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This research addresses the complex dynamics of hybrid Casson nanoliquids in flow and heat transfer applications, focusing on the interaction between fluid dynamics and thermal phenomena in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), viscous dissipation, and Joule heating. The motivation behind this study stems from the need to enhance the efficiency of heat transfer processes in various engineering applications, such as cooling systems and electronic devices, where hybrid nanofluids can offer superior thermal performance compared to conventional fluids. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive numerical investigation of a hybrid Casson nanoliquid over a moving permeable surface, incorporating a detailed analysis of MHD effects, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating. Using the Tiwari and Das model to formulate the governing equations, the study employs similarity transformations to convert these equations into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB is then used to derive numerical solutions, with a stability analysis ensuring the physical dependability of these solutions. Key findings reveal that the temperature distribution of the hybrid nanoliquid shows a positive correlation with both Prandtl and Hartmann numbers. Additionally, a positive relationship between temperature and the Eckert number is observed. These insights offer valuable guidance for engineers aiming to optimize heat transfer processes using hybrid nanofluids, highlighting their potential for improved thermal management in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat exchangers play a vital important role in industries and processing equipment's. Among them, the double pipe heat exchanger facilitates the exchange of heat between two fluids through surface tubes. This study aimed to investigate various thermal performance parameters of baseline water and Aluminum oxide nanofluid at various volume concentrations and flow rates. The results were compared between baseline water and Aluminum oxide nanofluid using a test rig at the temperature range of 60 °C for industrial applications. The nanofluid sample was prepared by adding very small-sized (20nm) Al2O3 nanoparticles in the baseline water within the range of 0.10% to 0.175% using a standard two step method for the sterilization process. The nanoparticle and baseline water were under set by a hot plate mechanical stirrer for approximately 2 hours to ensure the proper dispersion before the tests, rendering the nanofluid stable for 12 hours. The Laminar-Transition flow double pipe heat exchanger (test rig) operated at flow rates ranging from 1.6×10-5-3.3×10-5 m3/sec (1-2 LPM) within the range of Reynolds number from 1700 to 3400 at volume concentration of 0.10% to 0.175% Moreover, an addition of 0.175% of Al2O3 nanoparticle in the baseline improved the average heat transfer coefficient from 140% to 155%, thermal conductivity of 21.6% and, 5.94% efficiency in counter flow direction and also showed higher friction factor i.e. 2.81% than baseline water. The results suggest that Al2O3-nanofluid at 0.175% could function very well as working fluid for industrial requirements compared to the conventional baseline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to predict the thermal observations for hybrid nanofluid conveying the thin film flow influenced by the suction phenomenon and slip consequences. The copper and aluminum nanoparticles are utilized to explore the hybrid nanofluid features. In addition, a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of the nanoliquid has been generated. By utilizing appropriate dimensionless quantities, partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The controlling method for boundary value problems (BVP4C) has been applied against the thermal profile. The coating film's thickness has been kept fixed. The skin friction and Nusselt number distribution are calculated for blood over the shrinking sheet in the attendance of the radiation and velocity slip parameters. The effects of various variables and spray rate through coating are clearly represented. The numerical calculation is computed for assessing the wall shear force. It is observed that a dual branch has been discovered. In addition, a stability analysis has been conducted and the upper branch has been determined to be the stable branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the flow of 2D micropolar fluid across an inclined linear shrinking/stretching surface with suction, convective, slip and thermal radiation impact. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into an ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system using a linear similarity transformation, and the bvp4c technique is then used to solve the ODEs system in MATLAB. Comparisons of both solutions are presented. The effects of regulating flow parameters on dimensionless temperature profiles, angular velocity, velocity, skin friction, wall couple stress and heat transfer are shown graphically. Stable velocity profiles are inversely related to velocity slip and material parameter. For a given suction and stretching/shrinking parameter value, graphs show double solutions. The couple stress and skin friction in the first solution, drop then increase as the material parameter K increases. Critical points of the stretching/shrinking parameter, λ c i ≥ λ where both solutions occur, are indicated by the symbols λ c i (i.e., i = 1 , 2 , 3) , and that there is no solution when λ c i > λ. A table summarizes the stability study's results and highlights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspended solid particles in a fluid used to transport energy can improve the fluid's thermal conductivity and heat transport characteristics. The primary aim of current investigation is to investigate the magnetized unsteady two-dimensional (2D) flow on a continuously horizontally symmetrical contracting sheet with suction for a hybrid water-based nanofluid and an aligned field of Darcy–Forchheimer porous material, including the joule heating and viscous dissipation effect. In this work, the solid volume fraction is taken into consideration by the model of nanofluid equations developed by Tiwari and Das. Equations of similarity in ordinary form are derived using transformations of similarity, and the associated equations are simplified numerically using the bvp4c method in MATLAB software for a range of nanoparticle volume fraction, inertia coefficient, unsteadiness, porous medium permeability, Eckert number, and wall mass suction in water values. It is discovered that two solutions exist within the given unsteadiness parameter range. In addition, as volume fraction of copper increases, the skin friction coefficient increases in the first solution but decreases in the second. A temporal stability analysis reveals that only one of the two branches is long-term stable, while the other is unstable. The velocity profiles are declined for the larger porosity parameter in the first solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of thermal characteristics and the intention of improving heat transfer rate, the issue of hybrid nanofluid has become an intriguing subject for academicians and researchers in the contemporary technological period. This report presents the impacts of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on the motion of the hybrid nanofluid of (Cu + Al2O3)‐H2O over a moving surface. The present flow model is simulated by a set of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), which are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the appropriate similarity transformations. After that, the obtained ODEs are resolved numerically by bvp4c in MATLAB. The thermal radiation parameter has been shown to improve the rate of heat transfer and increase the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid (Cu + Al2O3)‐H2O. Moreover, two branches of solutions that depend on the stretching/shrinking parameter values are noticed. Furthermore, the stability results show that the upper branch can be used in practical applications, due to its stable nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multilingual contexts such as Pakistan, English as the only medium of instruction poses challenges for adequate teaching and learning at the university level. Our study aimed to explore teachers' translanguaging practices at the university level. We attempted to understand why teachers translanguaged and how they perceived the impacts of translanguaging in their English medium classrooms. By employing a mixed-methods design, we firstly observed classes and then interviewed teachers. This qualitative phase was followed by a questionnaire survey. Class observations suggested that the practice of translanguaging provided an interactional space to both teachers and students for creating and understanding meaning of their interactions. The analysis of interviews and questionnaire survey confirmed that translanguaging promoted meaningful communication in classes. Teachers believed that they could easily communicate their ideas when they taught by employing translanguaging as a strategy. They held that practicing translanguaging in the class resulted in developing students' interest in lectures too. We discuss pertinent implications in the light of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most pressing issues in contemporary applied mathematics is the regulation of energy transfer via the application of external forces. The processes of heat transfer are affected by magnetic force, which has many practical uses in industry, engineering, and medicine. This research explores the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) three-dimensional stable axisymmetric boundary layer over a permeable moving plate, which consists of water as a base liquid and binary distinct nanoparticles to generate a hybrid nanofluid. In all of these, flow beyond the boundary layer area might be calculated by a small crosswise velocity. As a result of its high thermal conductivity, a pair of distinct kinds of nanoparticles have been considered, namely alumina and copper, which are integrated into the base water. The mathematical model is built within a boundary of specified geometry and then converted into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Resultant ODEs are solved numerically using the technique of three-stage Lobatto IIIa in bvp4c solver in 2017, MATLAB software. Results revealed that two branches exist in certain ranges of moving parameter. The impacts of an increasing physical parameter on profiles of velocities and temperature with skin friction as well as with heat transfer rate are represented in graphs. Furthermore, as the volume fraction of copper increases, so does the skin friction coefficient in the positive direction of λ. The effect of viscous dissipation on the temperature profile in the z -direction has the same rising results as observed in the x -direction. According to the results of the temporal stability analysis, the upper branch is realizable and stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of verbal and audiovisual methods of dental health education on knowledge, practice of old school-going children. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Islamia collegiate Middle School for Boys, Peshawar Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Feb 2020. Methodology: The study population consists of 272 middle school children aged 10-13 years. After collecting baseline data which consists of a questionnaire regarding knowledge and attitude about oral hygiene followed by recording plaque score, and gingival score, students were randomly allocated into three groups. Group-1 participants received verbal dental health education through charts and pamphlets about oral health, hygiene, and tooth brushing demonstrations. Group-2 received verbal and audio-video sessions about oral hygiene. Group-3(Control-Group) received no intervention. After the intervention, knowledge attitude and plaque score gingival score was assessed. Results: A statistically significant positive change in dental knowledge and practice score was found in the Audiovisual-Group as compared to the Verbal-Group. Post-intervention mean plaque score of the participants was lowered more in the Audiovisual-Group than in the Verbal-Group. In addition, the post-intervention mean gingival score of the participants was lowered more in the audiovisual group than in the verbal group. Conclusion: Short-term oral health education programs, including A-V aids, may be useful in improving oral hygiene and gingival health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exceptional heat transfer capabilities of hybrid base ferrofluids have attracted numerous researchers, prompting an increase in investigations into these working fluids. In various applications, hybrid base nanofluids have demonstrated superior heat transfer performance. However, further research is needed to expand their range of applications. To address this need, the current study aims to explore the flow of a hybrid base nanofluid (magnetite with ethylene glycol and water as the base fluid) on an exponential shrinking/stretching Riga plate with radiative heat flux. The Riga plate, an electromagnetic actuator, consists of a spanwise-aligned array of alternating electrodes attached to a flat surface and permanent magnets. This setup enables the examination of heat transfer with Hartmann number, thermal radiation, and nanoparticle volume fraction. The governing PDE systems are transformed into ODE systems using similarity transformations, and the developed model is solved numerically using the bvp4c technique in MATLAB software. A comprehensive convergence analysis and comparative investigation of numerical data are conducted to ensure the accuracy of the results. Finally, the effects of physical parameters on skin frictional force, Nusselt number, velocity field, and temperature field are investigated, and the results are presented graphically and discussed in detail. The numerical values for the skin frictional quantity variation along suction with different Hartmann quantity obtained. The critical values Sci,i=1,2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${S}_{ci},i=1, 2$$\end{document}, and 3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$3$$\end{document} observed are 2.2396,2.3795,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$2.2396, 2.3795,$$\end{document} and 2.7714\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$2.7714$$\end{document} corresponding to the values of M\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$M$$\end{document} = 0,0.02,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$0, 0.02,$$\end{document} and 0.04\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$0.04$$\end{document}, respectively. Research suggests that dual solutions are present within a specific spectrum of suction and stretching/shrinking parameters. Additionally, the stability analysis of these dual solutions indicates that the primary solution is stable.Graphical Abstract: The exceptional heat transfer capabilities of hybrid base ferrofluids have attracted numerous researchers, prompting an increase in investigations into these working fluids. In various applications, hybrid base nanofluids have demonstrated superior heat transfer performance. However, further research is needed to expand their range of applications. To address this need, the current study aims to explore the flow of a hybrid base nanofluid (magnetite with ethylene glycol and water as the base fluid) on an exponential shrinking/stretching Riga plate with radiative heat flux. The Riga plate, an electromagnetic actuator, consists of a spanwise-aligned array of alternating electrodes attached to a flat surface and permanent magnets. This setup enables the examination of heat transfer with Hartmann number, thermal radiation, and nanoparticle volume fraction. The governing PDE systems are transformed into ODE systems using similarity transformations, and the developed model is solved numerically using the bvp4c technique in MATLAB software. A comprehensive convergence analysis and comparative investigation of numerical data are conducted to ensure the accuracy of the results. Finally, the effects of physical parameters on skin frictional force, Nusselt number, velocity field, and temperature field are investigated, and the results are presented graphically and discussed in detail. The numerical values for the skin frictional quantity variation along suction with different Hartmann quantity obtained. The critical values Sci,i=1,2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${S}_{ci},i=1, 2$$\end{document}, and 3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$3$$\end{document} observed are 2.2396,2.3795,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$2.2396, 2.3795,$$\end{document} and 2.7714\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$2.7714$$\end{document} corresponding to the values of M\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$M$$\end{document} = 0,0.02,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$0, 0.02,$$\end{document} and 0.04\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$0.04$$\end{document}, respectively. Research suggests that dual solutions are present within a specific spectrum of suction and stretching/shrinking parameters. Additionally, the stability analysis of these dual solutions indicates that the primary solution is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermally developed flow of nanoparticles due to bidirectional moving space has been presented numerically. The additional impact of heat source and sink are also incorporated for enhancing the heat transfer rate. The copper and aluminum nanoparticles are selected for enhancing the thermal diffusion system. The thermal stability of nanoparticles is carefully addressed. The moving surface allows the shrinking and stretching phenomenon. The system of resulting equations with nonlinear nature is numerically swapped via shooting technique with help of MATLAB software. The dual numerical simulations for the thermally radiative problem with external heating phenomenon are being performed. It is noted from results that thermal stability of nanoparticles is more stable in the upper branch of shrinking/stretching surface. The presence of heat source provides extra heat and improves the thermal transportation phenomenon which is more progressive in upper branch. The enhancement in temperature profile due to copper nanoparticles is more stable as compared to aluminum nanoparticles. Moreover, the increasing change in the velocity is resulted upon increasing the rotation constant. The obtained results reflect applications in thermal sciences, heating systems, energy production, solar applications, nuclear reactions, biomedical applications, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermally developed flow of nanoparticles due to bidirectional moving space has been presented numerically. The additional impact of heat source and sink are also incorporated for enhancing the heat transfer rate. The copper and aluminum nanoparticles are selected for enhancing the thermal diffusion system. The thermal stability of nanoparticles is carefully addressed. The moving surface allows the shrinking and stretching phenomenon. The system of resulting equations with nonlinear nature is numerically swapped via shooting technique with help of MATLAB software. The dual numerical simulations for the thermally radiative problem with external heating phenomenon are being performed. It is noted from results that thermal stability of nanoparticles is more stable in the upper branch of shrinking/stretching surface. The presence of heat source provides extra heat and improves the thermal transportation phenomenon which is more progressive in upper branch. The enhancement in temperature profile due to copper nanoparticles is more stable as compared to aluminum nanoparticles. Moreover, the increasing change in the velocity is resulted upon increasing the rotation constant. The obtained results reflect applications in thermal sciences, heating systems, energy production, solar applications, nuclear reactions, biomedical applications, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing waste cooking oil (WCO) as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engine offers a sustainable solution for energy scarcity and environmental protection. WCO and n-pentanol ternary blends deliver are attractive prospects in utilization as bio-components and recycled components to moderately substitute diesel fuel. The current study intends to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder CI engine, having constant load at a uniform speed of 1300 rpm, using diesel-waste cooking oil n-pentanol blends. Blends chosen and analogized with diesel oil as reference fuel and their contents were the following: (1) D95-WCO5 (95%vol. diesel, WCO5%vol. waste cooking oil, (2) D65-WCO20-Pe15 (65%vol. diesel, 20%vol. waste cooking oil, and 15%vol. n-pentanol) and (3) D60-WCO20-Pe20 (60%vol. diesel, 20%vol. waste cooking oil and 20%vol. n-pentanol). The experimental results revealed that with the DF95-WCO5 blend the BSFC improved by 0.32%. However, with the addition of n-pentanol as a ternary blend; DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20 resulted in improvements of 0.49% and 0.68% respectively. The BTE for DF95-WCO5 increased by 38.7%, while the increase was 39.2% for DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and 39.6% for DF60-WCO20-Pe20, which was less, as compared with diesel fuel. The lowermost level of CO discharge was achieved when the engine was fueled with DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20, due to the highest level of saturation. CO2, in the cases of DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20, increased, as compared to diesel fuel under the same engine operating conditions. However, the binary blend DF95-WCO5 resulted in decreased CO2 as analogized to diesel, because of incomplete combustion of the fuel. During experimental work it could be observed that the DF95-WCO5 binary blend produced higher Particulate material (PM-1, PM-2.5, PM-7 and PM-10) emissions, compared to DF100. Moreover, with the addition of n-pentanol as a ternary blend in the ratio of 15 to 20%, emission was further reduced. This indicated that direct exertion of WCO in engines must be promoted, as it is an impressive choice for waste recapture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following to improved thermal impact of hybrid nanomaterials, wide range applications of such materials is observed in the thermal engineering, extrusion systems, solar energy, power generation, heat transfer devices etc. The hybrid nanofluid is a modified form of nanofluid which is beneficial for improving energy transfer efficiency. In current analysis, the solid nanoparticles aluminium ( ϕ Al 2 O 3 ) and copper ( ϕ Cu ) have been mixed with water to produce a new hybrid nanofluid. The investigation of a steady two-dimensional mixed convection boundary layer flow of the resultant hybrid nanofluid on a vertical exponential shrunk surface in the existence of porous, magnetic, thermal radiation, velocity, and thermal slip conditions is carried out. Exponential similarity variables are adopted to transform the nonlinear partial differential equation into a system of ordinary differential equations which has been then solved by employing the shooting method in Maple software. The obtained numerical results such as coefficient of skin friction f ″ 0 , heat transfer rate - θ ′ 0 , velocity f ′ η and temperature θ η distributions are presented in the form of different graphs. The results revealed that duality exists in solution when the suction parameter S ≥ S ci in assisting flow case. Due to non-uniqueness of solutions, a temporal stability analysis needs to be performed and the result indicates that the upper branch is stable and realizable compared to the lower branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermally developed flow of nanoparticles due to bidirectional moving space has been presented numerically. The additional impact of heat source and sink are also incorporated for enhancing the heat transfer rate. The copper and aluminum nanoparticles are selected for enhancing the thermal diffusion system. The thermal stability of nanoparticles is carefully addressed. The moving surface allows the shrinking and stretching phenomenon. The system of resulting equations with nonlinear nature is numerically swapped via shooting technique with help of MATLAB software. The dual numerical simulations for the thermally radiative problem with external heating phenomenon are being performed. It is noted from results that thermal stability of nanoparticles is more stable in the upper branch of shrinking/stretching surface. The presence of heat source provides extra heat and improves the thermal transportation phenomenon which is more progressive in upper branch. The enhancement in temperature profile due to copper nanoparticles is more stable as compared to aluminum nanoparticles. Moreover, the increasing change in the velocity is resulted upon increasing the rotation constant. The obtained results reflect applications in thermal sciences, heating systems, energy production, solar applications, nuclear reactions, biomedical applications, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermally developed flow of nanoparticles due to bidirectional moving space has been presented numerically. The additional impact of heat source and sink are also incorporated for enhancing the heat transfer rate. The copper and aluminum nanoparticles are selected for enhancing the thermal diffusion system. The thermal stability of nanoparticles is carefully addressed. The moving surface allows the shrinking and stretching phenomenon. The system of resulting equations with nonlinear nature is numerically swapped via shooting technique with help of MATLAB software. The dual numerical simulations for the thermally radiative problem with external heating phenomenon are being performed. It is noted from results that thermal stability of nanoparticles is more stable in the upper branch of shrinking/stretching surface. The presence of heat source provides extra heat and improves the thermal transportation phenomenon which is more progressive in upper branch. The enhancement in temperature profile due to copper nanoparticles is more stable as compared to aluminum nanoparticles. Moreover, the increasing change in the velocity is resulted upon increasing the rotation constant. The obtained results reflect applications in thermal sciences, heating systems, energy production, solar applications, nuclear reactions, biomedical applications, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines teachers' language appropriation strategies in the multilingual setting of Pakistani universities to show how they negotiate the official/institutional constraints imposed in the implementation of English Medium Instruction (EMI). Working in a monoglossic environment gripped by 'guilty multilingualism', these teachers assert their agentive reflexivity and critical awareness to challenge the normative assumptions and change the pedagogical norms through their celebratory multilingualism approach. Celebratory multilingualism defines the use and recognition of local multilingualism as a valuable pedagogical resource to support students, challenged by the EMI policy. Conversely, guilty multilingualism refers to the negative perceptions of teachers, who feel guilty about local language use and hesitate to publicly recognize their pedagogical value, despite knowing the various benefits local multilingualism brings. The study concludes that policy does not always rest in policymakers' hands; individual teachers can also create policies of their choice, acting simultaneously as policymakers and implementors. یہ مطالعہ پاکستانی جامعات کے کثیرالسانی پس منظر میں اساتذہ کی موزوں لسانی حکمت عملی کے اس جائزے کے بارے میں ہے جو سرکاری اور محکمہ جاتی رکاوٹوں کے باوجود انگریزی ذریعہء تعلیم کے کامیاب نفاذ کو ممکن بنا سکے۔ یہ اساتذہ ایک مخاصمانہ اور حوصلہ شکن کثیرالسانی پس منظر میں کام کرتے ہوئے اپنی اضطراری صلاحیت اور حس نقد کے طفیل، رائج نظریات کو چیلنج کرنے اور تدریسی معیارات کو تبدیل کرنے میں کامیاب ہو جاتے ہیں۔ یہ کثیرالسانی کامیابی مقامی زبانوں کے استعمال اور ان کی اہمیت کو واضح کرتی ہے کیونکہ اس سے طلبہ کو خاطر خواہ مدد ملتی ہے۔ اس کے برعکس مختلف زبانوں کے بوجھ کا نفسیاتی احساس اساتذہ میں منفی رجحانات کو جنم دیتا ہے جس کے باعث وہ مقامی زبان کے استعمال سے ہچکچاتے ہیں اور کثیرالسانی تدریس کی اہمیت سے واقف ہونے کے باوجود عام سطح پر اس کا اعتراف کرنے سے احتراز کرتے ہیں۔ یہ مطالعہ اس حقییقت پر منتج ہوتا ہے کہ تدریسی حکمت عملی کسی پالیسی ساز تک محدود نہیں۔ اساتذہ بھی تدریسی حکمت عملی بنا سکتے ہیں اورپالیسی سازی کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنی پالیسیوں کا اطلاق بھی کر سکتے ہیں۔ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of thermal radiation on the three-dimensional magnetized rotating flow of a hybrid nanofluid has been numerically investigated. Enhancing heat transmission is a contemporary engineering challenge in a range of sectors, including heat exchangers, electronics, chemical and biological reactors, and medical detectors. The main goal of the current study is to investigate the effect of magnetic parameter, solid volume fraction of copper, Eckert number, and radiation parameter on velocity and temperature distributions, and the consequence of solid volume fraction on declined skin friction and heat transfer against suction and a stretching/shrinking surface. A hybrid nanofluid is a contemporary type of nanofluid that is used to increase heat transfer performance. A linear similarity variable is–applied to convert the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into corresponding ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Using the three-stage Labatto III-A method included in the MATLAB software's bvp4c solver, the ODE system is solved numerically. In certain ranges of involved parameters, two solutions are received. The temperature profile θ η upsurges in both solutions with growing values of E C and R d . Moreover, the conclusion is that solution duality exists when the suction parameter S ≥ S c i , while no flow of fluid is possible when S < S c i . Finally, stability analysis has been performed and it has been found that only the first solution is the stable one between both solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermolysis and its deformities can occur at every developmental stage at all temperatures during the process of heating, pyrolysis mechanism, and thermodynamical decompositions. This manuscript investigates thermal-fluid flow of a magnetized Newtonian fluid under the influence of porosity via modern fractional differential approaches. The mathematical modeling of thermal-fluid flow of the magnetized Newtonian fluid is developed for temperature distribution and velocity profile under the Mittag–Leffler function as an imposed boundary condition. The governing equations of thermal-fluid flow of the magnetized Newtonian fluid are non-dimensional and fractionalized through modern non-integer differentiations. The mathematical model of thermal-fluid flow for the magnetized Newtonian fluid is tackled via integral transforms for generating exact analytical solutions. For the sake of comparative analysis of thermodynamical aspects, the Nusselt number from the thermal fractional model and skin friction from the momentum fractional model have been compared graphically via two types of modern non-integer differentiations and statistical observations. The results indicate and suggest the significant impacts in realistic hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A web online public access (OPAC) is an online interface of a library that allows users to make transactions online globally. This study aimed to explore the online library services offered by university libraries of Lahore, the level of user's satisfaction with web OPACs and to compare the users' satisfaction with web OPACs public and private sector university libraries in Lahore Punjab. The data was collected on self-developed and self-administrated peer reviewed questionnaire from 16 university library users via survey. The study revealed that both public and private sector university libraries provide basic and advance searching options, different types of search filters and Multifactor services, the t-test results at combined level factor found no significant different (sig=.000) in level of uses' satisfaction with web OPACs of public and private sector university libraries of Lahore Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the current status and online services portfolio of web OPACs and barriers users' face while searching information on web OPACs of public and private sector university libraries in Lahore. The inquirer adopted quantitative survey method and distributed self administrated (peer reviewed and pilot test) questionnaire among 425 library users who were selected using stratified convenient sampling technique. This study illustrated various types of service being offer and uncovered number of barriers and redundancies that users' of public and private sector university libraries face while searching information remotely on web OPACs. This research study would benefit library administrators and web OPAC designers in the make web OPACs more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of water conveying copper and aluminum nanoparticles on a heated moving sheet when thermal radiation and stretching/shrinking surface is significant and is investigated in this study to announce the increasing effects of volume fractions, thermal radiation, and moving parameters on this transport phenomenon. Furthermore, the flow of a Cu − Al 2 O 3 /water hybrid nanofluid across a heated moving sheet has been studied in both cross and streamwise directions. Thermal radiation effect is also considered, as this effect along with cross flow has not yet been investigated for the hybrid nanofluid in the published literature. Two distinct types of nanoparticles, namely, Al 2 O 3 (alumina) and Cu (copper), have been used to prepare hybrid nanofluid where water is considered as a base fluid. The system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) has been transferred to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by compatible transformations before solving them by employing the III-stage Lobatto-IIIa method in bvp4c solver in MATLAB 2017 software. Temporal stability analysis has been carried out in order to verify stable branch between two branches by obtaining the smallest eigenvalue values. The branches obtained are addressed in depth against every applied parameter using figures and tables. The results show that there are three ranges of branches, no solution exists when λ > λ c , dual branches exist when 0.23 ≤ λ ≤ λ c , and a single solution exists when λ > 0.23. Moreover, thermal layer thickness declines initially and then enhances in the upper and lower solutions for the higher values of the thermal radiation parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the steady revitalization of an endangered minority community in northern Pakistan to show that how the Torwali community strategically mobilizes limited resources to achieve a sustainable revival of its language and culture. The uniqueness of the planning rests in its holistic, identity‐based integrated approach that seeks to use identity building as a catalyst for language and culture revitalization. Alongside rebuilding the marred identity of the community, social development and empowerment also go hand in hand with the language and culture development process. The Torwali language and culture revitalization offers valuable theoretical and implementational insights as we learn that language revitalization does not work in isolation; rather it requires integrating language development with the identity‐building, educational, and overall human development of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows multiple solutions, heat transfer characteristics, and stability analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluid caused by the nonlinear shrinking/stretching surface. To investigate the effects of high temperature on the porous surface, the energy dissipation function and porous term are considered in the momentum and energy equations. We used Tiwari and Das's model for nanofluid in which water is considered as a base fluid. A new kind of fluid is made in which two kinds of nanoparticles, namely copper (Cu) and iron oxide ( Fe 3 O 4 ), are considered. The system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is obtained by applying similarity transformations on the modeled of partial differential equations. Both shooting and Runge–Kutta fourth-order methods are employed to solve the resultant ODEs. The equations for stability analysis have been derived and then solved by using a three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula for the smallest eigenvalue. It is noticed that the obtained value is in a good agreement with the previously published literature, hence validating the results of the shooting method. Furthermore, parametric studies also have been conducted and found that dual solutions only exist on the shrinking surface. In addition, it is also observed from the profile that dual solutions exist only for the case of suction where b c 1 = - 3.0582 , b c 2 = - 3.0788 , and b c 3 = - 3.1249 are the critical values for the respective values of ϕ Fe 3 O 4 = 0.5 % , 5 % , 1 % . Moreover, the velocity of hybrid nanofluid decreases (increases) in the first (second) solution when both magnetic and permeability coefficient parameters are increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we attempt to obtain all probable multiple solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) steady flow of micropolar nanofluid on an exponentially shrinking surface by the consideration of concentration slip, thermal radiation, and convective boundary condition with help of the revised model of Buongiorno. The significance of the mass suction on the existence of multiple solutions is integrated. The suitable pseudo‐exponential similarity variables have been adopted to transfer the system of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of nonlinear quasi‐ordinary ordinary differential equations. The resultant system has been solved by employing the Runge–Kutta fourth‐order method along with the shooting method. Three different ranges of solutions are noticed, namely triple solutions and single solution. When ranges of the suction parameter are S ≥ Sc1 and S ≥ Sc2, then there exist triple solutions otherwise there exists only single solution. The effect of the numerous emerging parameters on the velocity profile, angular velocity profile, temperature profile, concentration profile, coefficient of skin friction, and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are demonstrated graphically. Results reveal that the velocity of the rotating fluid particles near the rigid surface declines regularly by the rise of the micropolar parameter K in the second and first solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exploration of literature on second/foreign language (L2/FL) teaching suggests that the phenomenon in question has been investigated either by examining classroom processes or by exploring teachers' lived experiences. Situated in the latter area, this paper reports a qualitative study that understands how Pakistani primary school teachers learn to teach English--the subject mandated in recent curricular reforms--and develop their English teacher identity. The findings problematize the apprenticeship of observation concept and demonstrate that the teachers agentively draw upon their favorite English learning experiences. They teach English not the way they were taught, rather, they teach the way they loved learning English. Thus, they develop the English teacher identities they adored while they were students. The paper presents pertinent implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of micropolar fluid by including the thermal radiation and convective condition on a shrinking surface in the presence of mass suction effects has been investigated. The momentum, angular momentum and energy equations, and the solutions of these equations are valid for whole Navier stokes, and microrotational and energy equations have been solved exactly. We obtain the solution in the form of an incomplete γ function for the energy equation. The results reveal that dual solutions exist for certain domains of different physical parameters. Furthermore, high suction produces the high effect of drag force, and as a result, coefficient of skin friction increases in the first solution. Stability analysis has been performed and determined that the first solution is more stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection boundary layer flow of a Casson fluid on an exponentially vertical shrinking sheet using the non‐Newtonian heating equation is investigated in this paper. There are three main objectives of this study, namely, to develop a new mathematical model, to obtain multiple solutions, and to perform stability analysis. The governing partial differential equations have been changed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The resultant equations of boundary value problems are then converted into the equivalent initial value problems using the shooting method before they can be solved using Runge‐Kutta of order four. The numerical results are obtained and found to be in good agreement with the published literature. The results also indicate that the velocity boundary layer becomes thinner as the magnetic, slip, and Casson parameters increase. Dual solutions for temperature and velocity distributions are obtained. Furthermore, the results suggest that the presence of the force of buoyancy (opposing flow case) would cause the occurrence of dual solutions. However, based on the stability analysis, only the first solution is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is considered as first line of treatment for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis in all age groups. This study aimed at determining immediate results and complications associated with transcatheter pulmonary valvuloplasty in adult (defined as age 18 years or more) patients. Study Design: Retrospective quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/National institute of heart diseases (AFIC/NIHD) Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2019. Methodology: This Retrospective Quasi experimental study was done at Paediatric cardiology department of Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/National institute of heart diseases (AFIC/NIHD) Rawalpindi and comprised of 24 patients with severe pulmonary valve stenosis in whom balloon dilatation was attempted from January 2017 to June 2019. As per guidelines, the intervention was considered as successful if right ventricle to pulmonary artery invasive pressure gradient was reduced to less than 50% of initial value, suboptimal if PG reduced by 25% and failure if PG reduced by less than 25% of pre-procedural value. Results: Total 24 adults patients (with no history of previous cardiac surgery or pulmonary valve ballooning) underwent balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis with mean age of 30.5 ± 10.1 years, including 11 males & 13 females with 100% success. Balloon to annulus ratio was 1.25:1. The pressure gradient between Right Ventricle to pulmonary artery reduced from 111 mmHg to 39 mmHg after the intervention. The mean procedural time and fluoroscopy time were 40 & 10 minutes respectively and there were no complications. In three patients, ASD device closure was also done in same procedure. Conclusion: Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is an effective and safe option for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis in adult patients with excellent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the unsteady incompressible flow of the viscous nanofluid on a contracting surface with viscous dissipation effects. Presented and contrasted are analyses of both multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). As the common (or base) fluids, kerosene oil and water are utilized. In the existence of first-order thermal and velocity slip conditions, mathematical modeling and analysis are performed. Using the MATLAB software's bvp4c solver tool, numerical solutions to the governing nonlinear modeled problems were obtained. This technique is particularly effective for developing many solutions to highly nonlinear differential equations. In addition, a comparison is done between this study and previously published works. The temperature, velocity, skin friction coefficient and heat-transfer rate have been explored for various significant factors included in the problem statements. In the unsteadiness parameter regime, dual solutions can be found. As the velocity slip parameter is increased, the flow slows down. In comparison to SWCNTs kerosene, MWCNTs kerosene oil has a greater velocity curve for the nanoparticles volume fraction. Increases in volume fraction decrease skin friction, whereas increases in the unsteadiness parameter speed up the drag force. Furthermore, as the Eckert number intensity increases, so do the temperature profiles in both solutions. Finally, the stability study revealed that the initial solution is robust, whereas the breakage in the second solution in the Nusselt number shows singularity, and thus the second solution is considered unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, a new capillary gas chromatographic procedure was established and validated for the determination of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and putrescine (Put) using trifluoroacetylacetone (FAA) as derivatizing reagent from Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) samples prior to their gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. GABA, Put, cadaverine (Cad) and tyramine (TY) as imitative of FAA extracted from the column HP-5 (30 m x 0.32 mm i.d) at temperature 110 °C for 1 min, tracked by heating rate 25 °C to 260 °C/min. The detection was carried out by FID with segregate ratio 10:1, v/v with whole run time 10 min. The proposed method showed linear calibration range between 2.5-50 µg/mL with low limit of detection 1.0 - 2.5 µg/mL analogous to 0.1 ng to 0.25 ng for selected Put, Cad, GABA, and TY. The method based on the pre-concentration was used for the determination of GABA and Put from CSF of human being and amounts found were 0.25-0.56 µg/mL and 0.16 - 0.41 µg/mL with relative standard deviation (RSD) within 0.8 - 1.1 and 1.1 - 1.5 %, respectively. Many of aminoacids tested, separated completely and did not variate the determinations of GABA and Put. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are renowned for their nutritional value, as they are rich sources of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins offering a wide range of health benefits. They also possess antioxidative properties that contribute to overall well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of heavy metals like Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in the agriculture soil and most frequently consumed vegetables including; Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), Turnip (Brassica rapa), Onion (Allium cepa), Carrot (Daucus Carota), Garlic (Allium sativum), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) collected from various sites of District Ghotki, Sindh. The agriculture soil and vegetable samples were digested, and heavy metal levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The Zn content was found higher in all vegetable samples. Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were found within the permissib e levels of the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (WHO/FAO). However, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni were found higher than the permissible limit suggested by WHO/FAO. Hazard index (HI), target hazard quotient (THQ), daily intake of metals (DIM), and estimated daily exposure to heavy metals (EDEM) were also measure. The hazard index (HI) values of As for all the vegetable samples were greater than 1, indicating potential health risks to those consuming these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of verbal and audiovisual methods of dental health education on knowledge, practice of old school-going children. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Islamia collegiate Middle School for Boys, Peshawar Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Feb 2020. Methodology: The study population consists of 272 middle school children aged 10-13 years. After collecting baseline data which consists of a questionnaire regarding knowledge and attitude about oral hygiene followed by recording plaque score, and gingival score, students were randomly allocated into three groups. Group-1 participants received verbal dental health education through charts and pamphlets about oral health, hygiene, and tooth brushing demonstrations. Group-2 received verbal and audio-video sessions about oral hygiene. Group-3(Control-Group) received no intervention. After the intervention, knowledge attitude and plaque score gingival score was assessed. Results: A statistically significant positive change in dental knowledge and practice score was found in the Audiovisual-Group as compared to the Verbal-Group. Post-intervention mean plaque score of the participants was lowered more in the Audiovisual-Group than in the Verbal-Group. In addition, the post-intervention mean gingival score of the participants was lowered more in the audiovisual group than in the verbal group. Conclusion: Short-term oral health education programs, including A-V aids, may be useful in improving oral hygiene and gingival health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Female learners of English want to learn English in rural Pakistan. • English in Pakistan key to jobs and success for rural females too. • Female learners of English in rural areas of Pakistan face challenges. • Female learners of English in rural areas of Pakistan invest heavily for learning English for achieving their imagines identities. English is the key to education and jobs in Pakistan. Female students do not get as many opportunities as males do in rural Pakistan for learning English. This narrative inquiry was conducted to understand the experiences of female learners of English. Investment and identity negotiation theory was employed as a theoretical framework to make sense of their lived narratives. Thematic narrative analysis was used to analyze and extract themes from the qualitative data. The study found that female learners heavily invested physically, socially and financially to learn English due to its increasing significance in both personal and professional fields of life. Moreover, they continuously negotiated their identities during their learning English process. This narrative inquiry provides several pedagogical and practical implications for female learners of English in Pakistan and alike contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the Department of Farm Structures, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan during 2015 to examine the effect of grain moisture on the physical and engineering properties on two wheat varieties (TD-1 and TJ-83). The properties evaluated were axial dimensions, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, equivalent diameter, seed weight, seed volume, true density, bulk density, porosity and surface area. The moisture was kept constant (±0.5) at 10, 15 and 20 percent for both varieties. The results revealed that axial dimensions, diameters, seed mass, seed volume, true density, porosity and surface area in both varieties increased with increase in moisture while bulk density decreased with increase in moisture. The change in wheat grain with increasing moisture has the practical application of processing, threshing and storage which must be considered while designing equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explicates the changing role of library professional (Librarian) as an Information Manager (IM). Since, influencing role of emerging resources advocates reshaping the field of librarianship under supervision of IM. Therefore, it is rational to find out the core competencies of Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals as managers of organizations i.e. Information Resource Centers (IRCs). In this paper the investigator also tried to know what others than simple traditional librarianship have to do by the present Information Management. But more similarities with slight changes in the terminologies for designation and routine services were found. However, this study sketches and discusses the library profession to be managed by the IM as per present demands of the information seekers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize and Millet Research Institute (MMRI) situated in Yousuf wala, District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan was selected to grow nine different hybrids/cultivars of millet for study to comprehend the variable concentration of macro, micro and trace and toxic elements in their grains. Wet digestion method was used for the preparation of samples and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer for analysis of eleven major and minor elements. High values of macroelements i.e. sodium and potassium was found in ICMP-451 and magnesium in ICMP-53506. The high value of essential micro-elements i.e.zinc (50mg/kg), manganese (8mg/kg), and copper (8mg/kg) was calculated in ICMP-53506, Bullo-94-1, and ICMP-83720 respectively. In case of trace and toxic micro-elements, high concentration of nickel, cobalt, chromium and cadmium was found in O.B.V, Bullo-7704, ICMP-83401, and ICMP-83720 in the edible part of millet plants (grains) cultivars respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay presents law's evolution as a paradoxical union of the finite and the infinite. At any given point in time, law is a finite body of norms, which can be identified. At the same time, law's evolution is infinite because rule-mutations that alter those norms are indeterminable. In modern legal systems, law's evolution occurs under the constraining influence of master texts, which provide normative durability by enshrining the fundamental norms of a legal system and fortifying them against change. Despite this stabilizing role, however, master texts are themselves open to mutations. Therefore, law's evolution under the constraints of a master text mediates the paradoxical union of law's finite and infinite nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the question of whether or not legal professionals take responsibility for legal outcomes. Information is provided on how the practice of law requires knowledge of the law, legal reasoning, and moral responsibility. The author discusses a law professional's responsibilities and the role of legal ethics.

Chickenpox, a droplet infection caused by varicella zoster virus, is a highly infectious acute disease having vesicular rash accompanied by fever and malaise. Objectives The objectives of the study were to survey chickenpox disease in rural and poorly developed areas in order to record age, symptoms and seasonal trends in the rural setting. Place of Study Nine union councils of Taluka Khipro, District Sanghar, Sindh Period of Study January 2008 to December 2008. Study Design Cross sectional study Material & methods The information collected from 223 chickenpox cases reported from 9 union councils was recorded on a pre-tested designed questionnaire. Lady health workers and medical officers were trained and involved in the study. Results Highest number of cases reported from UC Kamil Hingoro (n=65) while lowest number from UC Dhilyar (n=7). Majority of the sufferers (67) belonged to 5 to 10 year's age group whereas the lowest incidence (8) was seen in age under 1 year. The leading symptoms were rash, fever and itching. There was no sex predilection for the disease. Most of the children suffering from chickenpox belonged to labourer and farmer families. The rural doctors were competent to diagnose clinically and common symptoms were identified by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic law recognizes two distinct divine rights, one applying to speech communities and the other to individuals. The divine right to language allows each speech community to preserve and celebrate its native language free of coercion and disrespect from other speech communities. Native languages are the assets of speech communities. Islamic law prohibits coercive degradation of native languages while at the same time it interposes no barriers in learning other languages. Closely related to the right to language is the divine right to individual self-expression or self-determination. Each human being is unique because God, the Master-Artist, shapes each human being with special attention. Social, economic, and legal barriers that suppress special talents or refuse to accommodate disabilities are incompatible with Islamic law. When individuals are given the liberty allowed under Islamic law to pursue sciences, arts, knowledge, sports, and spirituality, Muslim communities prosper. When Muslim states are oppressive, they undermine individual initiatives. This study recommends that Muslim states should recognize linguistic pluralism and the right to selfexpression in their positive law, including national constitutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study numerically the rotating, steady, and three-dimensional (3D) flow of a hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking sheet with the suction effect. We considered water as base fluid and alumina ( A l 2 O 3 ), and copper ( C u ) as solid nanoparticles. The system of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) was transformed by an exponential similarity variable into the equivalent system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). By applying a three-stage Labatto III-A method that is available in bvp4c solver in the Matlab software, the resultant system of ODEs was solved numerically. In the case of the hybrid nanofluid, the heat transfer rate improves relative to the viscous fluid and regular nanofluid. Two branches were obtained in certain ranges of the involved parameters. The results of the stability analysis revealed that the upper branch is stable. Moreover, the results also indicated that the equations of the hybrid nanofluid have a symmetrical solution for different values of the rotation parameter (Ω). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the rate of heat transfer of the steady MHD stagnation point flow of Casson fluid on the shrinking/stretching surface has been investigated with the effect of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are first transformed into the ordinary (similarity) differential equations. The obtained system of equations is converted from boundary value problems (BVPs) to initial value problems (IVPs) with the help of the shooting method which then solved by the RK method with help of maple software. Furthermore, the three-stage Labatto III-A method is applied to perform stability analysis with the help of a bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Current outcomes contradict numerically with published results and found inastounding agreements. The results reveal that there exist dual solutions in both shrinking and stretching surfaces. Furthermore, the temperature increases when thermal radiation, Eckert number, and magnetic number are increased. Signs of the smallest eigenvalue reveal that only the first solution is stable and can be realizable physically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analysis, we aim to examine the heat transfer and flow characteristics of a copper-aluminum/water hybrid nanofluid in the presence of viscous dissipation, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), and porous medium effect over the shrinking sheet. The governing equations of the fluid model have been acquired by employment of the model of Tiwari and Das, with additional properties of the hybrid nanofluid. The system of partial differential equations (PDEs) has been converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting the exponential similarity transformation. Similarity transformation is an essential class of phenomenon where the symmetry of the scale helps to reduce the number of independent variables. Note that ODE solutions demonstrate the PDEs symmetrical behavior for the velocity and temperature profiles. With BVP4C solver in the MATLAB program, the system of resulting equations has been solved. We have compared the present results with the published results and found in excellent agreements. The findings of the analysis are also displayed and discussed in depth graphically and numerically. It is discovered that two solutions occur in definite ranges of suction and magnetic parameters. Dual (no) similarity solutions can be found in the range of S c ≤ S   and   M c ≤ M ( S c > S   and   M c > M ). By performing stability analysis, the smallest values of eigenvalue are obtained, suggesting that a stable solution is the first one. Furthermore, the graph of the smallest eigenvalue shows symmetrical behavior. By enhancing the Eckert number values the temperature of the fluid is raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the characteristics of heat transfer of a steady, two-dimensional, stagnation point, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of shear thickening Casson fluid on an exponentially vertical shrinking/stretching surface are examined in attendance of convective boundary conditions. The impact of the suction parameter is also considered. The system of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and boundary conditions is converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the suitable exponential similarity variables of transformations and then solved using the shooting method with the fourth order Runge–Kutta method. Similarity transformation is an important class of phenomena in which scale symmetry allows one to reduce the number of independent variables of the problem. It should be noted that solutions of the ODEs show the symmetrical behavior of the PDES for the profiles of velocity and temperature. Similarity solutions are obtained for the case of stretching/shrinking and suction parameters. It is revealed that there exist two ranges of the solutions in the specific ranges of the physical parameters, three solutions depend on the opposing flow case where stagnation point (A) should be equal to 0.1, two solutions exist when λ1 = 0 where λ1 is a mixed convection parameter and A > 0.1, and a single solution exists when λ1 > 0. Moreover, the effects of numerous applied parameters on velocity, temperature distributions, skin friction, and local Nusselt number are examined and given through tables and graphs for both shrinking and stretching surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we intend to develop a dynamical system for the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of an electrically conducting Casson nanofluid on exponentially shrinking and stretching surfaces, in the presence of a velocity and concertation slip effect, with convective boundary conditions. There are three main objectives of this article, specifically, to discuss the heat characteristics of flow, to find multiple solutions on both surfaces, and to do stability analyses. The main equations of flow are governed by the Brownian motion, the Prandtl number, and the thermophoresis parameters, the Schmid and Biot numbers. The shooting method and three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula have been employed to solve the equations. The ranges of the dual solutions are f w c 1 ≤ f w and λ c ≤ λ , while the no solution ranges are f w c 1 > f w and λ c > λ . The results reveal that the temperature of the fluid increases with the extended values of the thermophoresis parameter, the Brownian motion parameter, and the Hartmann and Biot numbers, for both solutions. The presence of dual solutions depends on the suction parameter. In order to indicate that the first solution is physically relevant and stable, a stability analysis has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Casson nanofluid with thermal radiation over an unsteady shrinking surface is investigated. The equation of momentum is derived from the Navier–Stokes model for non-Newtonian fluid where components of the viscous terms are symmetric. The effect of Stefan blowing with partial slip conditions of velocity, concentration, and temperature on the velocity, concentration, and temperature distributions is also taken into account. The modeled equations of partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into the equivalent boundary value problems (BVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing similarity transformations. These similarity transformations can be obtained by using symmetry analysis. The resultant BVPs are reduced into initial value problems (IVPs) by using the shooting method and then solved by using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK) technique. The numerical results reveal that dual solutions exist in some ranges of different physical parameters such as unsteadiness and suction/injection parameters. The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is enhanced in the second solution by increasing the magnetic and velocity slip factor effect in the boundary layer. Increment in the Prandtl number and Brownian motion parameter is caused by a reduction of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and temperature. Moreover, stability analysis performed by employing the three-stage Lobatto IIIA formula in the BVP4C solver with the help of MATLAB software reveals that only the first solution is stable and physically realizable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluid (HNF) composed of C u − A l 2 O 3 /water in the presence of a thermal radiation effect over the stretching/shrinking sheet is investigated. Using similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved by using a shooting method. In order to validate the obtained numerical results, the comparison of the results with the published literature is made numerically as well as graphically and is found in good agreements. In addition, the effects of many emerging physical governing parameters on the profiles of velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and heat transfer rate are demonstrated graphically and are elucidated theoretically. Based on the numerical results, dual solutions exist in a specific range of magnetic, suction, and unsteadiness parameters. It was also found that the values of f ″ (0) rise in the first solution and reduce in the second solution when the solid volume fraction ϕ C u is increased. Finally, the temporal stability analysis of the solutions is conducted, and it is concluded that only the first solution is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study was carried out to examine the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of micropolar fluid on a shrinking surface in the presence of both Joule heating and viscous dissipation effects. The governing system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was obtained from the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) by employing exponential transformations. The resultant equations were transformed into initial value problems (IVPs) by shooting technique and then solved by the Runge–Kutta (RK) method. The effects of different parameters on velocity, angular velocity, temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number were obtained and demonstrated graphically. We observed that multiple solutions occurred in certain assortments of the parameters for suction on a surface. The stability analysis of solutions was performed, and we noted that the first solution was stable while the remaining two solutions were not. The results also showed that the velocity of the fluid increased as the non-Newtonian parameter rose in all solutions. Furthermore, it was detected that the temperature of fluid rose at higher values of the Eckert number in all solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study accentuates the heat transfer characteristics of a convective condition of micropolar nanofluid on a permeable shrinking/stretching inclined surface. Brownian and thermophoresis effects are also involved to incorporate energy and concentration equations. Moreover, linear similarity transformation has been used to transform the system of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical comparison has been done with the previously published results and found in good agreement graphically and tabular form by using the shooting method in MAPLE software. Dual solutions have been found in the specific range of shrinking/stretching surface parameters and the mass suction parameter for the opposing flow case. Moreover, the skin friction coefficient, the heat transfer coefficient, the couple stress coefficient, and the concentration transfer rate decelerate in both solutions against the mass suction parameter for the augmentation of the micropolar parameter respectively. The first (second) solution is the stable (unstable) solution and can (not) be considered as a real solution as the values of the smallest eigenvalues are positive (negative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]