transcriptomics sequencing analysis highlighted MAPK as the key signaling pathway in WTGPD's anti-IBS-D effect. The WB results showed a significant decrease in p-p38, p-ERK and p-JNK expression after WTGPD treatment (P < 0.0001). Guanosine, adenosine and hesperetin in WTGPD may be involved in regulating the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK. Additionally, WTGPD significantly enhanced microbial diversity and increased the production of colonic valeric acid in IBS-D rats (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our findings suggest that WTGPD can effectively alleviate IBS-D and improve intestinal barrier likely via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway and improving micobial dysbiosis. [Display omitted] • WTGPD effectively ameliorates diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. • WTGPD improves intestinal barrier function by inhibiting p38/ERK/JNK MAPK signaling pathway. • Guanosine, Adenosine and Hesperetin in WTGPD may be involved in regulating the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK. • For the first time, WTGPD was found to improve microbial diversity in IBS-D rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall objective of this study is to present an assessment of embryonic sporophyte development directly "seeded" on growing substrates using the proprietary binder AtSea and three formulations of calcium alginate. We conducted two independent experiments under controlled conditions in a laboratory setup. First, we compared the effect of salinity (0 ppt, 29 ppt, and 35 ppt) on the performance of the calcium alginate formulations. Second, we assessed the effect of direct seeding with binders on the development of sporophytes of four different size classes (i.e., 83.7, 183.1, 345.2, and 522.0 μm in length). Our results show that salinity affects the performance of calcium alginate with 0 ppt media allowing the formation of a thicker hydrogel than that formulated with 29 and 35 ppt. Results also show that AtSea retained more sporophytes than any formulations of calcium alginate. Although effective when cultures were maintained in complete stillness (i.e., no water motion), we detected 70–80% detachment when aeration was added. We also observed what appeared to be delayed sporophyte development compared with sporophytes growing as free floaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We modified the CO 2 transfer in social-economic system as a metabolic process in ecosystem. • We utilized ecological network analysis to study the flow variation in global, national, and bilateral scale. • We put up a plan to adjust current mitigation targets set by Paris Agreement based on our study results. Abstract A large share of total global CO 2 emissions results from the production processes of internationally traded goods and services. Such emissions have been referred to as virtual or embodied CO 2 flows. Hence, it is important to understand the directions, locations, and drivers of carbon flows resulting from global trade. To analyze these flows, hotspots, divisions of labor, and directions of flows in the global production and consumption web, we applied a multi-national framework based on a combination of multi-region input-output tables with ecological network analysis. We found that the CO 2 flows between the 40 key countries within the network doubled between 1996 and 2011, and the trade-related emission hub shifted from Europe to Asia. We analyzed a large number of CO 2 transfer paths and their changes over time. We found that the United States participated the most in big paths, including those that represent carbon flows between the United States and both developed and developing countries, whereas developing countries such as China and India participated more in the fast-growing paths, and especially in paths between pairs of developing countries. In contrast, traditionally active countries, including Russia and Germany, grew at a slower rate, resulting in a progressively smaller share in the global system. Taking these large and important CO 2 transfers into consideration, we proposed adjustments to the national mitigation targets set by the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon transfer in international trade has triggered disputes on environmental equity between developed and developing countries. Hence, it is urgent to make it clear the carbon transfer process of international trade between China and the United States, explore the adjustment plan of emission reduction responsibility and formulate targeted emission reduction measures. These will play an important leading and demonstration effect in addressing global warming and coordinating international carbon reduction. This study built a CO 2 international trade transfer network model of China and the United States. Based on identifying the carbon transfer path flowing from primary product sector to final production sector, and then to final consumption, we analyzed the industrial association relationship and distribution differences between China and the United States with external countries and regions. Lastly, we put forward emission reduction policy implication in industrial scale. The key paths of China and the United States are concentrated in the two export and import transfer types respectively. Among the key paths of China's bilateral primary production export type, paths from domestic Electricity, Gas and Water to foreign Construction accounted for the largest 40% share. As for the United States, transfer type of bilateral final production import is the most prominent, and path number and flow from foreign Transport to domestic Public Administration both accounted for more than 30%. Based on shared responsibility to adjust the emission reduction tasks under the Paris Agreement, China and the US will allow to emit 10% more and reduce 6% more, reaching 54% and 25% respectively. Taking into full consideration the national economic development level and the differences in the production technology level of industrial sectors, as well as the upstream and downstream related sectors' relationship, the refined emission reduction strategy is proposed from different aspects, such as technical assistance, financial support, import control, technology sharing and consumption transformation. • CO 2 transfer patterns are divided. • Industrial flows are analyzed. • Mitigation pathways are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO 2 emission induced by international trade brings a plenty of pressure on global warming. Hence, it is important to understand multi-regional CO 2 flows that result from global trade and flow variation of different paths. After transforming capital flows into CO 2 carbon flows, we built an ecological network model of the global trade system's carbon metabolism. Through ecological network analysis, we identified the direct and indirect effects of temporal CO 2 flows in the network. We found that the total integral flow through the network experienced a remarkable increase during the study period. In addition, total import and export flows of four countries, including US, China, Germany and Russia, turned out to be rather big. Direct flow share was usually beyond 50% between two geographical adjacent countries, while that share was below 50% when two countries are far away. This research reveals the importance role of indirect flows and can therefore provide an empirical basis for adjusting and optimizing global trade network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nine cross border CO 2 transfer types are been divided based on geographical features. • Each path consists of primary & final production sectors and final consumption. • Path analysis results can serve for further precise mitigation plans. CO 2 transfers induced by international trade account for nearly a quarter of total CO 2 emissions, becoming the hotspots of global carbon mitigation. However, current analysis paid little attention to the spatial characteristics and multiple roles of the international sector, making it difficult to serve mitigation policies quantitatively. In this study, we built a CO 2 transfer framework, in which the path flowed through the primary production sector, final production sector, and final consumption. We considered the domestic and foreign location differentiation to divide import and export transfers into nine spatial patterns. We figured out critical paths that influenced the total exports and imports, respectively, traced their temporal variation as well. Primary production export and import transfers with single foreign countries were the most significant transfer types in China and the United States, respectively, both with an average share of about 35%. In the key export and import paths, Transportation in the United States, and Electricity, Gas, and Water in China (both accounting for about half of the total export transfers) acting as primary production sectors had close export connections with foreign Electrical and Machinery sectors and Construction; the US's Public Administration and the China's Construction (about 1/4 and 1/3 of the total import transfers) acting as final production sector had close import associations with foreign Transportation sectors and Electricity, Gas and Water sectors, respectively. The results can lay a foundation for further macro mitigation regulation and precise sectoral reduction plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using traditional methods, this paper gave assessment to the extent of sandy desertification and the changes of land use in eight counties in Horqin Sandy Land over the period 1980–2010. A coupling model was established on the base of general Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to better understand the roles of economic growth and other factors to sandy desertification in an integrated framework. To avoid the bias owing to the data discordance and the autocorrelation in time series data, Unit Root Test was applied and an ARDL model was established to improve the EKC model. The results showed that there was a positive linear correlation between the extremely severe sandy desertification per capita and the real agricultural GDP per capita in the short run, while there was a Kuznets Curve in the long run, showing the effect of economic growth as both the pressure on land and the capability to alleviate the risk of sandy desertification in different phases. The effect of economic growth on sandy desertification was greatly influenced by exogenous factors, including strategy factors, climatic factors and the extent of sandy desertification itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using glucosamine hydrochloride as the starting material, 4‐(methoxycarbonyl)‐5‐methyl‐1‐propyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acid (3) was initially created as an intermediate compound by cyclization and oxidation in order to create novel high temperature stable pyrrole compounds. Furthermore, Steglich esterification was used to produce N‐substituted pyrrole esters (4 a–4 t). All the new compounds were verified using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13CNMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS) techniques were used to examine the thermal behaviors of the compounds 4 f, 4 g, 4 i, and 4 q. Ester bonds from the pyrolysis products 4 g, 4 i, and 4 q might be severed which were consisted of the raw materials as well as the substrates, such as menthol, phenethyl and pyrrole derivatives which are commonly utilized in the sector of spices in foods and cigarette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02345-4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final consumption of the United States and China strongly affects global greenhouse gas emission. We analyzed the amount of CO 2 transfers by the two countries caused by final consumption and its structural distribution from 1993 to 2013. We identified the key domestic and foreign sectors and transfer paths among the sectors that contributed most to final consumption. The total consumption-based transfer quantity increased to 1.2 and 3.6 times the 1993 value for the United States and China, respectively, whose domestic production and consumption were around 75 and 90% of the total, respectively. The key domestic sectors in both countries were the Electricity, Gas, and Water sector, the Transportation sector, and the Petroleum, Chemical, and Non-Metallic Mineral Products sector, which each accounted for 20–30% of the total. Among the domestic transfer paths, the American Electricity, Gas, and Water sector and Transportation sector, and China's Construction sector, had the most connections to other sectors. We identified frequent contributions of foreign sectors to final consumption in both countries. Their dominant transfers were to the American Public Administration sector and Education, Health, and Other Services sector, and to China's Construction sector. Understanding these key sectors and the paths among them can provide the scientific basis for improved national emission mitigation plans. • We focused on the CO 2 transfer of the United States and China from 1993 to 2013. • We decomposed the consumption-based CO 2 in four structural parts. • We presented industrial and path features domestically and abroad of these two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenorhabdus, known for its symbiotic relationship with Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This dual-host symbiotic nematode exhibits pathogenic traits, rendering it a promising biocontrol agent against insects. Our prior investigations revealed that Xenorhabdus stockiae HN_xs01, isolated in our laboratory, demonstrates exceptional potential in halting bacterial growth and displaying anti-tumor activity. Subsequently, we separated and purified the supernatant of the HN_xs01 strain and obtained a new compound with significant inhibitory activity on tumor cells, which we named XNAE. Through LC-MS analysis, the mass-to-nucleus ratio of XNAE was determined to be 254.24. Our findings indicated that XNAE exerts a time- and dose-dependent inhibition on B16 and HeLa cells. After 24 h, its IC50 for B16 and HeLa cells was 30.178 µg/mL and 33.015 µg/mL, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed conspicuous damage to subcellular structures, notably mitochondria and the cytoskeleton, resulting in a notable reduction in cell numbers among treated tumor cells. Interestingly, while XNAE exerted a more pronounced inhibitory effect on B16 cells compared to HeLa cells, it showed no discernible impact on HUVEC cells. Treatment of B16 cells with XNAE induced early apoptosis and led to cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, as evidenced by flow cytometry analysis. The impressive capability of X. stockiae HN_xs01 in synthesizing bioactive secondary metabolites promises to significantly expand the reservoir of natural products. Further exploration to identify the bioactivity of these compounds holds the potential to shed light on their roles in bacteria-host interaction. Overall, these outcomes underscore the promising potential of XNAE as a bioactive compound for tumor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is necessary for global food and nutrition security. Reducing plant height is an effective strategy to increase lodging resistance, harvest index, and eventually wheat yield. Rht8 is a gibberellic acid–sensitive reduced height (Rht) gene and has been cloned. Rht8 encodes a ribonuclease H‐like (RNHL) superfamily protein that reduces plant height without reduction in coleoptile length. High‐throughput diagnostic markers are not available for precise selection of RNHL in wheat breeding. In this study, we found that different cultivars may carry 1–3 copies of RNHLs on chromosome 2D, and only 2D carries the semi‐dwarf allele of RNHL although the wild‐type RNHL allele is detected in several other chromosomes. We developed two kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers, Rht8‐KASP‐V2 and Rht8‐KASP‐V3, based on the causal variation in RNHL. The two markers co‐segregated with plant height in a recombinant inbred population and were validated in a panel of hard winter wheat breeding lines from the 2022 Regional Germplasm Observation Nursery and Regional Performance Nursery. Rht8 has not been extensively deployed in US hard winter wheat and development of the diagnostic KASP markers will facilitate Rht8 transfer to US wheat cultivars. Core Ideas: Each cultivar carries 1–3 copies of ribonuclease H‐like domains (RNHLs) on 2D and mutations in all those copies determine Rht8 phenotype.Two kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed for the recently cloned Rht8 gene.The two markers were diagnostic for Rht8 in a wheat diversity panel.Low Rht8 frequency in US wheat suggests high potential of using Rht8 in the United States to improve US wheat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type synthesis of parallel mechanism is regarded as the theoretical basis and source for the original innovation design of mechanical devices and robots. A new method for type synthesis of the fully-decoupled two-rotational and one-translational (2R1T) parallel mechanisms with three degrees of freedom is proposed in this paper. Based on the actuation wrench screw theory, the mathematical model mapping the input and output velocity vector space of the fully-decoupled 2R1T parallel mechanism is established. The actuation wrench screws and the actuated twist screws of the corresponding branches are derived according to the mathematic model. The forms of the unactuated screws are determined in terms of the reciprocal product theory. Structural synthesis of the branch chains is realized. Then type synthesis of parallel mechanisms is completed as well and lots of novel mechanisms are obtained. Finally, a 2RUPU-PU parallel mechanism synthesized is taken as an example to analyze its mobility and kinematics. Results show that the mechanism has two-rotational and one-translational degrees of freedom and its Jacobian matrix is a diagonal matrix, i.e., it has the fully-decoupled kinematic characteristics. Therefore, the method proposed is correct and effective to synthesize the fully-decoupled 2R1T parallel mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenorhabdus can produce a large number of secondary metabolites with insecticidal, bacteriostatic, and antitumor activities. Efficient gene editing tools will undoubtedly facilitate the functional genomics research and bioprospecting in Xenorhabdus. In this study, BlastP analysis using the amino acid sequences of Redαβ or RecET recombinases as queries resulted in the identification of an operon (XBJ1_operon 0213) containing RecET-like recombinases encoding genes from the genome of Xenorhabdus bovienii strain SS-2004. Three proteins encoded by this operon was indispensable for full activity of recombineering, namely XBJ1-1173 (RecE-like protein), XBJ1-1172 (RecT-like protein), and XBJ1-1171 (single-strand annealing protein). Using this newly developed recombineering system, a gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of a novel secondary metabolite (Min16) was identified from X. stockiae HN_xs01 strain. Min16 which exhibited antibacterial and cytotoxic activities was determined to be a cyclopeptide composed of Acyl-Phe-Thr-Phe-Pro-Pro-Leu-Val by using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and was designated as changshamycin. This host-specific recombineering system was proven to be effective for gene editing in Xenorhabdus, allowing for efficient discovery of novel natural products with attractive bioactivities. Key points: • Screening and identification of efficient gene editing tools from Xenorhabdus • Optimization of the Xenorhabdus electroporation parameters • Discovery of a novel cyclopeptide compound with multiple biological activities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Understanding the variance of antioxidant in wheat grain responses to irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertiliser management will improve the nutrient quality of wheat grain. Four N rates (0, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha−1) combined with irrigation times (I0, no irrigation; I1, jointing time irrigation; I2, jointing + flowering time irrigation), were used to determine the effect of N fertilisation and irrigation on total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity (AOA) of wheat grain. RESULTS Irrigation, N fertilisation and their interactions had significant effect on TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC), AOA, p-coumaric acid (PCA), as well as vanillic acid (VA) and chlorogenic acid (CA). I1N300 treatment had the highest TPC at Zhengzhou and Wenxian (1451.5 µg g−1 and 1397.9 µg g−1, respectively) location, while I1N240 resulted in the highest TFC (0.75 mg g−1) and VA (19.77 µg g−1) at Wenxian. TPC, TFC, AOA, ferulic acid (FA), PCA and VA increased with N application rate (from 180 to 300 kg N ha−1). CONCLUSION An appropriate irrigation and N management improved antioxidant content and AOA in wheat grain. Generally, I1N240 and I1N300 treatment resulted in the higher TPC, TFC, AOA, as well as phenolic acid, i.e. FA and VA. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade has shifted part of the responsibility for carbon mitigation from consumers to producers, therefore quantifying mitigation targets and allocating responsibilities have become the focus of research. This study quantified carbon transfers between mainland China and its trade partners from a consumption perspective, and identified the transfer paths from initial production to final production and then consumption. We projected China's allowed carbon increment before peak carbon, and recommend policy measures based on different national technological levels. Given China's 1.25 Gt net exports of carbon, the country's share of the allowed carbon increment before peak carbon would increase from 30% to 51% in 2015 before 2030. The net carbon transfer paths from China driven by consumption by its trading partners accounted for 87% of the total number of paths, with paths to the United States and Hong Kong for exports of both primary and final products being the most prominent. On the other hand, the net carbon import transfer paths driven by China's consumption were dominated by imports of primary products from South Korea and Russia. In comparison with the production country, a country that drives net carbon transfers and has a higher technological level should strengthen its industrial and consumption structures and reduce emission through technical assistance to countries with a lower technological level; the latter should improve production efficiency to reduce imported demand and mitigate the emission. Our study provides a methodological framework and theoretical guidance for a more scientific and equitable allocation of carbon mitigation responsibilities. [Display omitted] • Global consumption drove 1.25 Gt of net carbon transfer from China in 2015. • China's allowed carbon increment share before peak would increase from 30 to 51%. • China's net export carbon transfer paths were exporting primary and final products. • China's net import carbon transfer paths were importing primary products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The recessive Hessian fly resistance gene h4 and flanking SNP markers were located to a 642 kb region in chromosome 1A of the wheat cultivar 'Java.' Hessian fly (HF), Mayetiola destructor, is one of the most destructive insect pests in wheat worldwide. The wheat cultivar 'Java' was reported to carry a recessive gene (h4) for HF resistance; however, its chromosome location has not been determined. To map the HF resistance gene in Java, two populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from 'Bobwhite' × Java and 'Overley' × Java, respectively, and were phenotyped for responses to infestation of HF Great Plains biotype. Analysis of phenotypic data from the F1 and the RIL populations confirmed that one recessive gene conditioned HF resistance in Java. Two linkage maps were constructed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). The h4 gene was mapped to the distal end of the short arm of chromosome 1A, which explained 60.4 to 70.5% of the phenotypic variation for HF resistance in the two populations. The GBS-SNPs in the h4 candidate interval were converted into Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP) markers to eliminate the missing data points in GBS-SNPs. Using the revised maps with KASP markers, h4 was further located to a 642 kb interval (6,635,984–7,277,935 bp). The two flanking KASP markers, KASP3299 and KASP1871, as well as four other closely linked KASP markers, may be useful for pyramiding h4 with other HF resistance genes in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor Say), is a destructive insect pest in most wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing areas worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars can effectively reduce HF damage. The wheat cultivar 'Seneca' was reported to carry resistance genes H7 on chromosome 5D and H8 with unknown location. To further validate the resistance gene locations in Seneca, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from Bobwhite × Seneca was genotyped using 3,330 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) and phenotyped for HF resistance in the greenhouse experiments. Phenotypic analyses showed at least two genes conditioning HF resistance in Seneca, but none of them was mapped on chromosome 5D, as previously reported. Instead, one major gene, designated as H7, was mapped to chromosome 6A and explained 60.7–78.3% of the phenotypic variation. The other gene with a minor effect, designated as H8, was found on chromosome 2B and explained 3.2–4.7% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the physical locations of flanking markers for H7 in the Chinese Spring reference genome, H7 was physically located in a 6‐Mb interval on 6AL. This study reassigned the major gene H7 to chromosome 6A and the minor gene H8 to 2B in Seneca using a high‐density SNP map. Seventeen GBS SNPs mapped in the H7 region were converted into Kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers for selecting this gene in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of cigarette paper properties on the combustion coal fallout propensity of burning slim cigarette, cigarette paper with different parameters ( grammage, air permeability, hemp pulp content, ash content, burn promoter content and proportion of potassium salts in burn promoter) was selected and the samples of fine cigarette were made. The parameters were set optimization. The results showed that the combustion coal fallout propensity of slim cigarettes decreased rapidly with the increase of paper grammage. The presence of air permeability, hemp pulp content and ash content in cigarette papers was able to promote the fallout propensity of combustion coal, in a content-dependent manner. Meanwhile, air permeability of cigarette paper exhibited a positive correlation to the combustion coal fallout propensity. The change of burn promoter content had no significant effect on reducing the tendency of the fallout propensity of combustion coal, while the excessively high proportion of potassium salts in burn promoter would cause the tendency of the fallout propensity of combustion coal to fall rapidly. The four parameters of air permeability, grammage, burn promoter content and proportion of potassium salts in burn promoter were sorted in descending order of the influence on the combustion coal fallout propensity as below: air permeability > grammage > proportion of potassium salts in burn promoter > burn promoter content. The combustion coal fallout propensity decreased from6. 3% to 2.5% with the optimum cigarette paper parameters of air permeability 50 CU, grammage 34 ⋅ m-2, proportion of potassium salts in burn promoter 50%, burn promoter content 1.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing scale and scope of global trade, the magnitude of the CO 2 flows embodied in goods and services through international trade has aroused great concern among researchers and governments. In this study, we established a global network model of CO 2 transfers from 2001 to 2010 using ecological network analysis and data from the World Input-Output Database for 40 selected countries whose GDP accounted for more than 85% of the total global GDP. Based on the utility analysis, we determined the ecological relationships among the countries involved in the global trade network and their changes during the study period. The analysis revealed that competition and exploitation/control relationships dominated the global network, with each accounting for more than 40% of the total relationships throughout the study period; mutualism accounted for the smallest proportion (less than 4%). More than 80% of the competition and 75% of the exploitation/control relationships were within Europe or involved flows from Europe to North America or Asia. Finland, France, Japan, Greece, and Spain had the largest proportions of competition relationships. In Denmark, Luxembourg, Malta, and Switzerland, exploitation was dominant, whereas in Russia, Indonesia, and India, control was dominant. Our analysis identifies the key nodes of the many adverse ecological relationships within the global CO 2 network and those with more mutual relationships. Our work provides a scientific basis for developing more ecologically sustainable national and global CO 2 flows through trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce was successfully fabricated by a sample solvothermal sulfidation and in-situ synthesis. • The hybrid of CoS can reduce the band gap energy of ZnIn 2 S 4. • The doping of Ce can induce the significant separation of the photo-generated electrons and holes in CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce. • The degradation of phenol, nicotine, benzopyrene and nitrosamine by CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce is attributed to O 2 − and OH. Nowadays, researchers make great effects to eliminate some harmful chemicals produced by tobacco. Photocatalysis is one of the most advanced techniques and can degrade organic contaminants effectively. In this paper, a novel CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce heterostructured cage was successfully prepared for degradation. After various characterizations, CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce exhibited a significant separation of the photo-generated electrons and holes and could degrade phenol effectively no matter under UV light (98.46 %) or visible light (96.72 %). Furthermore, CoS@ZnIn 2 S 4 -Ce could degrade nicotine (91.62 %), benzopyrene (84.65 %) and nitrosamine (99.18 %) effectively under visible light. The effects of the initial conditions on degradation of phenol was also well investigated. The optimal conditions were 0.5 g/L of catalyst dosage, 4.35–7.00 of pH value and 10 mg/L of phenol initial concentration. OH and O 2 − were the main active radicals during the photo-degradation process. On this basis, a possible photocatalytic degradation pathway for degradation of contaminants produced by tobacco are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flavonoids are the low molecular weight polyphenolic secondary metabolic compounds, and have various functions in growth, development, reproduction, and stress defense. However, little is known about the roles of the key enzymes in the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway in response to drought stress in winter wheat. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of flavonoids biosynthesis genes and accumulation of flavonoids in wheat leaves under drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that there were a rapid increase in expression levels of TaCHS, TaCHI, TaF3H, TaFNS, TaFLS, TaDFR, and TaANS under drought stress in two wheat cultivars Aikang 58 (AK) and Chinese Spring (CS). The cultivar CS exhibited higher genes expression levels of TaCHS, TaCHI, TaF3H, TaFLS, TaDFR, and TaANS, and the cultivar AK showed a higher expression level of TaFNS gene during drought treatment. The increase rates of genes expression were superior in AK compared to CS. Total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, anthocyanin content, and schaftoside content in wheat leaves were enhanced during drought treatment and cultivar CS had a relative higher accumulation. These results suggest that the flavonoids pathway genes expression and accumulation of flavonoids compounds may be closely related to drought tolerant in wheat. Further, flavonoids response mechanism may be different between wheat cultivars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The hierarchical structure could give information to a low-carbon city. • Energy-related carbon emission of economic activities dominated the system. • Integrated flows indicated the importance of primary consumers and producers. • Beijing's spatial gradients transformed from single-center to multi-center. • Beijing's ecological hierarchy indicated a better organized metabolic structure. An integral analysis of urban carbon metabolism can support efforts to build a more sustainable city: the spatial gradients provide insights into how to guide future land use and cover change, while ecological network hierarchy provide insights into the self-mutualistic interactions of the city's carbon metabolic structure. In this study, we combined a spatially explicit network with carbon budget of energy consumption and land use and cover change in Beijing, China. From 1990 to 2010, energy related carbon emissions accounted for roughly 90% of the city's total. The network's integrated flux decreased at an average rate of 7.5%. The output flux primarily decreased when moving outward from the center through the periphery of southeastern plains and towards the northwestern mountains. In contrast, the input flux increased moving from the periphery to both the center and mountains. The ecological hierarchy was irregular based on both the driving and pull weights for the components of the model, with excessively small producer and decomposer layers and excessively large consumer layers. The changing structure of Beijing's carbon metabolism over time indicated a tendency to a better organized city. Understanding the evolution of these hierarchies during urban development provides a more solid empirical basis for improving use of the urban space and reducing carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated analysis of urban carbon metabolism from both input and output perspectives can present new insights to support carbon mitigation. In this study, we combined a previously developed spatially explicit network model with an analysis of carbon sequestration and emission by different land use or cover types, and illustrate its use by examining carbon flows in Beijing, China, from 1990 to 2015. The goals were to characterize the temporal changes of the integrated (total direct + indirect) flow structure by applying ecological network analysis and to identify the structure of the urban metabolism by analyzing temporal and spatial changes of the integrated flows. The results showed that the similarity between input and output trophic structures and their spatial pattern indicate increasingly carbon-balanced urbanization by Beijing. The balanced input and output flows for the transportation and industrial land and cultivated land played key roles in forming a central area of aggregated carbon flows between the city's peripheral plains, which also resulted in similar trophic structures for inputs and outputs. Understanding the evolution of the integrated flows during urban development provides a more solid empirical basis for regulating land-use change, improving land consolidation, and reducing carbon flows. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]