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Biomass co-firing technology is a potential solution for low-carbon transition of coal-fired power plants. Existing techno-economic analyses of this technology fail to consider indirect benefits, such as avoided losses from technology retrofitting, and the heterogeneity across regions. To address these limitations, we developed five types of techno-economic indicators to analyze six possible future scenarios for the application of this technology in 29 provinces of China, based on regional heterogeneous data. The results show, first, generally, the higher the local coal price, the local on-grid electricity price, the biomass feed-in tariff subsidy, and the carbon trading price, the greater the incentives and benefits for biomass co-firing. Second, bio-electricity tariff subsidies greatly increase the incentives for technology retrofitting, with 26 of the 29 provinces analyzed having sufficient incentives for retrofits in this scenario. Third, biomass co-firing technology has more revenue potential when emission quota is limited than when it's not. Our results indicate that a timely tightening of the CO 2 emission quotas of the coal power sector will stimulate technological retrofits even without additional policy incentives, while more plants retrofitted will achieve positive returns with additional incentives. [Display omitted] • A biomass cofiring technology scenario-economics assessment model is built. • Five types of techno-economic indicators for six future scenarios are analyzed. • Indirect revenues of biomass co-firing technology are considered. • Tighten the CO 2 quota will stimulate the impetus of technological retrofit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective investment planning is crucial for achieving economic growth while also protecting the environment. An important premise of guiding investors is identifying low-carbon investment sectors; however, no previous research has attempted to discern high- and low-carbon areas at a macro-sector level or conducted a comprehensive assessment with a general equilibrium framework including both status quo and potential effects. Using an environment extended input-output model, structural path analysis model, and China energy and environmental policy analysis model (CEEPA), this study estimates overall carbon emissions driven by unit investment of various sectors in China, highlights the low- and high-carbon investment sectors by developing an investment carbon multiplier indicator, and provides valuable insights for sustainable investment planning by identifying the key sectors and supply chains that require transitions in investment demand and mode. The results show that China is making significant strides toward a greener future, with a shift toward low-carbon investments and economic development. There are currently four typical high-carbon investment sectors and 12 potential low-carbon investment sectors. Investments in agriculture and modern services contribute moderately economically and environmentally. The simulations also reveal that redirecting investments from metal products to computer-related manufacturing represents a promising approach for achieving both economic growth and environmental sustainability, whereas reducing carbon emissions through construction investment will result in socio-economic losses. [Display omitted] • China's new investments have gradually evolved towards a low-carbon orientation. • There are four high-carbon and twelve low-carbon investment sectors. • Computer-related manufacturing is primary low-carbon development direction. • Investments in metal products, housing and civil construction can be sustained. • Moving investments from metal products to computer-related sectors will be win-win. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has become the largest producer of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions in the world. However, almost all current Chinese policies are emphasizing the control of CO 2 emissions only, and no goals have been established for non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emission reductions, China risks missing early opportunities for lower-cost abatement of the latter. Aiming to disclose the different effects of CO 2 and non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions reductions and provide some suggestions for non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions reduction in China, this paper focuses on identifying the price impacts and transmitting paths among different sectors of imposing CO 2 , methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission taxes using the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model, then further compares the sources of CO 2 and non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions based on the big data from the first national census of pollution sources. When the same emission tax is imposed for every ton of CO 2 e, the results clearly show that the prices in all sectors have the greatest increase for CO 2 emissions tax scenario relative to CH 4 and N 2 O emissions tax scenarios. With respect to sectors with larger CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, price change in sectors with larger CO 2 emissions will be responsible for the price change of almost all sectors. Moreover, from the perspective of sources of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, CO 2 emissions are from almost all industries of the entire economy, and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions are from agriculture, energy mining, and waste. These results indicate that the tax reducing CH 4 and N 2 O emissions will cause lower impacts than the abatement of CO 2 emissions. Integrating the current national policies with the above results, Chinese government should also pay more attention to CH 4 and N 2 O emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to identify the intersectoral linkage of larger CO 2 emissions sectors, this paper studies the CO 2 emissions elasticity of technical and final demand coefficients using the input–output technique. The results show that the greatest emission-coefficient elasticities are those related to transactions between Construction and Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products , between Gross fixed capital formation and Construction , and between Agriculture and Processing and Manufacture of Food , and Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power and Mining and Washing of Coal . All these transactions between these sectors imply that CO 2 emissions control policy only for a specific sector maybe have no obvious CO 2 emissions mitigations if national government promote the growth of those sectors, which have the biggest emission-coefficient sensitivity with it. Now Chinese government formulates the policy to promote new-type urbanization, urbanization will cause the Gross fixed capital formation in Construction , and the more demands for the products of Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products Production, Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power , so how to balance the carbon emissions in larger emissions sectors and rapid urbanization is a big challenge for decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the characteristics of virtual carbon flows among regions is essential for China to deploy effective regional mitigation strategies. This study established a multi-regional input–output model to assess the characteristics of interregional carbon flows and account for carbon emissions by different regions according to one production-based and two consumption-based accounting principles. Results indicate that interregional carbon flows grew from 136.4 MtC in 2002 to 377.8 MtC in 2007. The proportion of total national emissions represented by interregional carbon flows rose from 15.2% in 2002 to 21.1% in 2007. Therefore, different accounting principles tend to have more and more different impacts on the emission responsibility that a region is assumed to take. According to the results under different accounting principles, the Northeast and Northwest regions will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the production-based principle than under either of the consumption-based principles. The Eastern Coastal and Southern Coastal regions, in contrast, will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the two consumption-based principles. Moreover, the carbon flows from the Central and Northwest regions to the Eastern Coastal region were the greatest contributors to both the total interregional carbon flows in 2007 and the growth in interregional carbon flows from 2002 to 2007. Given this situation and considering the economic disparity among these regions, methods similar to the Joint Implementation could be considered when discussing the regions' emission responsibilities. Results also indicate that the total use direct emission principle is a more feasible and practical consumption-based choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, China faces a number of serious environmental problems that significantly affect economic and social sustainable development. In this paper we quantify the CO2, SO2, NOx, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and ammonia–nitrogen emissions resulting from household consumption, based on an input–output model used to identify which consumption items appear mainly responsible for environmental impacts and which consumption items can lead to different environmental impacts in 2007. Using a 2007 input–output table, we found that CO2, SO2, COD, NOx, and ammonia–nitrogen emissions from household consumption in 2007 accounted for approximately 42.17%, 33.67%, 33.11%, 28.83% and 30.38% of China's total emissions, respectively. Each environmental impact arises from the consumption of a mix of goods and services. “Agriculture” and “Food and Tobacco Manufacture” consumption contributed more than 50% of COD and ammonia nitrogen emissions; “Electricity and Heating Generation” and “Food and Tobacco Manufacture” accounted for more than 50% of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions. We classified consumption items into different types, with Type 1 and Type 3 countering each other, illustrating a trade-off between stimulating household consumption, mitigating COD and Ammonia nitrogen emissions and mitigating CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since 1996 China became a net importer of crude oil, energy security has faced lots of supply risks and the issues of security on energy using have become more and more acute. The Chinese government has taken a series of policies and measures and enacted relevant laws to guarantee energy security and mitigate global climate change. What changes has energy security in China experienced in these years? What impacts has the implementation of energy security and climate protection policies brought to China’s energy security? This paper has established the evaluation indicators and model of the energy security index. The model evaluation results show that: (1) in 1996–2009, the index of China’s energy supply security presented an uptrend and then downtrend. For example, it presented a rapid uptrend in 1996–2001, a quick downtrend in 2002–2005, and a slow downtrend in 2006–2009. The energy supply security index in 2009 was kept basically the same as that in 1996. (2) In 1996–2009, the index of China’s energy using security presented a fluctuated uptrend. For example, it presented a fluctuating uptrend in 1996–2002, and dropped to a relative low level in 2003–2005, and then quickly rose in 2006–2009. (3) The policy of “China’s energy-saving and emission reduction” has slowed down the decreasing speed of the index of energy supply security and also conspicuously improved the index of energy using security, so that the composite index of China’s energy security presented an uptrend, then downtrend and finally uptrend. The policy of “China’s energy-saving and emission reduction” has been successfully conducted, proving that a win–win result can be achieved between climate change protection and China’s energy security. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In China, Rapid economic growth has stimulated fast urban expansion and rural household income and consumption expenditure. In current paper, an input–output method is used to determine the impact of China’s increased urban and rural household consumption on carbon emissions. The results shows that the direct and indirect CO2 emission from household consumption accounted for more than 40% of total carbon emissions from primary energy utilization in China in 1992–2007. The population increase, expansion of urbanization and the increase of household consumption per capita all contribute to an increase of indirect carbon emissions, while carbon intensity decline mitigates the growth of carbon emissions. Therefore, at the domestic level, household consumption is of great significance for CO2 emission, which could be mitigated through changing the composition of goods and services consumed by households, and switching to consumption pattern of less carbon-intensive products. The government must consider the substantial contribution of household consumption to carbon emissions when China is encouraging consumption in order to address the current global financial crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China experienced sustainable, rapid economic growth over the period 1980–2003 but, at the same time, energy-related carbon intensity showed a downward trend. It begs the question, therefore, what factors were driving this decline in carbon intensity and will this decline be maintained in future? Moreover, what measures can be adopted to ensure a continual decline in carbon intensity? These questions led to increased research in the factors governing CO2 emission in China. This paper quantifies the driving force behind China''s primary energy-related carbon intensity and measures the material production sectors'' final energy-related carbon intensity. Our results show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline of energy-related carbon intensity was the reduction in real energy intensity. However, policies that focus only on the decline in energy intensity are insufficient to further decrease carbon intensity. The change of primary energy mix can improve the decline of carbon intensity. This should focus on the material production sectors'' development strategies and final energy use. Greater emphasis should be given to secondary industry, which needs national and regional governments'' policy support. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The environmental emissions embodied in supply chains have received increasing attention, but relatively little attention has been paid to common contributors to both greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions. Taking China as an example and applying the environmentally extended multiregional input–output (MRIO) model and the structural path analysis method, this study investigated both the GHG and air pollutant emissions embodied in the common supply chains in 2012. The results show that co-control of both GHGs and pollutants fell into two categories: carbon dioxide (CO 2)and pollutants (sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and carbon monoxide (CO)), and non-CO 2 (methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O)) and pollutants (BC, OC, and ammonia (NH 3)). The key paths for the former category include "Nonmetal products → Construction → Fixed Capital Formation" in 18 provinces and "Electricity and heat → Urban Household Consumption" in 7 provinces. The key paths for the latter category include agricultural production driven by different final demands, especially urban household consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning to low-carbon coal power plants is critical in addressing climate change, given the significant contribution of coal-fired power generation to global CO 2 emissions. Our understanding of the low-carbon transition in the coal power sector has significantly advanced in recent decades. However, the sector's transition remains contentious due to methodological disparities, inconsistent datasets, and varying assumptions across existing studies, which pose challenges for predicting future research trajectories and actions. To address this issue, we developed a Document-based Information Mining and Statistical Analysis Method, conducting a comprehensive review, bibliometric analysis, and comparative study of 1905 journal articles and 14 databases sourced from international authorities. Our quantitative analysis reveals a notable upswing in publications and international collaborative efforts in coal power transition research, with average growth rates of 8.6%, 9.3%, and 3.7% for authors, countries, and institutions, respectively. These studies depict diverse transition trajectories, projecting global and Chinese coal power capacities ranging from 58-927 GW and 0-395 GW in 2050, driven by six key uncertainties such as carbon budgets and energy demand variations, and advancements in CCUS and renewable technologies. We categorized 44 major coal-dependent countries into three groups based on their engagement with coal power transition research, identified three potential transition patterns aligned with temperature control goals, and outlined four distinct research stages in the evolution of coal power transition. Drawing from these insights, we conclude with valuable perspectives on the expansion of international collaboration, reduction of transition uncertainty, focus for future research, and mitigation of transition risks. • Develop a Document-based Information Mining and Statistical Analysis Method. • Quantitatively reveal the laws and trends in coal power transition research. • Identify three prospective transition patterns aligned with temperature control goals. • Deliver valuable insights into future focus areas and research paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2002 to 2017, China's coal consumption underwent a significant change, from a rapid growth to slow decline. Aimed to provide some suggestions for the further coal removal, this study focuses on this significant change and analyzes the coal consumption in supply chains using structural path analysis and structural path decomposition models. Coal consumption driven by fixed capital formation constituted almost 50% or more of coal consumption for the critical 59 paths. Except for coal intensity, production structure was another main mitigating factor of this growth from 2007. The decline in coal consumption caused by coal intensity (2002–2012) and production structure (2007–2012) could only partially offset the increased consumption caused by other factors; thus, coal consumption had the most rapid growth in 2002–2012. In 2012–2017, the decline caused by the coal intensity, production structure, and commodity structure fully offset the increase mainly due to final demand per capita; therefore, there was a historical decrease in coal consumption, breaking the continuous growth trend since 1980. Coal intensity reduction and production structure adjustment should be the key target for short-term control of coal consumption. Meanwhile, the structures should be adjusted toward items that have lower coal consumption in the long-term. • The determinants behind increased and decreased coal consumption are identified. • The 40 highest-ranking paths vary greatly for different years. • Coal intensity is the driver that mitigates coal consumption growth. • Production structure is a main factor mitigating coal consumption growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal consumption in China has been almost equal to the consumption of all other countries since 2011, and influenced not only global climate change but also domestic air pollution control, energy production and consumption revolution. Coal consumption is closely related to China's whole economy, and its cap control should be based on comprehensive understanding of different economic agents' interactions. Therefore, this study uses the input-output model to identify key relationships to be adjusted which have their significant direct and indirect effects on coal consumption. We find that fixed capital formation in construction having a significant indirect impact on coal consumption in all main coal-intensive sectors, and most of the important production relationships in a sector involve inputs of basic raw materials or fuel, such as building materials in construction. From the perspective of fine structure adjustment to control coal effectively, some non-basic inputs need massive restrictions, such as substantially reducing pesticide and fertilizer application in agriculture, and construction expansion should be limited to a rational growth through reducing short-lived buildings, constraining low-level redundant construction of roads and buildings, and minimizing the vacancy rate and incremental construction area. Moreover, export of coke, chemicals, and chemical products should be discouraged from the perspective of coal control, and urban households should consume daily chemical and pharmaceutical products more rationally. • Paths to structural adjustment for coal control were identified. • Investment in construction has significant impacts. • Structure could be adjusted by phasing out backward production capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting climate change to 1.5°C and achieving net-zero emissions would entail substantial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere by the mid-century, but how much CDR is needed at country level over time is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of when and how much CDR is required at country level in order to achieve 1.5°C and how much CDR countries can carry out domestically. We allocate global CDR pathways among 170 countries according to 6 equity principles and assess these allocations with respect to countries' biophysical and geophysical capacity to deploy CDR. Allocating global CDR to countries based on these principles suggests that CDR will, on average, represent ∼4% of nations' total emissions in 2030, rising to ∼17% in 2040. Moreover, equitable allocations of CDR, in many cases, exceed implied land and carbon storage capacities. We estimate ∼15% of countries (25) would have insufficient land to contribute an equitable share of global CDR, and ∼40% of countries (71) would have insufficient geological storage capacity. Unless more diverse CDR technologies are developed, the mismatch between CDR liabilities and land-based CDR capacities will lead to global demand for six GtCO2 carbon credits from 2020 to 2050. This demonstrates an imperative demand for international carbon trading of CDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing renewable energy (RE) is necessary for economic growth and sustainable development. Policy support provides a source of motivation for developing RE. Thus, after analyzing the evolution of China's RE policy, we establish a Two-way fixed effects model using the data of 30 Chinese provinces during the period 2011–2018. We explored the differences in the impacts of five different types of RE policies on provincial RE development in China. Furthermore, we explored the influencing mechanism and heterogeneity of between different policies and RE development. Results show that: 1) technology development policies can promote RE development by creating an innovation effect while the effect worsens during 2015–2018. 2) the increase in market management policies can inhibit RE development, especially for the provinces with rich RE resources. and 3) the number of comprehensive planning policies and industrial management policies as well as polices' number of electricity price regulation, finance, and tax support have no significant effects on RE development in the total sample. To further achieve the high-quality development of RE, the Chinese government needs to control the number of policies in the market management but enhance the execution and supervision of planning management for provinces with poor RE resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a crucial technology for global climate mitigation. To implement large-scale CCUS, decisions about where and how to build a CO 2 transportation network are urgently required. However, previous studies are limited in proposing the economical transportation network for CCUS that considered comprehensive risks from socio-economic, geographical and geological factors. Here, we develop a pipeline layout planning model to investigate the cost-effective and reliable transportation network for CCUS. Results show that to meet the annual CO 2 emission reduction target of 654 million tons for CCUS in the coal-fired power sector under China's carbon neutral goal, pipelines with a total length of 17,589 km need to be constructed. The emission sources can be transported in pipelines with an average radius of 58 km, and with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 inches. Northeast, north, and northwest China are the main areas suitable for pipeline construction. • Northeast, North, and Northwest in China are vital areas for capture, transport, and storage. • Five large-scale pipeline network groups can be constructed in China. • Pipeline construction is greatly affected by a variety of practical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a crucial technology for global climate mitigation. To implement large-scale CCUS, decisions about where and how to build a CO 2 transportation network are urgently required. However, previous studies are limited in proposing the economical transportation network for CCUS that considered comprehensive risks from socio-economic, geographical and geological factors. Here, we develop a pipeline layout planning model to investigate the cost-effective and reliable transportation network for CCUS. Results show that to meet the annual CO 2 emission reduction target of 654 million tons for CCUS in the coal-fired power sector under China's carbon neutral goal, pipelines with a total length of 17,589 km need to be constructed. The emission sources can be transported in pipelines with an average radius of 58 km, and with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 inches. Northeast, north, and northwest China are the main areas suitable for pipeline construction. • Northeast, North, and Northwest in China are vital areas for capture, transport, and storage. • Five large-scale pipeline network groups can be constructed in China. • Pipeline construction is greatly affected by a variety of practical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of a new technology (like carbon capture and storage (CCS)) not only depends on sound technical and engineering practice but also involves societal, political and economic factors. High public acceptance is viewed as one of the critical factors. To date, there has been little systematic research into public communication and engagement in regard to CCS in China. A national survey on public perception (but biased towards the views of the educated elite of the Chinese population) of CCS technology was conducted from July 2013 to December 2013. The objectives of the survey were to assess the following issues: public understanding of the climate sciences, society’s knowledge and acceptance of low emission technologies (especially of CCS technology), public interests and concerns about the positive and negative impacts of CCS technology, and public attitudes towards CCS policies supported by the government. Finally, high-level suggestions for mechanisms to raise public understanding and frame the social acceptance on CCS technology in China are proposed based on a SWOT analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A data-driven social learning model for CCS project management is proposed. • The inherent learning value of key features of CCS demonstrations are assessed. • Project cost and plant size of CCS are the most relevant factors in past success. • Tax credits and regulatory legislation should be prioritized among CCS incentives. • The power of social hype in a successful CCS demonstration cannot be underrated. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential technology option for limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Demonstration is an important engineering measure towards large-scale CCS promotion. Implementing a demonstration project is a complicated process of system engineering management that involves a large number of strategic decisions. It is critical to investigate the potential knowledge-generating and decision-making processes embedded in the CCS demonstration, as well as to learn from past successes and failures. Learning-oriented approaches used to be primarily concerned with technical costs, which sparked a lengthy debate regarding the economic viability of CCS projects, but little attention was devoted to the social aspects of project implementation. Based on historical evidence on CCS demonstrations globally, this study developed a data-driven social learning model with high accuracy in estimating the chances of project success, combined with 19 socio-technical characteristics. Our results imply that project performance (79.8%) is more relevant than policy incentives (12.8%) and media hype (7.4%) in explaining previous CCS triumphs. Among the seven policy-level characteristics, tax credits and regulatory legislation have grown in importance over the last 20 years, while the significance of grant subsidies has gradually waned. Furthermore, we found that modest hype assisted in the completion of planned projects, notably carbon dioxide storage projects. The sociocultural narrative of CCS does not yet have a set ending. This highlights the significance of telling compelling CCS stories in steering the future trajectory of technology and the low-carbon energy revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study learns energy systems for climate mitigation from a systematic review. • Heterogeneity of energy system research is summarized for the first time. • A novel hand-coding typology analysis for energy systems is proposed. The energy supply sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. A good understanding of energy systems from existing research will provide multidimensional insights for appropriate actions against global warming. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature covering 1,184 articles on energy issues dealing with climate change mitigation. Using a novel hand-coding typology analysis, we characterize the body of knowledge and identify possible research gaps according to the heterogeneity of the energy process, time scale, geographic location, energy technology, and concerned end-use sector. We find that research interest mainly focuses on the energy supply (496 papers) and the end-use process (359 papers). Energy storage and the energy–water–land nexus are two emerging areas. Biomass, solar, wind, and nuclear energy are the technologies that attract the most attention, while interest in hydrogen energy production and waste-to-energy has grown very recently. The cost-benefit and mitigation potential of renewable generation are the most studied topics, followed by the impacts of climate change on electricity production. In contrast, little attention is paid to research on traditional oil and gas exploration. Regarding the end-use sector, residents and transport are the most evident sectors studied. China, the United States, and Europe are the most featured regions while very few studies focus on Africa, South America, and Small Island Developing States. Current research topics concentrate on how to maximize the co-benefit of greenhouse gas mitigation and eco-environment protection via cost-benefit reinventions of energy systems. Discussions of technological innovation are grounded in optimal technology portfolio deployment and cost reduction potential, along with financial and political incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has been included in the Chinese ‘12th Five Year Plan’ as a national strategy. Accordingly, the cooperation of energy saving and environmental protection is an important part. At the present stage, establishing carbon emission trading market in China is regarded as an effective measure to reduce and control carbon dioxide emission. Meanwhile, it is an important task for government to allocate carbon emission quotas among regions. In order to explore the cross-provincial carbon trading market mode of China, this paper aims to construct a comprehensive index and use the integrated weighting approach to simulate the carbon quota allocation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The results show that, firstly, the indicator of responsibility, which is about 0.56, is given relatively more weight among the three indicators. By comparison, the weights of capacity and potential are 0.13 and 0.30. Secondly, the provinces with strong economic ability and lower carbon reduction potential may get fewer proportions of carbon emission quotas, such as Beijing. Thirdly, since undertaking the function transfer and dispersal of Beijing and Tianjin, Hebei should have a relatively high carbon emission quotas in the future carbon trading market. These results may provide insightful support for decision makers to promote collaborative carbon reduction and allocate carbon quotas in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China faces the dual challenge of mitigating climate change and preventing air pollution. The coordinated control of both problems has become an issue of widespread concern. This study combined environmentally extended input-output analysis and structural path analysis to analyze the CO 2 , SO 2 , NOx, black carbon, and PM 2.5 emissions embodied in the production supply chain of China in 2012. The results showed that electricity and heat production, nonmetallic mineral products along with the smelting and pressing of metal were primary sources of environmental emissions from the production perspective, and construction contributed 20–38% relevant emissions from the consumption perspective. Among the 100 largest paths, 22 common critical paths accounted for 16–37% of relevant emissions, meaning that measures focusing on these shared paths will have obvious co-controlling effects. These 22 critical supply chains were mainly driven by fixed capital formation and exports. The dominant sectors included the construction, electricity and heat production, transportation and storage, and construction-materials production (nonmetallic mineral products, smelting and pressing of metal). Therefore, measures from the production-side and the consumption-side should be given equal attention to effectively co-control such emissions. Measures to decrease energy intensity, thus reducing end-of-pipe discharge in these sectors, rather than to remove specific pollutants, represent the most promising production-related measures. Moreover, slowing construction growth by guiding investments and encouraging the use or export of products with lower emissions using environmental information labels are essential consumption-related policies. • Consumption-driven CO 2 , NO x , PM 2.5 , SO 2, and BC emissions are reported. • Twenty-two common critical paths contributed relatively high emissions. • Dominant drivers and sectors in common critical paths were discerned. • Co-control policies must consider both production- and consumption-based emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A source–sink optimization model is proposed for the optimal CCS planning. • 175 GW coal-fired power plants need to be retrofitted with CCS under the 2 °C constraint. • Four large-scale power plant clusters as candidates for CO 2 hubs and clusters have been identified. • A CO 2 storage site can be found within an average radius of 115 km from these power plants. • The minimum abatement cost is USD 1212 billion for the national-level CCS layout. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been widely recognized as a key technology to reduce CO 2 emissions in the power sector. China's power sector needs to achieve large-scale emission reductions through CCS technologies to contribute to limiting the global temperature rise to less than 2℃. The best source–sink matching directly affects total mitigation costs for the power sector. However, China has not yet established an optimal CCS plan. This study evaluates the least-cost source–sink relationship and cluster development opportunities for CCS in China under the 2 °C constraint. The results show that 165 existing coal-fired power plants, which have an installed capacity of approximately 175 GW, need CCS retrofitting and can find a suitable CO 2 storage site within an average radius of 115 km. The total captured CO 2 is 17.42 billion tons in Northeast, North, East, Northwest, and South regions with the share of 10.79% (1.88 GtCO 2), 31.29% (5.45 GtCO 2), 35.25% (6.14GtCO 2), 22.39% (3.90GtCO 2), and 0.27% (47MtCO 2), respectively. Approximately 90% of captured CO 2 can be stored in the Songliao, Bohai Bay, and Subei basins. In addition, 23% of the emission reductions can be achieved through CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery. The total mitigation cost is USD 1212 billion and the revenue generated from CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery is USD 377 billion. Overall, it provides the least-cost source–sink layout and cluster development opportunities for CCS development under the 2 ℃ constraint, which can serve as a basis for large-scale CCS adoption in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]