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Recently, deep learning‐based stereo matching has achieved great success. However, models trained on the source domain dataset encounter substantial performance degradation when directly tested on an unseen target domain dataset because of neglecting the generalization to out‐of‐distribution (OOD) stereo samples. This paper proposes a stereo sample generation‐based domain generalization network (SGDG‐Net) for stereo matching. Specifically, to expand the distribution span of training samples, OOD stereo samples are generated to assist training. To effectively generate OOD left samples, a style transfer‐based generation mechanism is proposed to transmit perturbations to the source left samples. In addition, to generate the OOD right samples, a disparity‐assisted generation strategy is proposed by using disparity map labels as auxiliary information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SGDG‐Net produces remarkable results on four benchmark datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust accumulation reduces the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels and their safe operation. In this paper, a novel dust concentration and energy conversion efficiency (DC-ECE) model is proposed to estimate the effect of dust accumulation on PV generation performance. The effects of wind, particle flow, and dust deposition on the PV panels are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The realizable k - ϵ model and discrete phase model (DPM) are used to predict the turbulent flow and dust deposition, respectively. An on-site wind tunnel experiment is designed to verify the effectiveness of the CFD simulation. Moreover, an expression of the deposition rate is developed to analyze the effects of wind speed and particle diameter on dust concentration. The results indicate that the spiral vortex of the dust particles becomes more pronounced and gradually diffuses as the installation angle increases. The length and angle of the vortex at the rear of the PV panel reach the maximum at a wind speed of 3.9 m/s and an installation angle of 45°. When the dust particle diameter is less than 120 μ m, the wind speed has the largest impact on the conversion efficiency of the PV panels, and the conversion efficiency has a linear relationship with the deposition time. The conversion efficiency loss increases with an increase in the dust particle diameter and the wind speed. The maximum conversion efficiency loss of the PV panels is 72.9%. • Dust deposition on the performance of PV panels are numerically investigated. • A novel dust concentration and energy conversion efficiency model is established. • A wind flow simulation experiment with PV panels in a wind tunnel is designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea urchin (Mseocentrotus nudus) is an economically important mariculture species in several Asian countries. The growth rate and immunocompetence differ by sex in this species. However, the mechanisms of sex determination in M. nudus have remain unclear. In the present study, we focus on the dmrt1 gene of M. nudus (Mndmrt1) to investigate its dynamic expression pattern during different developmental stages. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that Mndmrt1 exhibits testis-specific expression and undetectable during the whole embryogenesis. With the development of ontogenetic, Mndmrt1 transcripts are first detected at 9 months post-fertilization (mpf). In addition, both the transcripts and protein of Mndmrt1 gene were specifically expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, indicating that it might be a male germ cells marker in sea urchin. Significantly, the 1441 bp promoter sequence of Mndmrt1 gene was obtained by DNA walking, and one positive regulatory region at −1197/ −968 in the promoter, as well as one negative regulatory region at −1441/ −1198 have been identified by promoter activity analysis. Moreover, two regulatory regions contain multiple putative binding sites for transcription factors, including Sp1, Egr1, Sox5, CEBP, GATA and SRY. These findings suggest that Mndmrt1 may be related to testis differentiation and spermatogenesis in sea urchin and will provide an insight into understanding the regulatory mechanism of the dmrt1 gene. [Display omitted] • Mndmrt1 exhibits testis-specific expression. • Mndmrt1 is a male germ cells marker in sea urchin. • Two regulatory regions have been identified in the promoter of Mndmrt1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]