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Graphene, a two-dimensional material featuring densely packed sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has revolutionized material science. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) represents a breakthrough method for producing graphene from both commercial and natural precursors via direct laser writing, offering advantages such as simplicity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This study demonstrates a novel approach to synthesize a composite material exclusively from a porous organic polymer (POP) by direct femtosecond laser writing on a compressed imide-linked porous organic polymer substrate. The formation of the LIG on the substrate was identified using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Raman analysis, where the variation of the 2D peaks of the LIG was obtained. The resulting heterostructure, termed LIG@NI-POP, consists of a few-layered porous and conductive graphene engraved onto the surface of microporous polyimide. X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of a hierarchical porous hybrid material with high nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) self-doping in the graphene. Leveraging its porosity, surface and bulk chemistry, and electrical properties, LIG@NI-POP was tested for sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a proof-of-concept application. The composite material exhibited dual functionality as a sensor and adsorbent for VOCs, demonstrating significant sensitivity and selectivity towards acetone over ethanol due to enhanced intermolecular interactions. This approach broadens the scope of laser direct writing to include various porous polymers, facilitating the fabrication of hybrid materials that integrate the unique properties of both graphene and porous polymers, thereby enhancing their potential applications in areas that leverage these synergistic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: LIG is a biopolymer found in vascular plant cell walls that is created by networks of hydroxylated and methoxylated phenylpropane that are randomly crosslinked. Plant cell walls contain LIG, a biopolymer with significant potential for usage in modern industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It is a renewable raw resource. The plant is mechanically protected by this substance, which may increase its durability. Because it has antibacterial and antioxidant qualities, LIG also shields plants from biological and chemical challenges from the outside world. Researchers have done a great deal of work to create new materials and substances based on LIG. Numerous applications, including those involving antibacterial agents, antioxidant additives, UV protection agents, hydrogel-forming molecules, nanoparticles, and solid dosage forms, have been made with this biopolymer. Methods: For this review, a consistent literature screening using the Pubmed database from 2019–2024 has been performed. Results: The results showed that there is an increase in interest in lignin as an adaptable biomolecule. The most recent studies are focused on the biosynthesis and antimicrobial properties of lignin-derived molecules. Also, the use of lignin in conjunction with nanostructures is actively explored. Conclusions: Overall, lignin is a versatile molecule with multiple uses in industry and medical science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbolism of mystical consciousness, broadly speaking, belongs to three distinct kinds of temperament: Firstly, the idea of pilgrimage as a spiritual quest on man's homeward journey to the Absolute; secondly, bridal mysticism with its deep mystical emphasis on the union of love between the Divine Word (as the Bridegroom) and the human soul (as the Bride), and, thirdly, the imagery of the New Birth and the remaking or transmutation of the self in its quest of unification with the Absolute. The metaphors in all three mystical traditions cover images rich in mystical symbols. Andrew Murray's use of mystical imagery is no exception. His use of mystical metaphors include many references to light imagery expressive of his mystical orientations viz. God's working, and the place where He gives His life and light is in the heart, deeper than all thoughts; take time to meditate and to worship, until the light that comes from the throne of God has shone into you, and you have seen your union with Christ, and, dwelling in God you dwell in the very fountain of all light. In this article, Andrew Murray's reliance on a number of mystical traditions is discussed; secondly, the implications of Murray's light mysticism are evaluated in the context of the metaphysical traditions of the mystical numenousness of light metaphors in the Medieval spiritual tradition. It is concluded that Murray's mystical leanings are towards the mystical temperament of the transmutation of the mystical consciousness in the line of Plotin, Augustine, Ruysbroeck and Boehme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is aimed at studying how spatially periodic modulations of the refractive index of the medium, i.e., laser-induced gratings (LIGs), generated in a gas mixture containing methane (CH4) by nanosecond pulses of resonant mid-infrared laser radiation, can be used to measure various gas parameters. It is investigated to what extent the temporal profiles of the LIG signals, recorded as the power of the diffracted by LIGs continuous wave probe radiation, are specific to the composition, pressure, and temperature of a selected buffer gas. This specificity is illustrated by the LIG signal profiles recorded in the experiments in different gas mixtures under various conditions. Experimental data show that large LIG signals can be obtained even in mixtures with CH4 concentrations as low as ∼100 parts per million due to the strong absorption of the excitation light and subsequent rapid, highly exothermic, and partner-dependent collisional energy exchange of the laser-excited molecules with the environment. These two factors ensure high LIG generation efficiency by a small number of CH4 molecules and high sensitivity of signal strength and profile to variations of gas parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air, a widely recognized dielectric material, is employed as a dielectric layer in this study. We present a triboelectric sensor with a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode and an air-trapped pad using silicone rubber (SR). A very thin device with a thickness of 1 mm and an effective gap for contact–separation between the films of silicone rubber and polyimide (PI) of 0.6 mm makes the device extremely highly sensitive for very low amplitudes of pressure. The fabrication of LIG as an electrode material on the surface of PI is the key reason for the fabrication of the thin sensor. In this study, we showed that the fabricated air-trapped padded sensor (ATPS) has the capability to generate an output voltage of ~32 V, a short-circuit current of 1.2 µA, and attain a maximum power density of 139.8 mW m−2. The performance of the ATPS was compared with a replicated device having a hole on the pad, allowing air to pass through during contact–separation. The observed degradation in the electrical output suggests that the trapped air in the pad plays a crucial role in enhancing the output voltage. Therefore, the ATPS emerges as an ultra-sensitive sensor for healthcare sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current laser-induced graphene (LIG) methods encounter challenges such as subpar graphene quality and intricate manufacturing of electronic devices using graphene. In order to tackle these issues, this paper proposes a method of using an ultraviolet nanosecond pulse laser to stimulate the formation of graphene. Polyimide (PI) is subjected to laser irradiation in a single step to produce high-quality porous graphene. Subsequently, low-cost flexible pressure and strain sensors are manufactured using graphene. The Raman spectroscopy results demonstrate that the graphene generated has excellent quality (ID/IG = 0.14, I2D/IG = 0.37). Scanning electron microscopy shows that the LIG surface has a uniform porous morphology, with a patterning precision of 100 μm and a sheet resistance of 9.29 Ω/sq. The performance of the flexible pressure sensor was evaluated, demonstrating precise sensitivity (0.75 KPa−1 within 2.5 KPa range), a broad detection range (0–160 KPa), and a minimal detection limit of 20 Pa. The strain sensor exhibited a high level of sensitivity to strain (GF factor of 139), a broad linear range of strain (0–35 %), a low limit of detection (capable of detecting strains as low as 0.6 %), and outstanding durability (no signal distortion was observed even after subjecting it to over 2500 cycles of stretching). Flexible sensors can be worn as electronic skin on fingers, the neck, and the surface of robotic claws. The research results show that ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed lasers, using the LIG process, can produce graphene of higher known quality. The flexible pressure and strain sensors fabricated from this graphene exhibit outstanding performance. [Display omitted] • Long-wavelength laser induction results in lower quality graphene. • Fabrication of graphene-based electronic devices is complex and costly. • Ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation of polyimide yields higher quality graphene. • Flexible sensors fabricated using graphene material highlight its production value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy storage from intermittent renewables can rely on the conversion of temporary energy excess by alkaline electrolysis, yielding oxygen and green hydrogen, which can be stored and used on demand. Electrodes made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) materials offer many advantages over the traditional graphene processing routes, due to inherent simplicity and low cost-benefit. Despite poorly studied, LIG electrodes are promising for water splitting when properly doped/modified with metals. However, proper design and processing optimization should be considered. The present study is devoted to the laser processing effects on the LIG electrode performance towards water splitting in alkaline media. Promising guidelines were obtained for hydrogen production, showing high electrochemical activity, while the microstructural degradation can be minimised by selecting suitable laser processing conditions, such as 3.6 W of laser power, 100 mm/s of laser scan rate, 36 mJ/mm of energy density and 2 laser scans. • Laser processing affects the LIG electrode performance during water splitting. • Effects of laser power, scan rate, energy density and laser scans were studied. • Low laser power is an essential processing parameter for the LIG's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple and scalable method is developed for detecting trimethoprim (TMP). • A novel integration of [SeO 3 ]2− in La(OH) 3 lattice is proposed for TMP oxidation. • A porous filter is formed in situ on the µTMP-chip to avoid sample processing. • The chip detects TMP in real soil samples (recovery of 94.3–97.6 %). • Without the in-situ filter trapping biomass, the efficiency decreases by 15–45 %. The improper disposal of antibiotics in water bodies and using contaminated wastewater in irrigation severely damage the environment. Despite efforts to monitor these contaminants, effective detection methods are limited. Here, we design and develop a novel microfluidic electrochemical (EC) sensor for on-site detection of trimethoprim (TMP) using a selenite-enriched lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH) 3 :SeO x) working electrode and a polyimide (PI)-filter integrated microfluidic channel (MFC), thus termed a "µTMP-chip". For the first time, we introduced a new two-pronged strategy for enhancing TMP detection: i) incorporating selenite into the La(OH) 3 lattice to improve charge transfer properties and ii) using a laser-processed PI filter in the MFC to trap and isolate complex biomasses. Material characterizations confirmed that incorporating selenite into the La(OH) 3 lattice initiated La–O–Se bond formation and enhanced hybridization between the La 4f and O 2p orbitals. This process created holes in the O 2p valence band and improved the charge transfer properties, thus enhancing both sensitivity and selectivity. EC studies confirmed that when the PI filter is not used in the MFC, the µTMP-chip experiences a 15–45 % drop in efficiency. The scalable µTMP-chip offers cost-effective, highly reproducible TMP detection in soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used in industrial agriculture and have been associated with water pollution and negative impacts on local ecosystems and communities. There is a need for testing technologies to detect the presence of pesticide residues in water sources, especially in developing countries where access to standard laboratory methods is cost prohibitive. Herein, we outline the development of a facile electrochemical sensor for amperometric determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples. A three-electrode system was fabricated via UV laser-inscribing on a polyimide film. The working electrode was functionalized with copper nanoparticles with affinity toward organophosphate compounds. The sensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.42 ± 1.69 µM for glyphosate, 7.28 ± 1.20 µM for glufosinate, and 17.78 ± 7.68 µM for aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Sensitivity was highest for glyphosate (145.52 ± 36.73 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2) followed by glufosinate (56.98 ± 10.87 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2), and AMPA (30.92 ± 8.51 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2). The response of the sensor is not significantly affected by the presence of several ions and organic molecules commonly present in natural water samples. The developed sensor shows promising potential for facilitating environmental monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide residues, which is a current need in several parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Adsorption-controlled electrochemical system of TMB on PtNP-modified LIG surface. • TMB electrochemical reaction with reversible dimerization: voltammetric response. • TMB electrochemical reaction coupled to preceding oxidation: impedimetric response. • Adsorption-associated phasance as a function of affinity-bound protein concentration. • Capacitive immunosensing of rheumatoid factor; LOD = 0.515 U mL−1 in spiked serum. Electrokinetic modelling and experimental studies are conducted on an adsorption system, with a model redox-active adsorbate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), strongly adsorbed to a platinum nanoparticle (PtNP)-modified porous laser induced graphene (LIG) surface. The adsorption-assisted system defined here involves an electrochemical reaction coupled to a preceding, surface-bound, chemical oxidation of the adsorbate. TMB is also known to undergo intermediate reversible dimerization during oxidation. A shift in the general expressions governing the voltammetric trends due to this reversible dimerization step, and the associated impact on the electrokinetic parameters is presented here for the first time. Impedance analysis reveals a modified Randles circuit, with the faradaic contribution of the adsorbate represented by a CPE circuit component. The adsorption-associated phasance, Q ads , is expressed as a function of the surface concentrations, Γ O and Γ R , of the oxidised and reduced forms. Changes in the total surface concentration of the adsorbate, Γ m , as a result of the presence of localised non-conductive entities, such as proteins, can be correlated to Q ads , and subsequently, this capacitive change can be utilised for affinity sensing of an antigen on a specific immunosurface. Proof of concept is carried out with the immunosensing of a model protein, rheumatoid factor, on a PtNP-modified LIG surface biofunctionalised with the specific capture probe, the Fc fragment of IgG. The relationship between the antigenic concentration C RF , Q ads and Γ m is established. This label-free, adsorption-assisted, capacitive biosensing mechanism has not be reported previously, to the best of our knowledge, with a linear range of 0–300 U mL−1 and an LOD of 0.515 U mL−1 in spiked serum samples, comparable to the gold standard, ELISA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA ligase (LIG) plays a key role in connecting the 3'-OH end of a DNA strand to the 5'-P end of another DNA strand, resulting in the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It has been reported that LIGs (including LIG1, LIG3 and LIG4) play important roles in the occurrence and progression of many cancers. However, the role of LIGs in breast cancer (BC) is still unclear. In this study, we aim to reveal the expression level, function, and prognostic value of LIGs in BC. Bioinformatic tools were used to study the expression level, potential function and prognostic value of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC patients. ENCORI was used to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate LIG1 and LIG3 and established a valuable miRNA-mRNA regulation network for BC. We found that the expression of LIG1 and LIG3 was upregulated in BC and predicted high relapse-free survival (RFS) in BC patients. Functional annotation analysis was performed to reveal the role of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC. In addition, hsa-miR-22-3p was identified to be potentially involved in the regulation of LIG3. We suggest that LIG1 and LIG3 are novel valuable prognostic biomarkers for BC and has-miRNA-22-3p may be a potential therapeutic target for BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a laser‐induced graphene (LIG) loaded platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) was prepared for precise, rapid and non‐enzymatic electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The commercial PI films were used as the substrate of LIG. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of LIG, a layer of PtNPs catalyst was fabricated through a magnetron sputtering process on the surface of LIG (PtLIG). Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship between H2O2 reduction current and H2O2 concentration was recorded, the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.9919 with the detection limit of 0.1 μM (S/N=3) and the sensitivity of 248.4 μA mM−1cm−2. Moreover, the PtLIG exhibits excellent selectivity, reproducibility and repeatability. Because of these remarkable advantages, we believe that PtLIG will provide a wider range of applications in biosensors and bioelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently graphene-based materials (GBMs) have gained tremendous attention for their enormous potentials for various functional devices due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the cost effective synthesis and patterning of carbon nanomaterials are a challenge, which significantly restricts its applications. Therefore, straightforward preparation and processing of GBMs in a scalable approach is still a important goal. In recent years, laser direct writing (LDW) technique provides a powerful processing method for the broad application of laser-induced graphene (LIG) which does not rely on either high temperature or toxic chemicals. This article aims to update the latest results in this rapidly evolving field and to provide critical insights to inspire more exciting developments of LIG and its functionalization. Based on the interaction mechanisms and physical effects, we comparatively review the methods of preparation and functionalization of LIG, including inducing, structuring, doping and hybriding. In this progress report, the applications of LIG and its GBMs patterned by LDW technique were discussed in the fields of optoelectronic devices, energy storage devices, biosensors and biomimetic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A strong interface was constructed to maintain the structural integrity. • Laser-induced graphene retained its good functional integrity. • Controllable 3D deformation at high temperature. • 3D self-assembly electronics and Marangoni actuator. The fabrication of intricate three-dimensional (3D) shapes from functionalized ceramics while preserving the unique properties of the functional components is desirable in numerous promising applications, but still remains a challenge. This is largely due to the fact that functional components often exhibit different shrinkage properties relative to the ceramic matrices during co-firing, which may lead to cracking and delamination in the final ceramic composites. In this study, we harnessed such shrinkage mismatch to demonstrate the self-shaping of ceramics by constructing a robust interface between a pre-ceramic Si-based polymer and the functional components of laser-induced graphene (LIG). The porous structure of LIG facilitates strong physical bonding to the pre-ceramic polymer, even during the high-temperature polymer-to-ceramic transition process. Consequently, LIG serves as a geometrically constraining material, enabling precise programming of the self-shaping behaviors of ceramic composites. Moreover, LIG imparts excellent electrical and photothermal properties to the resulting 3D shaped ceramics, thereby expanding their potential applications in 3D electronics, 3D catalytic surfaces, and photothermal actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of U-series dating of late Pleistocene raised coral reef terraces from the Bab al-Mandab area, define two distinct groups: (1) well-preserved aragonitic fossil corals recorded from the Al-Hajaja terrace (Tr3) yield ages for last-interglacial period (LIG); and (2) calcitic fossil corals recovered from Perim Island terrace (Tr1) show varying degrees of U-series open system behavior and yield coral assemblage ages of LIG and older ages. Fossil corals from Tr1 are recrystallized corals, have anomalously high initial δ 234 U ranged from (152 ± 2‰ to 287 ± 7‰), corresponding to ages of ∼120 ka and ∼406 ka, respectively. Applying age reliability criteria on the current data suggest majority of the ages cannot be considered reliable and all are suspected for open system behavior associated with U loss/addition that significantly affects the 230 Th/U ages. The diagenesis shown by these corals occurred probably due to extensive interaction of fossil corals with freshwater during the wet periods prevailed in southern Arabia coeval with the African monsoon, which led to U loss. Post-depositional U loss suggest ( 230 Th/ 238 U) increase, which shift the U-Th ages to unexpectedly higher levels as it is shown here. Measured elevation at the Al-Hajaja terrace (Tr3) is ∼4 ± 2 m above present sea level (apsl) consistent with eustatic sea level changes and indicates that the Bab al-Mandab area is stable at least since the LIG period. The Perim Island terrace (Tr1) is at elevation of 7 ± 2 m apsl; its reef yields diageneticaly-altered corals of multiple ages and cannot be used for sea level reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accelerate the fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France followed politics that supported Arab nationalism in the wake of the ideals of reigning in the Arabian geography. The Arabs who came under the mandate of these two states after the First World War changed the goal of nationalist movements and took a stand against their mandate administrations. Egyptian, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Palestinian Arabs participated in the 'Alexandrian Protocol'. The League of Arab States, established on March 22, 1945, is a political structure that continues its activities with 22 members as of today. Detailed in the first part of the relevant article of the Middle East and the region balances, which is examined daily from the process leading to the establishment of the League of Arab States; 1. The Arab-Israeli War, the Baghdad Pact, the Suez Crisis, the establishment of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, the Six-Day War, the Jordanian-Palestinian conflict, the Egyptian-Israeli reconciliation, the Iran-Iraq war, the Gulf War, the function of the League of Arab States is considered. Given the influence of the League of Arab States on the Middle East and its regional balances, the national interests of the League member countries seem to give results that will defeat the idea of joint action and defense. The second part of our production includes the structural analysis of the crises of the League of Arab States. In this context, the effectiveness of the League on the Middle East and regional balances is revealed by addressing the problems that arise from the organizational structure and legal regulation. However, the question of why the League of Arab States could not be a more effective actor on regional balances was sought. The issue of authority is examined under the titles such as the problem of resolving conflicts, the issue of not establishing common grounds and values, the issue of defense and security, the failure of decisions to be violated and sanctions, the problem of conflict with the League's own decisions and the problems experienced in the Arab League summit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess ancient biotic connections between the Amazon Forest (AmF) and the Atlantic Forest (AtF) based on environmental niche modelling ( ENM), palaeobiological, and molecular evidence; to test Por ()'s hypothesis of the south-eastern-north-western ( SE- NW) route as the most important route in terms of frequency and duration; to evaluate past climatic conditions associated with the routes. Location South America. Methods We generated random points in climate space of AmF and AtF and identified two major climatic groups in the shared environmental space (colder and warmer) with a K-means cluster analysis. We modelled each climatic group using eleven algorithms of ENM and selected the best model, projecting the results back to 120 ka. We used published data on South American palaeopalynology, speleothem and travertine chronology for model validation. We also accessed vertebrate molecular studies and extracted the split timing of lineages distributed both in the AmF and the AtF to test Por ()'s hypothesis in more ancient times. Results Palynological and speleothem studies supported the results of our ENM models, indicating expansion of cold-adapted species along the SE- NW and NE routes in the LGM. The SE- NW route was also supported in the LIG, however, involving warm-adapted species. Our results support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE- NW was established more than once in the past, involving different plant communities each time, adapted to different temperature conditions. Vertebrate molecular studies also support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE- NW route was established since the Andean uplift. Main Conclusions The SE- NW route is the most ancient connection route between the AmF and the AtF and probably was established since the Andean uplift and the formation of the South American monsoon system. This route was established many times in the past, alternating by the distribution expansion of cold-adapted and warm-adapted plant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) protein family is a surface-exposed protein from the pathogenic Leptospira. The Lig protein family has been identified as an essential virulence factor of L. interrogan. One of the family members, LigA, contains 13 homologous tandem repeats of bacterial Ig-like (Big) domains in its extracellular portion. It is crucial in binding with the host's Extracellular matrices (ECM) and complement factors. However, its vital role in the invasion and evasion of pathogenic Leptospira , structural details, and domain organization of the extracellular portion of this protein are not explored thoroughly. Here, we described the first high-resolution crystal structure of a variable region segment (LigA8–9) of LigA at 1.87 Å resolution. The structure showed some remarkably distinctive aspects compared with other closely related Immunoglobulin domains. The structure illustrated the relative orientation of two domains and highlighted the role of the linker region in the domain orientation. We also observed an apparent electron density of Ca2+ ions coordinated with a proper interacting geometry within the protein. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated the involvement of a linker salt bridge in providing rigidity between the two domains. Our study proposes an overall arrangement of Ig-like domains in the LigA protein. The structural understanding of the extracellular portion of LigA and its interaction with the ECM provides insight into developing new therapeutics directed toward leptospirosis. • A variable region segment of Leptospira host-interacting protein was solved at 1.87 Å. • The crystal structure reveals the relative orientation of the two domains. • Ca2+ ions interacting with proper geometry within the protein were identified. • The structure highlights the role of the linker region in the domain orientation. • A salt bridge between two domains provides rigidity in the structure. • The study proposes an overall arrangement of Ig-like domains in the LigA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western thought, since the Renaissance, shows a repeated development of methods aimed at attacking Christianity, from Machiavelli's Classicist militarism up to William James' 'empty' Pragmatism.1 Methods have aims, and aims are subject to norms and criteria. A summit of anti- Christian enmity - in middle Modernity - was the pre-Revolutionary French philosophes, headed by Voltaire. In the previous article I have shown how the Neo-Classicist Voltaire developed a hermeneutic in which the Classical Greeks and Romans always appear as tolerant and virtuous, and Christianity is presented as misleading, intolerant, oppressive, violent and criminal - all through its history. In this article I investigate the nature of 'light' in the name 'Enlightenment', in order to understand Voltaire's alternative to Christianity. I argue that the philosophical term 'light' was rooted in Plato, developed and adapted by Augustine and Scholasticism, and became a basis for group mystical elitism in Joachim of Fiore. In Modernity - specifically Voltaire - the light becomes a replacement of the Medieval divine Logos (Law-word) - a new light for elitist groups. Modernity separated the Origin (causa efficiens) from the Destiny (causa finalis): the divine was split between 'Nature' (origin) and (super-natural) 'Rationality' (scientific and civil); linked these two with the faith in progress. The 'light' was insight into 'natural law' a priori in consciousness; an ambiguous 'natural law' expressing the bio-mechanical and the basis of civility, driving humankind to progress. Thus insight into the laws of physics - from Logos Newton via Caesar Voltaire - provides the basis for a rational society: scientific reason supports practical reason. Voltaire's insistence on the natural right of women to be incubators of workers and soldiers (adopted by the French Revolutionaries) shows how difficult it was to derive the human from the natural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous work, the lanthanum iron garnet-filled PVDF-polymer nanocomposite has been prepared. The real and imaginary parts of relative permittivity and permeability of mentioned sample were obtained simultaneously using the Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method based on the measurement of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the materials. In this study, the electric field distribution and attenuation at rectangular waveguide loaded sample were investigated based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The computations of the reflection and transmission coefficients (S-parameters) were implemented using both the FEM and NRW methods. The results were compared with the measured reflection and transmission coefficients using the rectangular waveguide in conjunction with an Agilent N5230A PNA-L Vector network analyzer (VNA) at X-band frequencies (8 GHz- 12 GHz). The results of the relative error indicated that, among the two applied methods, the FEM is more accurate than the NRW method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In our previous work, the lanthanum iron garnet-filled PVDF-polymer nanocomposite has been prepared. The reflection and transmission coefficients (S-Parameters) of PVDF-13% LIG were measured using rectangular waveguide in conjunction with a microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) at X-band frequencies (8–12GHz). In order to determine simultaneously the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity and permeability of nanocomposite sample the Nicholson–Ross–Weir (NRW) method was applied based on the measurement of the S-Parameters of the materials. The general observations of the results indicate that the decreasing in real and imaginary part of complex permeability and real part of complex permittivity resulted in increasing the frequency; meanwhile imaginary part of permittivity tends to become constant when frequency increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent serologic, immunoprotection, and pathogenesis studies identified the Lig proteins as key virulence determinants in interactions of leptospiral pathogens with the mammalian host. We examined the sequence variation and recombination patterns of ligA, ligB, and ligC among 10 pathogenic strains from five Leptospira species. All strains were found to have intact ligB genes and genetic drift accounting for most of the ligB genetic diversity observed. The ligA gene was found exclusively in L. interrogans and L. kirschneri strains, and was created from ligB by a two-step partial gene duplication process. The aminoterminal domain of LigB and the LigA paralog were essentially identical (98.5±0.8% mean identity) in strains with both genes. Like ligB, ligC gene variation also followed phylogenetic patterns, suggesting an early gene duplication event. However, ligC is a pseudogene in several strains, suggesting that LigC is not essential for virulence. Two ligB genes and one ligC gene had mosaic compositions and evidence for recombination events between related Leptospira species was also found for some ligA genes. In conclusion, the results presented here indicate that Lig diversity has important ramifications for the selection of Lig polypeptides for use in diagnosis and as vaccine candidates. This sequence information will aid the identification of highly conserved regions within the Lig proteins and improve upon the performance characteristics of the Lig proteins in diagnostic assays and in subunit vaccine formulations with the potential to confer heterologous protection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Precise spatial and temporal control of Drosophila Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling is achieved by a host of extracellular factors that modulate ligand distribution and activity. Here we describe Kekkon5 (Kek5), a transmembrane protein containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), as a novel regulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila. We find that loss or gain of kek5 disrupts crossvein development and alters the early profile of phosphorylated Mad and dSRF in presumptive crossvein cells. kek5 phenotypic effects closely mimic those observed with Short gastrulation (Sog), but do not completely recapitulate the effects of dominant negative BMP receptors. We further demonstrate that Kek5 is able to antagonize the BMP ligand Glass bottom boat (Gbb) and that the Kek5 LRRs are required for BMP inhibitory activity, while the Ig domain is dispensable in this context. Our identification of Kek5 as a modulator of BMP signaling supports the emerging notion that LIG proteins function as diverse regulators of cellular communication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domains represent two of the most abundant sequence elements in metazoan proteomes. Despite this prevalence, comparatively few molecules containing both LRR and Ig (LIG) modules exist, and fewer still have been functionally defined. One LIG whose function has been investigated is the Drosophila protein Kekkon1 (Kek1). In vivo studies have demonstrated a role for Kek1 in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling and have suggested a role in neuronal pathfinding. Kek1 is the founding member of the Kek family, a group of six Drosophila transmembrane proteins that contain seven LRRs and a single Ig in their extracellular domains. While this arrangement of domains predicts a possible role as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), to date little is known about the function or evolutionary relationship of these additional Kek molecules. Here we report that orthologs of Kek1, Kek2, Kek5, and Kek6 exist in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the honeybee, Apis mellifera, indicating that this family has been conserved for ~300 million years of evolutionary time. Comparative sequence analyses reveal remarkable identity among these orthologs, primarily in their extracellular regions. In contrast, the intracellular regions are more divergent, exhibiting only small pockets of conservation. In addition, we provide support for the general notion that these molecules may share common functions as CAMs, by demonstrating that Kek family members can form homotypic and heterotypic complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a foam-like porous material consisting of few-layer graphene obtained by laser irradiation of a wide range of carbon-containing substrates. Among these, the ability to synthesize LIG from paper and other cellulose-related materials is particularly exciting, as it opens the door to a wide assortment of potential applications in the form of low-cost, flexible, and biodegradable devices. Here, the synthesis of this material, dubbed paper-LIG , on different types of filter papers and xylan biopolymer is discussed. In particular, we report the formation of paper-LIG by single-step irradiation, providing an improvement over the conventional multiple lasing approach and giving an explanation of the conditions that allow this simplified synthesis. All the relevant process parameters are covered, assessing their effect on the resulting electrical properties, structure, and morphology. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of LIG obtained from xylan, an abundant and often underutilized biopolymer, for temperature sensing. These results provide a better understanding of the conditions required for the synthesis of highly conductive LIG from paper and related materials, paving the way for its application, with reduced cost and low environmental impact, in fields ranging from biomonitoring to consumer electronics. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of laser-induced graphene from filter paper by a single irradiation step • Synthesis of laser-induced graphene by irradiation of filter paper containing activated charcoal • Laser-induced graphene from a xylan substrate, valorizing this underutilized natural product • Temperature sensor employing laser-induced graphene obtained from modified xylan [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We introduce laser-induced pyrolytic jetting of LIG from polyimide matrix. • The free-standing LIG fiber undergoes significant volume expansion. • The surface of the remaining PI is exceptionally smooth at optimum condition. • The laser-machined PI substrates opens up new applications as templates and molds. Based on its outstanding mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, a Polyimide (PI) is useful in a wide range of applications. Its usage in biomedicine is drawing great attention owing to the recent confirmation of the biocompatibility of various PIs. However, the conventional patterning of a PI, based on photolithographic methods, which is expensive and time-consuming, hampers the rapid advancement of research-oriented fields that require frequent design changes. To resolve this problem, we introduce the method of the monolithic digital patterning of PI up to the quasi-three-dimensional (3D) structures at the microscale resolution by laser-induced jetting of highly porous Laser-induced graphene (LIG) from the PI matrix. Pyrolytic jetting of the LIG is dependent not only on the laser-induced temperature but also on its temporal and spatial gradients. However, the surfaces of the remaining PI can be exceptionally smooth at the optimum laser condition, comparable to the pristine surface at the microscopic level, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. On-demand microfluidic channels and multilevel imprinting molds are created in a single step using the proposed method as a proof-of-concept, substantiating its potential application in relevant research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Use of additive design/processing for production of disposable graphene sensors. • Optimisation of sensing architecture for the electroanalytical applications. • Exploitation of vitamin B2 as a biocompatible indicator for wound pH. The laser-induced modification of polyimide substrates to yield conductive graphitised tracks sensitive to the solution pH is investigated. The influence of laser output and operating characteristics on the surface morphology and the consequential impact on electrochemical properties have been evaluated. Several sensor formats have been pursued using both potentiometric and voltammetric methodologies and found to provide a stable means of determining pH. While the potentiometric system was found to provide sub-Nernstian responses, the voltammetric system employing a riboflavin (vitamin B2) redox probe was found to exhibit classic Nernstian profiles (56 mV/pH). The versatility of the laser patterning on polyimide is shown to yield a mechanically flexible double-sided probe that could be suitable for use in a wide variety of clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canary Islands, east of the North Atlantic Ocean (27°N-29°N), are under the influence of the Canary Current, the descending branch of the North Atlantic Gyre, which is modulated by coastal upwelling off North-West Africa. They constitute strategic sites for palaeoclimatic reconstructions, especially for the Last Interglacial (LIG, 129 to 116 ky BP) estimated to be warmer than present. Seventy-four carbon and oxygen isotope bulk analyses and time series measurements were performed on 32 aragonitic mollusc shells from the LIG marine deposits on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura islands during a period of sea-level highstand that we estimated to occur between ≈125 and 119-116 ky BP. Our SST calculations, inferred from shell δ18O values using available isotopic fractionation equations, provide a seasonal SST amplitude ranging from 3.5 °C to 6.0 °C, in agreement with the modern seasonal amplitude, along with a mean SST comprised between 20.4 ± 1.3 °C and 22.2 ± 1.2 °C. With respect to the pre-industrial times, we deduce a positive SST anomaly in the range of +1.0 ± 1.4 °C to +2.8 ± 1.3 °C, consistent with the presence of the species Persististrombus latus , typical of warm SSTs. Although this finding does not match with the zonal negative anomaly of a reconstructed SST at low latitudes of the North Atlantic, it is nevertheless corroborated by other climate reconstructions in the northeastern tropical Atlantic region. We attribute this trend to an excess of summer insolation during the LIG which warmed the Canary Current, enhanced by a weakening of the North African upwelling. The entire North Atlantic Gyre was probably warmer during the LIG. • Isotopes in mollusc shells from Canary Islands reveal seawater warming at MIS5e. • Shells were deposited during sea-level highstand in the second part of LIG. • Seasonal SST amplitude at MIS5e in Canary Islands is similar to that of modern times. • Northeast tropical Atlantic warmed at LIG by insolation and weakening of upwelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]