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In this paper, we build a simple model on the role of households' liquidity preference in the determination of economic performance. We postulate, for the sake of the argument, a purely 'horizontalist' environment, i.e., a world of endogenous money where the central bank is able to fix the interest rate(s) at a level of its own willing. We show that even in such a framework liquidity preference, while obviously not constituting anymore a theory for the determination of the interest rate, continues to be a key element for the determination of both the level and evolution over time of aggregate income and capital accumulation. In our model, this happens because of the working of a mechanism so far unexplored in the literature, i.e., the endogenous variations of banks' policy of profits' distribution in response to changes in the liquidity preference of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2008 and 2020 it has been a common practice among main central banks to keep the policy rate at or around zero. Apart from the expected macroeconomic consequences described partly by liquidity trap theories and structural macroeconomic models discussing the effectiveness of economic policy at the zero lower bound (ZLB), moderate interest rates have a notable influence on the portfolio optimising decisions of economic actors as well. The paper thus endeavours to reveal the wealth effect at the ZLB. Firstly, it compares how the various monetary aggregates and sectoral portfolios changed in the USA and in the eurozone between 2000 and 2020 contrasting the empirical facts with the theoretical assumptions and the experience of the Japan’s lost decade. Secondly, it examines the impact of the common monetary policy at the ZLB on the portfolio structure of individual countries of the eurozone. Hierarchical cluster analysis is applied using Eurostat sectoral financial asset statistics for selected years between 2005 and 2019. After choosing the best asset-to-GDP variables of sectoral financial asset holdings, countries are separated in different clusters based on Squared Euclidean distance and variables are standardised to z-scores. The analysis revealed that low interest rates cause significant portfolio rearrangements in the eurozone as a whole. Moreover, there is much greater diversity between individual member states originally than the way monetary policy influenced differences in the portfolio composition of economic sectors, even some convergence between core and periphery countries is observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keynes and Hayek are usually perceived in the history of economic thought as intellectual rivals. Although it is true that in terms of policy recommendations, they have not always seen eye to eye, there are numerous theoretical elements that the two economists tend to share. This is especially true if one follows Axel Leijonhufvud (1976) in considering that Keynes's fundamental theoretical work is the Treatise and not the General Theory. In the early 1930s, following the works of Wicksell (1989), both explained business cycles as caused by a discrepancy between savings and investment. They considered that in the modern economy the interest rate cannot speedily adjust these two magnitudes. To a certain extent, Keynes and Hayek even agreed on the dynamic sequence of prices in a "normal" depression. By the time the General Theory came out, liquidity preference obscured most of the commonalities between the two economists. Although Hayek introduced liquidity preference as a short run friction in his 1941 Pure Theory of Capital, he could not accept it as a fundamental determinant of the interest rate. However, in the 1970s Hayek began to believe that "normal" Hayekian crises could further degenerate into Keynesian depressions. By focusing on Keynes's theoretical development prior to the elaboration of the General Theory in parallel with Hayek's evolution throughout his life, we argue that a selective reading of their works could lead to a theoretical model in which Keynesian and Hayekian scenarios are specific cases of a more general theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using as a test the drawn-out liquidity preference vs loanable funds debate between 1936 and 1956, this paper pursues two lines of inquiries: to illustrate first the progressive conquest of Keynesian macroeconomics by general equilibrium techniques to build the neoclassical synthesis; and, second, to evaluate the epistemological status of the general equilibrium model used by the various debaters who were still confused about the connections between formal models and interpretative contents; hence, they systematically overestimated general equilibrium explanatory capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a theoretical account of the role of regional differences in cyclical patterns of credit availability for patterns of regional convergence or divergence. While mainstream theories imply either equalising regional capital flows, or else lower credit availability for peripheral regions due to market imperfections, Post-Keynesian theory of liquidity preference and financial structure imply the scope for greater credit volatility for peripheral regions, especially in downturns, contributing to real economic divergence. This latter account is assessed by means of an empirical analysis of patterns in bank credit over the business cycle among the Spanish regions and Eurozone countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article of this journal, Claudio Sardoni ([2019]. 'Investment and Saving in a Dynamic Context: The Contribution of Athanasios (Tom) Asimakopulos.' Review of Political Economy 31 (2): 233–246) made four claims: (1) An increase in the propensity to save will lower the long-term interest rate; (2) A higher preference for bonds will lead to lower long-term interest rates; (3) A higher level of investment will lead to a higher long-term interest rate; (4) A larger (exogenous) supply of money will lead to a lower long-term interest rate. We confront these four claims with the help of a simple stock-flow consistent (SFC) model which includes firms, banks and households, with the latter holding either bank deposits or bonds issued by firms, while these firms invest in fixed capital and in inventories. We find that higher investment leads to higher interest rates on bonds in the short run, but not in the medium or long run. Similarly, a higher desired inventories-to-output ratio ends up leading to lower interest rates both in the short and the long run. We conclude that using SFC models is particularly adequate when dealing with issues that integrate real and financial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of the hypothesis of the money supply as a theory is based on the Post Keynesians. This hypothesis suggests that there is a causal relationship between credit and money supply and monetary base in an economy. With the developing financial system and financial innovations, the endogeneity of money supply is one of the priority issues to be studied. For this reason it is important to consider the endogeneity of money supply in a theoretical and empirical context. In this study, the hypothesis of endogeneity money supply for Turkey's economy was investigated by Toda-Yamamoto and Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis procedures for the period 2006-2018. Empirical findings show that there is a causal relationship between credit and money supply, monetary base and money multiplier. There is also a causal relationship from money supply to credit. In this case, the bidirectional causality relationship between credit and money multiplier supports the view of liquidity preference regarding the endogeneity of money supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of interest, one of the most debated issues in the history of economic thought, can be classified as the monetary theory of interest and the nonmonetary theory of interest. The nonmonetary theory of interest, developed by classical economists and their modern followers, suggests that interest rate is determined by real factors. According to this theory, interest rate is determined by saving reflecting the supply of capital and by investment reflecting the demand for capital. In Keynes’s analysis, however, the monetary nature of interest rate is explained by the liquidity preference theory. That the concept of interest is a monetary phenomenon and that it is therefore determined by the money market constitute the essence of this approach. According to Keynes, the major reason for the confusion about the theory of interest is the fact that the intrinsic characteristics of money under conditions of a developed money economy, unlike a real exchange economy, have not been understood properly. That money not only has the function of a medium of exchange, but it also has the function of a medium of accumulating value has a central role in the developed theory of interest. In this context, Keynes defines the rate of interest, which is determined by the preference for liquidity, not by a decision for saving, as the reward for parting with liquidity for a specified period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial exclusion in Brazil: a regional investigation. Despite the fact that after the second half of the nineties the studies of financial exclusion have gained strength among the studies about poverty and regional and social inequalities, a few studies about this problem had appear in the Brazilian economic literature. The present work aims to contribute to this discussion by doing a regional investigation about the phenomenon of financial exclusion inside Brazil. The main hypothesis of the study is that this phenomenon is not disassociated of the space in which it happens. Thought of the use of proxies two dimensions of financial exclusion had been studied: the access to financial services and the suitability of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explore the potential for using fuzzy logic to analyse economic decision-making under Keynesian uncertainty, and in particular in circumstances where variety of opinion is important. Fuzzy logic is shown to apply where expectations may differ because the nature of the subject matter impedes any 'crisp' way of describing the underlying variables. The particular case of the speculative demand for money is considered, since it explicitly reflects variety of opinion as to whether interest rates are 'high' or 'low'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hayek did not review the General Theory , but he criticized it in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and in part IV of The Pure Theory of Capital (1941). First, he showed that only exceptionally does greater consumption favour investment and employment. Second, he rejected Keynes's liquidity preference and maintained that only in an ‘extreme case’ might it be said that Keynes's theory of the rate of interest is valid. Although he correctly identified the gist of Keynes's theoretical innovation, his criticisms were already implicitly answered in the General Theory . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transaction data suggest the existence of a price differential between large-scale estates and single-block buildings. This paper attempts to explain why such a price differential may exist even in the long-term equilibrium position due to better quality of the structural attributes and the premium that home buyers are willing to pay for the additional liquidity of large-scale estates. Empirical results suggest a 15 per cent premium for better quality of structural attributes in the large-scale estates and the premium for liquidity accounts for more than one-third of the price differential. The market takes approximately four months to correct for equilibrium error, which might easily be shortened by the government agency with the use of an on-line registration system and hence market efficiency can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the whole debate on the finance motive, this work highlights the importance of Robertson's and Shaw's critical comments on the Keynesian theory of the rate of interest. Saving and liquidity cannot be conceived – as Keynes and the post-Keynesians claim – as separate categories, in that they are functionally related. This doesn't necessarily means that one has to abandon a monetary theory of the rate of interest which is based on the liquidity preferences of banks and wealth-holders (Kaldor, Shackle). Moreover, we point out a difficulty for the functioning of the multiplier that arises when – according to Keynes – the liquidity position of the revolving fund of finance is restored at the end of the circulation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]