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In the traditional control scheme of a 12/8-pole bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM), radial force and torque are usually controlled as a compromise due to the conflict between their effective output areas. Additionally, each phase requires individual power circuits and is excited in turn to produce a continuous levitation force, resulting in high power device requirements and high controller costs. This paper discusses a 12/8-pole single-winding hybrid-rotor bearingless switched reluctance motor (HBSRM) with a hybrid rotor consisting of cylindrical and salient-pole lamination segments. The asymmetric rotor of the HBSRM slightly increases the complexity of its structure and magnetic circuit, but makes it possible to generate the desired radial force at any rotor angular position. A control scheme for the HBSRM is developed to utilize the independent excitation of the four windings in one phase to generate the desired levitation force at any rotor angular position, and it requires only half the number of power circuits used in the conventional control scheme of a 12/8-pole single-winding BSRM. Different from the average torque chosen to be controlled in traditional methods, this scheme directly regulates the instantaneous total torque produced by all excited phases together and presents a current algorithm to optimize the torque contribution of each phase so as to reduce torque pulsation, and the improved performance of this bearingless motor is finally validated by simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiTa 2 PO 8 (LTPO) has low electrolyte density and many pores at grain boundaries, and it is easy to precipitate dielectric phase LiTa 3 O 8 at grain boundaries. The performance can be improved by adding 75Li 2 O-12.5B 2 O 3 -12.5SiO 2 (LBS) sintering additive with low melting point during sintering. The effects of LBS addition on the microstructure and grain boundary ionic conductivity of LTPO electrolytes were studied. The results showed that the addition of LBS sintering additives reduced the sintering temperature, improved the density and stability of LTPO electrolyte samples, effectively inhibited the precipitation of LiTa 3 O 8 phase, reduced the grain boundary impedance of samples, and improved the total ionic conductivity of electrolytes. When LBS was added at 0.4 wt%, the relative density of LTPO reached 93.54%, the grain boundary impedance decreased from 1243 Ω to 248.2 Ω, the total ionic conductivity increased from 1.55 × 10−4 S cm−1 to 6.51 × 10−4 S cm−1, and the ionic activation energy was 0.137 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated energy systems (IES) with renewable energy systems (RES), carbon capture systems (CCS) and energy storage systems (ESS) are considered efficient in supporting the low-carbon energy supply with both economic and environmental benefits. Effective energy management is required to ensure the economical, environmental and reliable operation of the IES. However, the optimal IES operation is considered a non-trivial task due to the renewable generation uncertainty and the optimization of multiple contradictory objectives (e.g. economic, environmental and risk costs). This paper aims to provide a multi-level optimization model for the real-time optimal IES operation consisting of RES, ESS and CCS. This work quantifies the uncertainty by the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) theory in the optimization model. The uncertainty is further reduced by improving the operation strategy through a model predictive control (MPC)-based method. Also, the multi-objective optimization model is adopted to minimize the economic cost, carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) and primary energy consumption (PEC) for optimal energy scheduling in the intra-day stage. Based on the result of the intra-day stage, the feedback correction model is applied to adjust the schedule to balance the difference between the forecasting and actual values. Numerical results show that the proposed solution can provide the trade-off between economical and environmental performance. Through ablation experiments, the proposed method with feedback correction can carry out demand response with lower costs, CDE and PEC. The proposed solution is further confirmed with outperformed performance compared with single-objective optimization methods and other stochastic optimization methods. In addition, a robustness analysis is conducted to quantify the benefits of RES, ESS and CCS in IES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of microplastics in drinking water has drawn increasing attention due to their ubiquity and unresolved implications regarding human health. Despite achieving high reduction efficiencies (70 to >90%) at conventional drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), microplastics remain. Since human consumption represents a small portion of typical household water use, point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices may provide the additional removal of microplastics (MPs) prior to consumption. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of commonly used pour-through POU devices, including those that utilize combinations of granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX), and microfiltration (MF), with respect to MP removal. Treated drinking water was spiked with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fragments, along with nylon fibers representing a range of particle sizes (30–1000 µm) at concentrations of 36–64 particles/L. Samples were collected from each POU device following 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% increases in the manufacturer's rated treatment capacity, and subsequently analyzed via microscopy to determine their removal efficiency. Two POU devices that incorporate MF technologies exhibited 78–86% and 94–100% removal values for PVC and PET fragments, respectively, whereas one device that only incorporates GAC and IX resulted in a greater number of particles in its effluent when compared to the influent. When comparing the two devices that incorporate membranes, the device with the smaller nominal pore size (0.2 µm vs. ≥1 µm) exhibited the best performance. These findings suggest that POU devices that incorporate physical treatment barriers, including membrane filtration, may be optimal for MP removal (if desired) from drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiTa 2 PO 8 (LTPO) is a new solid-state electrolyte material, which has high bulk ionic conductivity and low grain boundary ion conductivity. However, the conductivity of materials synthesized by conventional methods is much lower than the theoretically calculated values. In this work, large radius Te ion are doped at Ta (3)-site in order to enlarge the lattice parameters and increase Li content, which are beneficial for increasing ionic conductivity. The Te substitution changes the Ta surrounding environment, increases the binding capacity of Ta–O, and reduces the attraction of oxygen to lithium ions in the system. The prepared dense Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 ceramic electrolyte exhibits a low activation energy of 0.193 eV and four times higher ion conductivity (4.5 × 10−4 S cm−1) than undoped samples. Moreover, Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 shows a stable cycling performance in the symmetric Li/Li cells and the Li/CPE/Li 1.04 Ta 1.96 Te 0.04 PO 8 /LiFePO 4 batteries with the separation of a thin PEO membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning methods based on AdaBoost have been widely applied to various classification problems across many mission-critical applications including healthcare, law and finance. However, there is a growing concern about the unfairness and discrimination of data-driven classification models, which is inevitable for classical algorithms including AdaBoost. In order to achieve fair classification, a novel fair AdaBoost (FAB) approach is proposed that is an interpretable fairness-improving variant of AdaBoost. We mainly investigate binary classification problems and focus on the fairness of three different indicators (i.e., accuracy, false positive rate and false negative rate). By utilizing a fairness-aware reweighting technique for base classifiers, the proposed FAB approach can achieve fair classification while maintaining the advantage of AdaBoost with negligible sacrifice of predictive performance. In addition, a hyperparameter is introduced in FAB to show preferences for the fairness-accuracy trade-off. An upper bound for the target loss function that quantifies error rate and unfairness is theoretically derived for FAB, which provides a strict theoretical support for the fairness-improving methods designed for AdaBoost. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on three real-world datasets (i.e., Adult, COMPAS and HSLS) with respect to the three fairness indicators. The results are accordant with theoretic analyses, and show that (i) FAB significantly improves classification fairness at a small cost of accuracy compared with AdaBoost; and (ii) FAB approach can achieve low levels of fairness loss while maintaining high accuracy compared with state-of-the-art fair classification methods including equalized odds method, exponentiated gradient method, grid search reduction method and disparate mistreatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated energy system is an important prerequisite for the sustainable transformation to the low‐carbon power system. Therefore, this paper aims to provide readers with insights into the existing research about the planning and operation models of integrated energy systems. First, the general structure of integrated energy systems is elaborated, and the new issues faced by the low‐carbon planning and operation for the integrated energy systems are represented. Next, the technical framework and the general model are proposed. Furthermore, the typical models and solution technologies of the low‐carbon planning and operation are summarized based on specific models operating in multiple scenarios. Finally, based on the characteristics and framework of the integrated energy system, the future research direction is given, which is expected to guide the sustainable development and low‐carbon transformation of energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the global existence and large time behavior of classical solutions away from vacuum to the Cauchy problem of the 1D compressible quantum Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations with large initial perturbation. Moreover, we obtain the global strong/classical solution of Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations through the vanishing dispersion limit with certain convergence rates. We focus on the case that the viscosity depends on density linearly which extends the former results of constant viscosity in Zhang et al. (2022) by the second author. Some useful estimates are developed to deduce the uniform-in-time lower and upper bounds on the specific volume and the electric potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the coupling between torque and suspended force of the traditional bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM), a bearingless switched reluctance motor with hybrid-rotor (HBSRM) is proposed in this paper. The HBSRM discussed in the paper has a twelve-pole stator and an eight-pole hybrid-rotor composed of a cylindrical rotor and a salient rotor. The magnetic pulling force between cylindrical rotor and stator is used to independently levitate the shaft, and that between salient rotor and stator is used to separately rotate the rotor. So, the HBSRM not only breaks the restriction of the effective output region between torque and suspended force in the traditional BSRM, but also facilitates the decoupling algorithm design and simplifies the levitation control of this bearingless motor. Firstly, the topology, operating mechanism and mathematical model of the proposed HBSRM are introduced respectively. Then the no-load decoupling control and torque ripple of the traditional BSRM and HBSRM are compared. Moreover, the load decoupling control characteristics of HBSRM are presented and verified by simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a reconnaissance scenario where multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide services cooperatively for multiple users with different priorities. Although users all expect to acquire their needed information in a short time, the degree of urgency to meet their demands is different when taking their diverse priorities into account. A priority-driven multiuser satisfaction model is designed, where users' satisfaction is quantified based on their different priorities, information acquisition demands, and the time they obtain their desired information. To ensure high priority users' fast information acquisition while avoiding excessive delay in low priority users' information acquisition, a batchwise information backhaul strategy is adopted. In each batch, a UAV is selected as the data ferry through a consultative mechanism to carry information back to users. This reconnaissance process is formulated as a cooperative path planning problem, where the optimization objective is maximizing users' total satisfaction, while an intelligent algorithm is proposed to solve this problem effectively. The simulation results show that compared with traditional path planning algorithms without considering user satisfaction, our proposed algorithm can guarantee faster information acquisition for users with higher priorities, which leads to higher satisfaction. In addition, the applicability of our proposed reconnaissance strategy and path planning algorithm in different situations is also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often available for use, previously developed land, which includes residential and commercial/industrial areas, presents a significant challenge due to the risk to human health. China's 2018 release of health risk assessment standards for land reuse aimed to bridge this gap in soil quality standards. Despite this, the absence of representative indicators strains risk managers economically and operationally. We improved China's land redevelopment approach by leveraging a dataset of 297,275 soil samples from 352 contaminated sites, employing machine learning. Our method incorporating soil quality standards from seven countries to discern patterns for establishing a cost-effective evaluative framework. Our research findings demonstrated that detection costs could be curtailed by 60% while maintaining consistency with international soil standards (prediction accuracy = 90–98%). Our findings deepen insights into soil pollution, proposing a more efficient risk assessment system for land redevelopment, addressing the current dearth of expertise in evaluating land development in China. [Display omitted] • Leveraging international experience to enhance land risk assessment in China. • RF model with measured data outperforms traditional models. • Development land test indicators and costs exhibit non-standard patterns. • A cost-effective rebuilding system balancing accuracy and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MF-UV were more effective in controlling fouling than stand-alone UV and MF. • MF-UV pre-treatment was particularly effective for biofouling mitigation. • MF-UV changed the bacterial communities and interactions of bacterial species. • MF-UV prevented the deposition of precipitates and particulate. Fouling is a significant challenge for recycling and reusing saline wastewaters for industrial, agricultural or municipal applications. In this study, we propose a novel approach of magnetic field (MaF) and ultraviolet (UV) combined application for fouling mitigation. Results showed, combination of MaF and UV (MaF-UV) significantly decreased the content of biofouling and reduced the complexity of microbial networks, compared to UV and MaF alone treatments. This was due to MaF as pretreatment effectively reduced the water turbidity, improve the influent water quality of UV disinfection and increases UV transmittance, eliminating the adverse impacts of UV scattering and shielding, hence increased the inactivation effectiveness of UV disinfection process. MaF assisted UV also reduced the abundance of UV-resistant bacteria and inhibited the risk of bacterial photoreactivation and dark repair. Meanwhile, MaF-UV drastically reduced the contents of precipitates and particulate fouling by accelerating the transformation rate of CaCO 3 crystal from compact calcite to loosen hydrated amorphous CaCO 3 , and enhancing the flocculation process. These findings demonstrated that MaF-UV is an effective anti-fouling strategy, and provide insights for sustainable application of saline wastewaters. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an universal sensorless starting scheme considering magnetic saturation effects is proposed to control the switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. In this approach, the full-cycle unsaturated inductance can be reconstructed by converting the saturated incremental inductance into the unsaturated inductance with a simple mathematical model in the conduction region. Based on the reconstructed three-phase full-cycle unsaturated inductance, the inductance vector coordinate transformation method and the linear region inductance model based method can be applied for estimating the rotor position even under high load starting case. To verify the validity of the proposed methods, experiments have been implemented in a 1-kW three-phase 12/8 structure SRM prototype. The experimental results verify that the unsaturated inductance reconstruction scheme can transfer the nonlinear magnetic saturation problem into an unsaturation problem, and thus the rotor position estimation at the sensorless starting state can be simplified. The method can realize the initial position estimation and reliable sensorless starting control even under load conditions with only very simple initial inductance data acquisition, position partition logics design, and mathematic modeling. In addition, as the back-electromotive force is eliminated indirectly in the inductance calculation process, the adaptable speed range can also be extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was employed to analyze differential serum and urine peptides in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and healthy individuals, and SCLC diagnostic classification models were constructed. Serum and urine samples from 72 patients with SCLC, age- and gender-matched with 72 healthy individuals, were divided into training and testing sets in a 3:1 ratio. Serum and urine peptides were extracted using copper ion-chelating nanomagnetic beads, and mass spectra were obtained using MALDI-TOF-MS. Peptide spectra for the training set were analyzed, and the classification model was constructed using ClinProTools (CPT). The testing set was used for blinded model validation. For training-set sera, 122 differential peptide signal peaks with a mass of 0.8–10 kDa were observed, and 19 peptides showed significantly different expression [P<0.0005; area under curve (AUC) ≥0.80]. CPT screened 5 peptide peaks (0.8114, 0.83425, 1.86655, 4.11133 and 5.81192 kDa) to construct the classification model. The testing set was used for the blinded validation, which had 95.0% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity. For the training-set urine, 132 differential peptide signal peaks with m/z ratios of 0.8–10 kDa were observed, and 8 peptides had significantly different expression (P<0.0005; AUC ≥0.80). Then, 5 peaks (1.0724, 2.37692, 2.7554, 4.75475 and 4.7949 kDa) were used for classification model construction. The testing set was used for 36 blinded validation, which had 85.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Among the differential peptides, 3 had the same significant peaks at 2.3764, 0.8778 and 0.8616 kDa, identified as fibrinogen α, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and cyclin-dependent kinase-1, respectively. The present study highlighted the differences that exist in serum and urine peptides between patients with SCLC and healthy individuals. Serum and urine peptide diagnostic classification models could be constructed using MALDI-TOF-MS, and showed high sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to cope with the grid fluctuation caused by large‐scale wind power connected to the grid, the wind thermal power generation system has been proposed and extensively studied. The wind thermal power generation system uses a wind turbine to drive a heat generation device to heat the heat storage medium, which is further exchanged to drive a turbine to generate electricity. A superconducting magnetic eddy current heater (SMH) is proposed for the characteristics of wind thermal power generation system, which uses non‐resistive, large current‐carrying superconducting coils for excitation, and has high output efficiency and power density. The working principle of magnetic eddy current heating is analysed, and the structure of SMH with no ferromagnetic material and two heating screens inside and outside is proposed according to the characteristics of SMH. An analytical model of the SMH is established, and the influence of the structure and materials of the SMH on the magnetic field distribution is analysed. Based on this, a 22‐pole SMH was designed and analysed for output power at 10–20 rpm. A three‐dimensional magnetism‐stress combined analysis model of SMH is established, and the strain and stress characteristics of SMH are simulated under the condition of maximum output power, which verifies the feasibility of the mechanical properties of existing superconducting materials for application in SMH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel magnetic bearing switched reluctance motor (SRM) (MBSRM) with two degrees of freedom suspension, consisting of an SRM and an active magnetic bearing (AMB). In the proposed MBSRM, three-phase armature windings of the SRM and a biased winding of the AMB are fed together by a modified asymmetric half-bridge converter. The rotational torque in SRM and the biased flux used for producing electromagnetic force in AMB are generated simultaneously when the MBSRM works on the traditional switched reluctance excitation mode. First, the structure and working principle of the MBSRM were introduced. Second, its theoretical formulas of suspending forces were given and validated with the finite element analysis. Third, the proposed half-bridge converter is shown, and currents in the biased winding and three-phase armature windings of MBSRM are obtained by the magnetic field–circuit coupling simulation. Moreover, a prototype is manufactured and the experiment results have proved the feasibility of the proposed converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensorless control strategy with one-phase lacking fault-tolerant capability is proposed in this paper for the switched reluctance motors (SRM). This strategy consists of a phase inductance slope zero-crossing detection scheme and a series of phase inductance partition logic algorithms, which is capable of capturing at least one-phase aligned position under both normal operation and one-phase lacking fault operation. With the recorded index position in each electric period, the rotor position can be estimated for sensorless driving accordingly. To ensure stable calculation of the phase inductance in this method, the SRM should be started and operated under single pulse control mode. Thus, for sensorless starting, an idle phase inductance double thresholds based sensorless synthetic starting scheme is also developed. The proposed strategy is easy for implementation and can ensure stable sensorless operation in full speed range. Moreover, it does not need any prior measuring process, complicated logic algorithm, or complex mathematical calculation. The theoretical analysis is conducted, and experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash is directly landfilled after solidification in the industry. The rapid evaluation of contaminant leaching is required before the landfill of fly ash. In order to reduce the time to evaluate the effect of solidification, a set of rapid evaluation method was developed through the determination of characteristic index, heavy metal leaching analysis, principal component analysis, and mathematical model construction. It was found that f-CaO, acid neutralizing capacity, pH and soluble calcium were negatively correlated with heavy metal leaching. The soluble chlorine was positively correlated with heavy metal leaching. The effect of each feature indicators on heavy metal leaching was evaluated using principal component analysis and mathematical analysis software R.3.4.4. Furthermore, R.3.4.4 was used to detect the optimal model and the excess probability formula by stepwise linear regression and logistic regression analysis method. By introducing the measured value of feature indicator into the excess probability formula, the rate of excess-standard of heavy metals leaching can be preliminarily determined. Based on the above ideas, a rapid detection and evaluation system could be developed according to the local leaching standards and the components of fly ash selected locally. Highlights • Survey of heavy metals leaching in MSWI fly ash was conducted with its compositions. • Soluble Cl and Ca had a positive correlation with Pb and Cd leaching. • Soluble Cl and f-CaO had decisively influence on Pb leaching. • Rapid evaluation of leaching risk correlated with fly ash contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The emitter anti-clogging capacity decreased slower with larger pressure. • Operating pressure should be larger than 60 kPa to keep anti-clogging capacity. • Revealing the mechanism of pressure variation on emitter clogging degree. Abstract Reducing emitters operating pressure has been widely acknowledged as one of the most effective approach to reduce drip irrigation system maintenance and operation costs. However, utilization of low-quality water, such as high-sediment water, reclaimed water, and brackish water, inevitably increases the emitters clogging risks. To examine the influence of different pressure levels on emitter clogging behavior and regulation path, an in-situ accelerated experiment of emitter clogging with high-sediment water was conducted with five operating pressure levels. The experiment was conducted from July 15, 2016, to October 15, 2016 with a total running time of 720 h. The results showed that emitter anti-clogging capability was gradually decreased as the operating pressure decreased below 100 to 60 kPa and was significant decreased as the operating pressure decreased below 60 to 40 kPa or lower. Therefore, the operating pressure should be kept above 60 kPa to maintain the favorable emitter anti-clogging performance. The change of the operating pressure directly and indirectly influenced the formation of clogging substance in the emitters. In addition, at different operating pressures, the anti-clogging performance parameters discharge ratio variation (Dra), coefficient of uniformity (CU), statistical uniformity coefficient (Us), emitter discharge variation (q var), clogging substance within emitters (CSE) and clogging substance within laterals (CSL) were linearly correlated with anti-clogging performance parameters (Dra, CU, Us, q var , CSE, CSL) of 100 kPa. Therefore, basing the Dra, CU, Us, q var , CSE and CSL at 100 kPa, a simple linear model was established to predict anti-clogging performance parameters at the different pressures e.g. 20, 40, 60 and 80 kPa. This study could provide technical support for the application and promotion of the drip irrigation system with high-sediment water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Heavy metal amounts and leaching in China were compared to those on a global scale. • The RAC index corresponding to heavy metal leaching concerned with FA compositions. • Alkalinity and S-Cl contributed to the heavy metal leaching potential in statistics. • A new leaching index (Φ) was defined according to the compositional variety in FA. • The quick prediction of Pb and Cd stability from FA was achieved via the index Φ. Abstract In the current work, a quick prediction of the heavy metal (HM) leaching potential in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) was developed based on the statistical data between the HM leaching behaviors and the compositional variety in FA from China. In the comparison of the surveyed (508 data points) leaching concentrations, Pb and Cd leaching amounts in FA exceeded the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) limits most frequently. Moreover, the chemical compositions (pH and soluble chlorine (S-Cl)) of FA were proposed to have significant linear correlations with the Pb and Cd leaching. This corresponded to the chemical fraction change of the HM (risk assessment code (RAC)), which was relative to the pH of FA and chloride. This suggests that the HM stability can be evaluated by these factors. To verify this hypothesis, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the relationship between 5 indices and the leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd in 160 MSWI FA samples after stabilization/solidification from eastern China. It is indicated that pH, S-Cl and free CaO were the critical variables in Pb and Cd leaching. Accordingly, a new index, Φ, combined with the logistic model was proposed to predict the leaching potential. It is revealed that the high risk of the exceeding the limits for HM leaching occurred when Φ was below 12.5. Our results assess the HM stability in MSWI FA with its compositional variety in a statistical way, which gives an approach for the quick prediction of HM leaching potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a position estimation method is proposed to accurately measure the rotor position of a switched reluctance motor equipped with embedded sensing coils under both unsaturated and saturated conditions. This method effectively solves three key problems existing in traditional methods based on embedded sensing coils, which are the mutual induced voltage effect, the main magnetic circuit saturation effect, and low accuracy of the rotational speed estimation in near-zero-speed regions. To address the first problem, the sensing coils are connected into a special designed structure. Then, the sensing coil inductance, which varies with the rotor position, is encoded by some voltage signals. After that, a novel hybrid harmonic filtering algorithm based on a delay filter and a coordinate transformation is proposed to remove the dc, even harmonic, and 3nth harmonic components of the demodulated voltage signals, according to which the rotor position can be estimated continuously and accurately. By applying this hybrid harmonic filter, the main magnetic circuit saturation effect on the position estimation has been indirectly avoided. To solve the third problem, a starting algorithm based on the voltage thresholds is proposed, and a rotational speed estimation method is developed. Detailed experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three-dimensional microscope is used to in situ investigate the formation process of films. • The film morphology is controlled by the formation rate of films and the release rate of gases. • This study sheds light on the fundamental understanding of the film formation process. Due to the complexity and rapidity, the formation process of interfacial polymerized (IP) films is difficult to be observed. Here, a visualized technique, optical three-dimensional microscope, is used to in situ investigate the formation process of (co)polyarylate film. As the polymerization time increases, the film surface shows varied morphologies which is mainly controlled by the formation rate of cross-linked film and the release rate of mixed gases, and tri-functional acyl chloride facilitates to form a homogeneous film comparing to bi-functional acyl chloride. The addition of phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) can accelerate the diffusion of monomer, which has two opposite effects: one is increasing the releasing rate of gases, the opposite is facilitating the increase of the cross-linking degree that inhibits the gases release. Moreover, different type of PTCs affects the film morphology in a different way. This study sheds light on the fundamental understanding of the formation process of IP films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a rotary transformer position decoding scheme for motor drive control. In this scheme, a simple analog circuit is used to design the excitation circuit and signal conditioning circuit. Demodulate the modulated sine/cosine signal through software and decode it through a phase locked loop (PLL) to obtain the implemented position signal. This scheme completely avoids the use of traditional, specialized decoding chips. At the same time, in order to make the position decoding scheme applicable to different motor drive control platforms, a single-cycle partition average based pulse signal estimation method is proposed for converting the angle position into pulse signals similar to the output of an encoder's phases A, B, and Z, which are referred to as A/B/Z signals in the paper. In order to experimentally validate the proposed scheme, a software decoding platform based on the STM32F407 was built and compared with the decoding results of the chip. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed scheme were verified, and it can be effectively applied in the field of motor drive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolomics generate a profile of small molecules from cellular/tissue metabolism, which could directly reflect the mechanisms of complex networks of biochemical reactions. Traditional metabolomics methods, such as OPLS-DA, PLS-DA are mainly used for binary class discrimination. Multiple groups are always involved in the biological system, especially for brain research. Multiple brain regions are involved in the neuronal study of brain metabolic dysfunctions such as alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, etc . In the current study, 10 different brain regions were utilized for comparative studies between alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats, male and female rats respectively. As many classes are involved (ten different regions and four types of animals), traditional metabolomics methods are no longer efficient for showing differentiation. Here, a novel strategy based on the decision tree algorithm was employed for successfully constructing different classification models to screen out the major characteristics of ten brain regions at the same time. Subsequently, this method was also utilized to select the major effective brain regions related to alcohol preference and gender difference. Compared with the traditional multivariate statistical methods, the decision tree could construct acceptable and understandable classification models for multi-class data analysis. Therefore, the current technology could also be applied to other general metabolomics studies involving multi class data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic fouling in brackish water drip irrigation systems (BWDIS) reduces the irrigation and fertigation uniformity, resulting in decreased crop yield and quality. This study investigates the effect of chelated fertilizers on organic-inorganic fouling. Compared with control group (CK), application of Fe-ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid (EDDHA-Fe) effectively prevented the multiple fouling by reducing the deposition of inorganic (precipitate and particulate) and organic fouling. Fulvic acid chelated iron fertilizer (FA-Fe) alleviated multiple fouling by drastically decreasing the precipitate and particulate fouling, although organic fouling was slightly increased. Conversely, amino acid chelated iron fertilizer (AA-Fe) slightly decreased the precipitate fouling while drastically accelerated the particulate and organic fouling, leading to severe clogging. Accordingly, EDDHA-Fe and FA-Fe prevented the BWDIS fouling by 32.6–41.8% and 16.1–29.0%, while AA-Fe accelerated by 36.9–45.4%. Moreover, chelated fertilizers (FA-Fe, AA-Fe and EDDHA-Fe) demonstrated better anti-fouling than inorganic iron fertilizer (FeSO 4). However, EDDHA-Fe would have negative environmental impact, hence FA-Fe is strongly recommended from the perspectives of fouling mitigation and soil environmental health improvement efficiency. These results may provide a new guideline for applying chelated fertilizers in BWDIS to prevent organic-inorganic fouling and overcome agricultural pollution. • The application of EDDHA-Fe and FA-Fe effectively control inorganic-organic fouling. • Clarify the influence path of chelated fertilizers on inorganic-organic fouling. • FA-Fe fertilizer is recommended for brackish water drip irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching risk of heavy metal (HM) in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) leads to a big challenge for FA landfilling. In this work, the HM leaching patterns were identified via 6 highly available indices of FA, in which 160 stabilized FA samples were collected from 4 incineration plants in eastern China and an explainable machine learning approach based on boosting and game analysis was conducted to assess the leaching potentials of 6 HMs (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). We found that, there remained high exceeding risks of Cd and Pb in stabilized FA. In addition, the S–Cl (soluble chlorine) content was the most influential factor of the leaching behaviors of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, more important than pH in regard to Cu, Pb and Zn. We quantified the influence of S–Cl on the HM leaching of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, whereby their leaching concentrations would increase by 223.5%, 215.2%, 216.5% and 222.6%, respectively, for every 0.5 mol/L order increase in S–Cl concentration. Finally, a fast determination criterion for the FA landfill was proposed, that is, FA of which S–Cl was less than 0.412 mol/L was acceptable. [Display omitted] • An extensive dataset comprising FA feature and 6 HM leaching was integrated. • The soluble Cl content was the most vital factor of the leaching risks of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. • The effect of soluble Cl was much more notable than that of pH for Cu, Pb and Zn leaching. • The criterion of the soluble Cl < 0.412 mol/L was recommended for FA landfill permission. • An explainable machine learning approach was conducted in waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy consumption of desalinated saline water (DSW) caused a bottleneck, hindering the application of DSW drip irrigation in agriculture. In fact, the appropriate salinity level for agriculture drip irrigation could be much higher than potable water. Therefore, new desalination technology (e.g. capacitive deionization, blended desalinated water), owing its low energy consumption and meet the target salinity threshold removal according to crop requirements, has attracted extensive attentions. However, the DSW target salinity threshold may drastically increase the risk of emitter clogging, and reduce the operational performance of drip irrigation systems. Thus, this study assessed the DSW salinity threshold from the perspective of emitter clogging. The results suggested that the DSW salinity threshold should be kept below 5 g/L to maintain the favorable anti-clogging performance of drip irrigation. Emitter clogging was increased gradually between the salinity 1–5 g/L, while, sharped increase was observed at salinity above 5 g/L. Compared with 5 g/L, the treatments 7–9 g/L, significantly increased calcium fouling (12.5–26.4 mg/cm−2) and silica fouling (5.3–11.9 mg/cm−2), which could be attributed to, the rapid increase of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate, and the key water quality parameter i.e. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, which greatly enhance the flocculation between silica particles and accelerated the polymerization of silicon. Furthermore, 7–9 g/L treatments aggravated the synergistic interactions among calcium fouling and silica fouling. Overall, these findings would provide a new perspective for DSW salinity threshold selection, with potential implications for sustainable development of agriculture water desalination. [Display omitted] • The desalinated saline water (DSW) of salinity threshold should be kept below 5 g/L. • The emitter anti-clogging capacity decreased sharply as DSW salinity above 5 g/L. • Clarify the influence path of DSW salinity on calcium-silica fouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatin bridges connecting the two segregating daughter nuclei arise from chromosome fusion or unresolved interchromosomal linkage. Persistent chromatin bridges are trapped in the cleavage plane, triggering cytokinesis delay. The trapped bridges occasionally break during cytokinesis, inducing DNA damage and chromosomal rearrangements. Recently, Caenorhabditis elegans LEM‐3 and human TREX1 nucleases have been shown to process chromatin bridges. Here, it is shown that ANKLE1 endonuclease, the human ortholog of LEM‐3, accumulates at the bulge‐like structure of the midbody via its N‐terminal ankyrin repeats. Importantly, ANKLE1−/− knockout cells display an elevated level of G1‐specific 53BP1 nuclear bodies, prolonged activation of the DNA damage response, and replication stress. Increased DNA damage observed in ANKLE1−/− cells is rescued by inhibiting actin polymerization or reducing actomyosin contractility. ANKLE1 does not act in conjunction with structure‐selective endonucleases, GEN1 and MUS81 in resolving recombination intermediates. Instead, ANKLE1 acts on chromatin bridges by priming TREX1 nucleolytic activity and cleaving bridge DNA to prevent the formation of micronuclei and cytosolic dsDNA that activate the cGAS‐STING pathway. It is therefore proposed that ANKLE1 prevents DNA damage and autoimmunity by cleaving chromatin bridges to avoid catastrophic breakage mediated by actomyosin contractile forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM) has the combined characteristics of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) and a magnetic bearing. The hybrid-rotor BSRM (HBSRM) discussed in the paper has a twelve-pole stator and an eight-pole hybrid rotor, which is composed of a cylindrical rotor and a salient-pole rotor. Although the asymmetry of the hybrid rotor makes the structure and magnetic field of the HBSRM more complex, it can always produce a significant amount of magnetic pulling force to levitate a rotor shaft at all the rotor angular positions of each phase, which is not available in a traditional BSRM. The classical mathematical model for a conventional BSRM is valid only when its rotor rotates from the start of the overlap position to the aligned position, and the radial force and torque derived from this model are discontinuous at the aligned positon, which is harmful to the motor's stable operation. In this paper, a full-period mathematical model on the assumption that the gap permeance is cut apart by straight lines or improved elliptical lines for a 12/8-pole HBSRM is provided. On the basis of this mathematical model, the continuity of the radial force and torque at all the rotor angular positions can be guaranteed, and the fine characteristics of this mathematical model have been verified by simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite clogging substance is an inevitable issue in irrigation systems that use high-sediment water (HSW), consequently leading to emitter clogging, which may damage the whole irrigation system. So far, settling tanks allow particle deposition before water is applied in the drip irrigation systems, so they reduce particle load and therefore clogging risk is reduced. However, these tanks do not always perform properly, particularly when controlling biologging and organic matter clogging. This study proposed using a Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) to relieve composite clogging in irrigation systems using HSW. Results revealed that HRF reduced Sediment concentration (SC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODcr), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5) by 73.6–89.6%, 8.1–62.2%, 15.3–51.8%, and 22.8–53.1%, respectively. In addition, compared with control treatment (CK), HRF decreased the clogging substance of lateral and emitter by 32.4–37.6% and 25.5–29.4%, respectively, which obviously alleviated the risk of emitter clogging. Finally, compared with CK, HRF increased the Christiansen of Uniformity (CU) of drip irrigation system and average discharge variation ratio (Dra) 9.2–27.1% and 12.3–22.5%. Moreover, the filter performance of HRF under medium thickness of 60 cm was obviously higher than those with thicknesses of 20 cm and 40 m, only slightly lower than those with thicknesses of 80 cm. The results demonstrated that HRF is an effective filtration treatment with great potential applications for controlling the composite clogging in irrigation systems using high-sediment water. • Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) had effects on water quality of high-sediment water. • HRF effectively controlled the composite clogging substance in drip irrigation systems. • The HRF remove capacity under layer thickness of 60 cm was higher than that of 20 and 40 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government promulgated a series of policies on air cleaning due to the severe PM 2.5 pollution. Thereinto, the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (the Action Plan) numbers among the toughest-ever environmental protection policy in China, which significantly restrained haze pollution with a huge cost. In a policy-making for air cleaning, cost assessment is crucial. However, current main methods have a common shortcoming for which they neglect the cost on industrial restructurings. Thus, in this work, we proposed a novel approach to assess the comprehensive cost on the long-term PM 2.5 control in China under the Action Plan scenario. First, PM 2.5 pollution abatements and 10 precursor variations in China's 31 provinces were quantified via the Cohen's index. Then, provincial expenditures were jointed with their corresponding Cohen's indices of precursors and PM 2.5 mitigation, and patterns of the Action Plan were identified through machine learning. It was found that boiler regulation and industrial restructuring were the driving forces for most precursor decreases. Finally, the overall PM 2.5 pollution abatement was calculated by the fixed-effect model and jointed with the cumulative national expenditure to construct a cost curve, which can estimate the cost on both front- and end-of-pipe sections. Thus, the maximum budgets for several air quality targets were evaluated, which was found that China has to pay 10.24 and 51.55 trillion CNY within the PM 2.5 concentrations limits of 25 and 10 μg/m 3 , respectively. Our study provided a new insight of fund gaps between different control targets in China and filled the lack of current cost assessment methodologies. [Display omitted] • Air quality improvement in the Action Plan in China was summarized by meta-analysis. • Ten precursor controls in the Action Plan in China were quantified via the Cohen's index. • Control patterns of the Action Plan in the 31 provinces were accessed via ML. • A novel top-down method for PM 2.5 control cost assessment was established. • Fund gaps between China's air quality and developed countries were estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic neoplasms. Hypoxia is an essential trigger for activating immunosuppressive activity and initiating malignant tumors. However, the determination of the role of immunity and hypoxia on the clinical outcome of CC patients remains unclear. Methods. The CC independent cohort were collected from TCGA database. Consensus cluster analysis was employed to determine a molecular subtype based on immune and hypoxia gene sets. Cox relevant analyses were utilized to set up a risk classifier for prognosis assessment. The underlying pathways of classifier genes were detected by GSEA. Moreover, we conducted CIBERSORT algorithm to mirror the immune status of CC samples. Results. We observed two cluster related to immune and hypoxia status and found the significant difference in outcome of patients between the two clusters. A total of 251 candidate genes were extracted from the two clusters and enrolled into Cox relevant analyses. Then, seven hub genes (CCL20, CXCL2, ITGA5, PLOD2, PTGS2, TGFBI, and VEGFA) were selected to create an immune and hypoxia-based risk classifier (IHBRC). The IHBRC can precisely distinguish patient risk and estimate clinical outcomes. In addition, IHBRC was closely bound up with tumor associated pathways such as hypoxia, P53 signaling and TGF β signaling. IHBRC was also tightly associated with numerous types of immunocytes. Conclusion. This academic research revealed that IHBRC can be served as predictor for prognosis assessment and cancer treatment estimation in CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: SUMOylation is involved in various aspects of plant biology, including drought stress. However, the relationship between SUMOylation and drought stress tolerance is complex; whether SUMOylation has a crosstalk with ubiquitination in response to drought stress remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that both increased and decreased SUMOylation led to increased survival of apple (Malus × domestica) under drought stress: both transgenic MdSUMO2A overexpressing (OE) plants and MdSUMO2 RNAi plants exhibited enhanced drought tolerance. We further confirmed that MdDREB2A is one of the MdSUMO2 targets. Both transgenic MdDREB2A OE and MdDREB2AK192R OE plants (which lacked the key site of SUMOylation by MdSUMO2A) were more drought tolerant than wild‐type plants. However, MdDREB2AK192R OE plants had a much higher survival rate than MdDREB2A OE plants. We further showed SUMOylated MdDREB2A was conjugated with ubiquitin by MdRNF4 under drought stress, thereby triggering its protein degradation. In addition, MdRNF4 RNAi plants were more tolerant to drought stress. These results revealed the molecular mechanisms that underlie the relationship of SUMOylation with drought tolerance and provided evidence for the tight control of MdDREB2A accumulation under drought stress mediated by SUMOylation and ubiquitination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of the heavy metals (HMs) in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) with the evolution of the urban industrial structure is attracting much attention in developing countries. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to re-evaluate the pollution by 7 HMs (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Mn, Cr and Ni) in the PM 2.5 from 14 main cities in China. The standard mean difference (SMD) was served as the effect size. The most severe pollution by Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Mn, Cr and Ni was found in Foshan, Jinan, Wuhan, Foshan, Xi'an, Jinan and Shenzhen, respectively. The SMDs of each HM from the 14 cities were merged using the random-effect model, indicating that As was the HM causing the most pollution, followed by Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr. The HM SMDs as pollution indices were connected to city factors (energy, industry, traffic and environmental policy) using principal component analysis (PCA). General emission sources for HMs were assessed on the city scale, and it was concluded that coal consumption was still the main source for Pb, Cd, As, Cu and Mn pollution but electronic manufacturing industries were new sources responsible for Cr and Ni pollution. Thereinto, electronic manufacturing affected Ni pollution strongly, which was supported by the significance of the meta-regression analysis and the chemical speciation of Ni in PM 2.5 compared to electronic waste. Thus, coal combustion mainly contributed to atmospheric HM pollution but there were also contributions from electronic manufacturing. Our results provide a novel method to assess the source and risk of atmospheric HMs accompanying urban industrial changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrodin (GAS) is a Chinese medicine with wide application for the treatment of nervous system disease. Previous studies reported that GAS exhibited non-specific immunomodulatory activities. To explore the effects of GAS as a vaccine adjuvant, the expression levels of CD80, CD86, MHCI and MHCII activated markers were detected after GAS treatment in vitro and in vivo, and the expression levels of IL-2 and TNF-α in splenocytes were detected after GAS treatment in vivo. Besides, the expression levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in CD4+T cells and perforin, TNF-α and IFN-γ in CD8+T cells were detected. The effects of GAS on the survival rate and tumor size of tumor-challenged mice and the effect of cytotoxicity on CD8+T cells were also investigated. Our data showed that GAS ameliorated CD8+T cell mediated immune response and significantly improved protection of tumor-challenged animals. The results demonstrated that GAS is a potential adjuvant contributing to anticancer immunomodulation. • Gastrodin activates APC cells as evident by the increased expression of surface markers and cytokines. • Castrodin enhances the function of Th1 cells by promoting T cell proliferation and upregulating IFN-γ. • Gastrodin enhances the function of CD8+T cells by promoting the release of CD8+T killing factors and CD8+T killing ability. • Gastrodin has adjuvant effect: Gastrodin as Melanoma cell vaccine adjuvant, can inhibit tumor growth, and increase survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling saline wastewater for agricultural irrigation offer a promising solution to address both water scarcity and anthropogenic pollution. However, organic-inorganic fouling in saline wastewater irrigation systems (SWIS) poses significant technical and economic challenges. Traditional chemical biocides are currently insufficient for controlling composite organic-inorganic fouling and may pose environmental hazards. This study proposed a greener approach using organic acid (OA) fertilizers to alleviate organic-inorganic fouling in agricultural SWIS. The treatment performances were assessed employing four types of OA fertilizers (i.e., humic acid, alginic acid, nucleotide, and ammonia acid) and a negative control. Results showed that three types of OA, i.e., alginic acid, nucleotide, and ammonia acid, effectively reduced the total SWIS fouling content by 11.2%–57.4%, whereas humic acid exacerbated fouling by 11.2%–57.4%. Specifically, all types of OA significantly mitigated the content of inorganic fouling (precipitates and silicates) by 10.7%–42.3% by forming loosed and sparser structures. However, OA exhibited minimum effects on controlling silica fouling. Meanwhile, except the humic acid, other types of OA decreased the total content of organic fouling by 17.2%–39.5% by reducing the content of humic substances and building block fractions. In addition, the significant binary interactions of organic-inorganic fouling indicated the active role of calcium silica and biomineralization fouling. These findings provide insight into the development of appropriate and eco-friendly antifouling strategies for SWIS, with implications for recycling and reusing saline wastewater. [Display omitted] • ●Except HA, organic acid effectively mitigated organic-inorganic fouling in SWIS. • Influence mechanism and interaction of organic-inorganic fouling was clarified. • OA affected the calcite dolomite humics, building blocks and LWM compounds content. • Alginic acid, nucleotide, and ammonia acid applications are recommended in SWIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: RAD5B belongs to the Rad5/16‐like group of the SNF2 family, which often functions in chromatin remodelling. However, whether RAD5B is involved in chromatin remodelling, histone modification, and drought stress tolerance is largely unclear. We identified a drought‐inducible chromatin remodeler, MdRAD5B, which positively regulates apple drought tolerance. Transposase‐accessible chromatin with high‐throughput sequencing (ATAC‐seq) analysis showed that MdRAD5B affects the expression of 466 drought‐responsive genes through its chromatin remodelling function in response to drought stress. In addition, MdRAD5B interacts with and degrades MdLHP1, a crucial regulator of histone H3 trimethylation at K27 (H3K27me3), through the ubiquitin‐independent 20S proteasome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) analysis revealed that MdRAD5B modulates the H3K27me3 deposition of 615 genes in response to drought stress. Genetic interaction analysis showed that MdRAD5B mediates the H3K27me3 deposition of drought‐responsive genes through MdLHP1, which causes their expression changes under drought stress. Our results unravelled a dual function of MdRAD5B in gene expression modulation in apple in response to drought, that is, via the regulation of chromatin remodelling and H3K27me3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the direct laser deposition (DLD) process, it is common to employ constant processing parameters. The utilization of the constant parameters may lead to fluctuations in the dynamic evolution of the molten pool, primarily due to the intricate thermal effects involved, which will significantly impact the processing quality. To address this issue, this study proposed a closed-loop control approach that effectively modifies processing parameters in real time by targeting on the molten pool transient area. The type of the laser used in this study is a flat-top beam. Laser power, powder feeder rate, and scanning speed are the input variables of the study to control molten pool, considering the manufacturing system. The most suitable processing parameter to control the molten pool area was found to be the laser power by a set of orthogonal experiments, with a correlation coefficient of 0.706, and significance level of 0.002. Then, the dynamic response relationship between laser power and the molten pool area was mathematically characterized by a third-order transfer function model to simplify the complex physical model of the DLD process. Subsequently, a PID controller with a filtering coefficient and anti-windup compensation was chosen compared with the other controller. In the validation experiments, it was observed that the closed-loop processing group demonstrated improved stability in maintaining the molten pool transient area, with a notable decrease of 33.7% in variability compared to the open-loop processing group. As a result, the deposited layer of the closed-loop processing group exhibited a much more satisfying surface quality and heat affect zone than the open-loop group. This study established a third-order mathematical model of the dynamic molten pool and realized the optimization of deposition quality by controlling the molten pool transient area with an enhanced PID controller, providing a fundamental basis for improving the consistency of the direct laser deposition processing quality through the implementation of real-time feedback control of molten pool physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and tribological behavior of CNTs-reinforced Ni60/WC composites fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) are studied. The effect of CNTs content is investigated and compared to that of a CNTs-free composite sample. The improvement of hardness, thermal stability, and wear resistance caused by microstructural refinement is observed in the CNTs reinforced composites. Different additions of CNTs may be responsible for the aforementioned performances. The microstructure and micro-protrusions growth characteristics are investigated using SEM and AFM, linked to the CNTs content, which refines the microstructure. The hardness, TG/DSC, and friction coefficient curves establish 1.5 wt% CNTs as the optimal addition amount. Additionally, the tribological characteristics are discussed based on the wear behavior and wear scar EDS analysis. The main friction mechanisms of the composites are abrasive wear and adhesive wear. The wear loss reduction peaked at 67.9 % in the 1.5 wt% CNTs-Ni60/WC composites. The mechanical properties of the coating are improved by CNTs. This clearly demonstrates the guiding significance of CNTs-reinforced composites for tribological development. [Display omitted] • CNTs-Ni60/WC composites were produced by DED. • The influence of CNTs on the coating microstructural evolution • The improvement of hardness, thermal stability, and wear resistance caused by microstructural refinement • The friction mechanisms of the composites are mainly abrasive wear and adhesive wear. • The relationship between wear resistance and CNTs content [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep learning has been increasingly used in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. However, the actual acquisition of rolling bearing fault signals often contains ambient noise, making it difficult to determine the optimal values of the parameters. In this paper, a sparrow search algorithm (LSSA) based on backward learning of lens imaging and Gaussian Cauchy variation is proposed. The lens imaging reverse learning strategy enhances the traversal capability of the algorithm and allows for a better balance of algorithm exploration and development. Then, the performance of the proposed LSSA was tested on the benchmark function. Finally, LSSA is used to find the optimal modal component K and the optimal penalty factor α in VMD-GRU, which in turn realizes the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The experimental results show that the model can achieve a 96.61% accuracy in rolling bearing fault diagnosis, which proves the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer in the world. Although great progress has been made, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and underlying mechanisms of CRC using bioinformatics analysis. In this study, we identified a total of 1353 DEGs in the database of GSE113513, including 715 up- and 638 downregulated genes. Gene ontology analysis results showed that upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in cell division, cell proliferation, and DNA replication. The downregulated DEGs were enriched in immune response, relation of cell growth and inflammatory response. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that upregulated DEGs were enriched in cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway, whereas the downregulated DEGs were enriched in drug metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and nitrogen metabolism. A total of 124 up-key genes and 35 down-key genes were identified from the protein–protein interaction networks. Furthermore, we identified five up-modules (up-A, up-B, up-C, up-D, and up-E) and three down-modules (d-A, d-B, and d-C) by module analysis. The module up-A was enriched in sister chromatid cohesion, cell division, and mitotic nuclear division. Pathways associated with cell cycle, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, oocyte meiosis, and p53 signaling pathway. Whereas the d-A was mainly enriched in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, cell chemotaxis, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathway. The pathways enriched in chemokine signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, and alcoholism. These key genes and pathways might be used as molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for the treatment of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the characteristics of emitter clogging substance in 16 kinds of drip irrigation emitters using 3 kinds of water sources that could typically induce composite clogging in the Yellow River irrigation area. The research results indicate that there was remarkable randomness in the behavior of composite clogging substances in a single emitter, and peak randomness (ΔFQt) values were 19.5-20.8%, 20.5-22.4% and 25.9-28.2% higher than that with physical, chemical and biological clogging, respectively. Clogging in a single emitter also exhibited recoverability (RQCD) which would be lost when the clogging degree reached 60-75%, and recoverability (RQCD) showed the opposite variation rule to randomness (ΔFQt). Though clogging in a single emitter was associated with certain randomness and recoverability, the overall variation of the micro-irrigation system's average discharge variation ratio (Dra) and Christiansen's uniformity (CU) was not affected. Instead, the two showed relatively consistent dynamic variation of mild fluctuation followed by acute descending. The fluctuation trend during the earlier stage lasted from 128 to 660 h, and descending branch slopes of Dra and CU during the later stage were 0.09-0.12 and 0.13-0.21, respectively. In terms of various types of emitters, ΔFQt generally demonstrated dynamic variation for a tape emitter (highest), a single-side labyrinth emitter (slightly lower), a cylindrical emitter (even lower) and a flat emitter (lowest). However, the dynamic variation of RQCD, Dra and CU were inverse. As far as various water sources were concerned, mixing water had the highest ΔFQt, followed by Yellow River water, and surface lake water had the lowest ΔFQt, while variation characteristics of RQCD, Dra and CU among the three water sources were inverse. The present study could provide reference for revealing the characteristics of composite clogging in emitters, thus constructing effective clogging control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bearingless switched reluctance machine with wider rotor teeth (BSRMWR) can achieve decoupled control of suspension and torque in the starter/generator system. This article makes theoretical analysis and simulations of generation mode in 12/8 single-winding BSRMWR. First, the generation and suspension principles of single-winding bearingless switched reluctance generator (BSRGWR) are explained; Second, the levitation force model of BSRGWR is derived based on the Maxwell stress tensor method. Then a suspension control scheme is proposed to eliminate the coupling of levitation forces in X and Y directions. This article also discusses the reasons why the generation currents of one phase should be controlled symmetrically. Finally, the calculation of different control variables are summarized in a flow chart. Then the open- and closed-loop controls of single-winding BSRGWR are also included to justify that the generator can work normally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, increasing evidences show that procyanidin (PC) modulate immune responses in human. To evaluate adjuvant effects of PC on vaccine immune modulation and anti-tumor activity, we formulated PC with B16F10 tumor antigen as tumor vaccine to immune C57BL/6 mice and used intramuscular injection before challenge with tumor B16F10 cells. Our results revealed that PC enhanced T cell-mediated immune responses both in vitro and in vivo . Moreover, the B16F10 tumor vaccine induced some degree of anti-tumor effects as evaluated by the inhibition of tumor growth and the prolongation of survival. The tumor-bearing mice showed a high level of specific cytotoxic activity and had activated CD8 T cells that secreted perforin, IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to the stimulation with antigen in vitro . Taken together, current study presents evidence that PC may be used as a promising vaccine adjuvant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henagliflozin proline and metformin hydrochloride sustained‐release tablets (HR20033) are a fixed‐dose combination of the novel, highly selective, and effective sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor henagliflozin, with a metformin sustained‐release layer for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in conjunction with dietary control and exercise. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of a high‐fat diet on the pharmacokinetics of henagliflozin and metformin after a single administration of HR20033 and the effect of repeated oral administration of HR20033 on their pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. The food‐effect clinical study involved 18 healthy subjects randomized to receive either HR20033 in the fasted condition followed by HR20033 in the fed condition or the reverse schedule, with the two doses separated by a washout period of at least 7 days. The multiple‐dose clinical study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects. In the food‐effect study, compared with those in the fasted condition, the area under the blood concentration curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of henagliflozin decreased by 12.64% and 40.89%, respectively, while the AUC of metformin increased by 31.13% and Cmax decreased by 7.09% in the fed state. There was no significant accumulation of HR20033 in the body after multiple oral doses. No serious adverse event was observed in either of the two clinical studies. Food did not have a clinically meaningful effect on the absorption of HR20033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]