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This study evaluates the performance of a practical IEEE 802.15.4/4e/4g low-rate (LR) wireless personal area network (WPAN) with multiple physical (PHY) layers and multi-hop capabilities for smart utility networks, machine-tomachine networks and other advanced sensor networks. The proposal includes realistic design considerations addressing demands of practical applications, country-specific regulatory requirements and technical specification in international standards. A cross-layer open system interconnection model from the application, transport, network, medium access control, down to the multiple PHY layers is constructed based on the specification in IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN and other layer-specific standards. Employing the cross-layer model, extensive computer simulations were conducted to investigate the performance of the LR-WPAN system in this application domain. As a result, the authors have successfully verified the simulated achievable average throughput in both PHY layer designs, multi-rate and multi-regional frequency shift keying (MR-FSK) and multi-rate and multi-regional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MR-OFDM) with the theoretical throughput by calculation. Secondly, in a multi-PHY environment with the presence of 30 interferer devices, throughput degradation of the victim system is observed within 30%. Furthermore, when interferer devices transmit frames with interval beyond 1 s, the degradation to the victim system becomes negligible. Thirdly, MR-FSK PHY has a simpler design with higher energy-efficiency, whereas MR-OFDM PHY is more complicated with more resilience to interference. They have found an interference tolerance capability difference of 15 dB between the MR-FSK and MR-OFDM systems. Fourthly, comparing with their single-hop counterparts, multi-hop systems have lower average throughput in MR-FSK by 25% and MR-OFDM by 10%. Finally, comparing with networks with periodical beacon transmissions, asynchronous networks have more inferior average throughput of 20% in MR-FSK and 3% in MR-OFDM, with the advantage of longer battery lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the performance of complete complementary code-based spread-time code-division multiple access (CC-ST-CDMA) in frequency-nonselective and frequency-selective fading channels. The theoretical bit-error-rate (BER) expressions conditioned on the number of users and the sequence length (and the number of resolvable paths for multipath frequency-selective fading) are obtained. The theoretical approximation of the BER for the system using long-sequence-length complete complementary codes is investigated as well. The simulations are conducted over flat-fading and two-path frequency-selective fading channels and have been used to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the proposed CC-ST-CDMA system has a comparable BER performance with complete complementary code-based multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple access (CC-MC.DSCDMA) for a flat.fading channel. However, for a frequency-selective fading channel, the CC-ST-CDMA is found to be more resistant, resulting in about 2-3 dB better performance than the CC-MC.DSCDMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]