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Background: In recent years, there has been a growing body of research suggesting that ASD and ADHD are two disorders that often co-exist. Despite the rapid development of research, little is known about their etiology, diagnostic markers, and interventions, which has led us to review and summarise the development of the field in the hope that this will provide an opportunity to look for future directions. Methods: A bibliometric approach was used to analyse papers in the field of ASD co-morbidities in ADHD on Web of Science from 1991– 2022, using CiteSpace and VOSview to map the country/institution, journal, author, co-citation, and keyword networks in the field and to visualise the results. Results: A total of 3284 papers were included, showing an increasing trend in terms of posting trends. Research on co-morbidities of ASD has proven to be mainly focused on universities. The USA (1662) published the most relevant literature in this area, followed by the UK (651) and Sweden (388). Lichtenstein P is the most published author (84), and research into the pathogenesis of ASD co-occurring ADHD and related clinical diagnostics is currently at the forefront of the field. Conclusion: This analysis identifies the most influential institutions and countries, cited journals, and authors in the field of ASD co-morbid ADHD research. The future direction of ASD co-occurring ADHD should be based on improving case identification, discovering the etiological and diagnostic markers of ASD and ADHD, and finding more effective clinical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As major strategic development areas in China, the provinces around the Yangtze River are facing the pressure of large aggregate CO 2 emissions and high per capita CO 2 emissions. The study on the pathway of reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing carbon sequestration will help China better clarify the ways realize the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality as soon as possible. In this paper, the extended STIRPAT model and OLS regression were used to establish a prediction model to estimate the CO 2 emissions during 2010–2060 under different scenarios. Meanwhile, the InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon sequestration, and the comparison with the CO 2 emissions was analyzed. The results show that Qinghai and Yunnan have achieved the goal of carbon neutrality in 2010. Under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario and the baseline scenario, all provinces within the study area are anticipated to attain their emissions peak by 2030 or earlier, and the CO 2 emissions peak value of the whole study area is 3111 Mt and 3199 Mt, respectively. While under the high emissions scenario, only Chongqing and Qinghai will reach the emissions peak in 2030, and the whole study area will reach the emissions peak in 2040, with peak value of 3470 Mt. Under the three scenarios, the whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Only Sichuan and Hubei can achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 and 2060 under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario. All provinces and municipalities in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are facing huge pressure of emissions reduction. The research reveals that the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality should be achieved by developing clean energy, transforming industrial structure, increasing carbon sequestration and improving carbon emissions trading system. [Display omitted] • The CO 2 emissions showed a pattern of increase during 2010–2020. • The whole study area will achieve carbon peak by 2040 or earlier. • The whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. • The realization pathway of carbon peak and neutrality was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous subpopulations that play a critical role in the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular signals of CAFs have been attributed to the extracellular matrix, cytokines, cell surface checkpoints, and exosomes. In the present study, it is demonstrated that the CD10 transmembrane hydrolase expressed on a subset of CAFs supports tumor stemness and induces chemoresistance. Mechanistically, CD10 degenerates an antitumoral peptide termed osteogenic growth peptide (OGP). OGP restrains the expression of rate‐limiting desaturase SCD1 and inhibits lipid desaturation, which is required for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CD10 significantly improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in vivo. Clinically, CD10‐OGP signals are associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The collective data suggest that a nexus between the niche and lipid metabolism in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tris(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)hexaazatriphenylenehexacarboxy triimide (TTA-HATTI) was synthesized. • TTA-HATTI as a cathode material of aqueous zinc-ion batteries presents high specific capacity. • TTA-HATTI cathode reaction involves the co-insertion/co-removal of Zn2+ and H+ ions. • The flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI battery owns a high volume energy density. • The discharged flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI batteries can be air-charged via O 2 from the air. Air-rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) as a self-powered system can solve a pressing need when there is no external power supply. To meet the demands of such harsh environments, it is necessary to develop high-performance air-rechargeable AZIBs. Herein, we constructed coin-type and flexible AZIBs using tris(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)hexaazatriphenylenehexacarboxy triimide (TTA-HATTI) as the cathode material, where the cathode reaction involves uptake/remove of Zn2+ and H+ ions. The coin-type and flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI AZIBs exhibit a higher energy density (102.3 Wh kg−1) and a high volume energy density (8.5 mWh cm−3), respectively, and high-rate performance. Interestingly, the discharged TTA-HATTI cathode of flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI battery can be oxidized by O 2 from air, due to the potential difference between them, resulting in the discharged flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI battery can be air-recharged without an external power supply. After being left in the air for 23 h, such flexible Zn//TTA-HATTI battery can exhibit a high discharge capacity (420 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A/g), a high rate-performance (178 mA h g−1 at 20 A/g), a better air-charging cycle stability (10 cycles) and operate well at chemical or/and galvanostatic charging mixed modes, showing superior reusability. This work provides guidance for developing high-performance air-rechargeable flexible AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a leguminous crop used to feed livestock with vegetative organs or fertilize soils by returning to the field. Survival of fall-seeded plants is often affected by freezing damage during overwintering. This study aims to investigate the transcriptomic profiling in response to cold in a mutant with reduced accumulation of anthocyanins under normal growth and low-temperature conditions for understanding the underlying mechanisms. The mutant had increased cold a tolerance with higher survival rate and biomass during overwintering compared to the wild type, which led to increased forage production. Transcriptomic analysis in combination with qRT-PCR and physiological measurements revealed that reduced anthocyanins accumulation in the mutant resulted from reduced expression of serial genes involving in anthocyanin biosynthesis, which led to the altered metabolism, with an increased accumulation of free amino acids and polyamines. The higher levels of free amino acids and proline in the mutant under low temperature were associated with improved cold tolerance. The altered expression of some genes involved in ABA and GA signaling was also associated with increased cold tolerance in the mutant. • The mutant had increased cold tolerance and reduced anthocyanin accumulation. • Expression of the genes associated with anthocyanin was reduced in the mutant. • The altered amino acid and polyamine concentrations were associated with cold tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leukocyte Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated response is important for the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies; however, little is known about the role of FcγRs in other cell types. Here we identify a subset of fibroblasts in human breast cancer that express CD16 (FcγRIII). An abundance of these cells in HER2+ breast cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis and response to trastuzumab. Functionally, upon trastuzumab stimulation, CD16+ fibroblasts reduce drug delivery by enhancing extracellular matrix stiffness. Interaction between trastuzumab and CD16 activates the intracellular SYK-VAV2-RhoA-ROCK-MLC2-MRTF-A pathway, leading to elevated contractile force and matrix production. Targeting of a Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV2, which is indispensable for the function of CD16 in fibroblasts rather than leukocytes, reverses desmoplasia provoked by CD16+ fibroblasts. Collectively, our study reveals a role for the fibroblast FcγR in drug resistance, and suggests that VAV2 is an attractive target to augment the effects of antibody treatments. [Display omitted] • A subset of fibroblasts in breast cancer express CD16 (FcγRⅢ) • CD16+ fibroblasts reduce drug delivery upon trastuzumab treatment • CD16+ fibroblasts enhance matrix stiffness through a VAV2-dependent pathway • Targeting VAV2 reverses desmoplasia provoked by CD16+ fibroblasts Liu et al. identify a subset of fibroblasts that express CD16 (FcγRⅢ) and reveal a role of FcγR in non-leukocytes. They uncover that CD16+ fibroblasts induce drug resistance by enhancing desmoplasia via VAV2, which provides a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrosomia is a common perinatal complication, with a series of adverse effects on newborns and pregnant women. However, the effects of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on non-diabetic fetal macrosomia (NDFMS) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether aberrant lncRNA expression in the placenta is involved in the pathogenesis of NDFMS and to elucidate its biological mechanisms. The expression profile of lncRNAs in the placentas of pregnant women with NDFMS was investigated using an Agilent Human LncRNA Microarray. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected for validation using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, the function of lncRNA ubiquitin-specific peptidase 2 antisense RNA 1 (USP2-AS1) was investigated using a trophoblast cell line. The results revealed that 763 lncRNAs were upregulated and 129 lncRNAs were downregulated in the placentas of women in the NDFMS group (|FC| ≥2.0). A total of 10 lncRNAs (|FC| ≥4.0, signal value ≥50) were selected for validation using two-stage RT-qPCR, indicating that the expression trends of the 10 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the NDFMS group (n=8 vs. 8 and 48 vs. 48) were consistent with the microarray data. In addition, a significant downregulation in the levels of lncRNA USP2-AS1 was observed in both the microarray data and second-stage verification. The overexpression of lncRNA USP2-AS1 induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and the number of cells entering S phase was reduced. In addition, the viability of HTR-8/SVneo cells was significantly inhibited when lncRNA USP2-AS1 was overexpressed. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in the placentas of pregnant women with NDFMS and that the downregulation of lncRNA USP2-AS1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of NDFMS, by promoting trophoblast cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to systematically and comprehensively discuss molecular biology-related progress and targeted therapeutic strategies for ameloblastoma, which are expected to be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of ameloblastoma. A comprehensive review of scientific literature relevant to ameloblastoma, including the latest classification, global epidemiology, molecular biology advances, and targeted therapy. Among the 156 articles cited, a total of 20 non-coding RNAs, 13 genes, 27 proteins, and 8 pathways were involved, which play a variety of roles in ameloblastoma. These roles include participation in the biological behaviours of ameloblastoma migration, differentiation, and apoptosis; detection of ameloblastoma proliferative properties; detection of ameloblastoma angiogenesis; and identification of ameloblastoma carcinogenesis. At present, some progress has been made in molecular biology and targeted therapy for ameloblastoma involving BRAF and SMO genes. The related non-coding RNAs, genes, proteins, and pathways involved in this review provide new ideas and directions for the occurrence and development of ameloblastoma and have the potential to become new gene therapy targets. • The global epidemiology of ameloblastoma is presented. • Recent advances in noncoding RNA research are comprehensively explored. • Ameloblastoma-related genes and proteins are discussed in chronological order. • Advances in targeted therapy for ameloblastoma are well described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new semantic segmentation network called 'E-Res U-Net', to achieve better segmentation results of deep and superficial muscles in ultrasonic muscle images. This model is based on U-Net, and its structure has been modified to improve the performance of the algorithm. There are three aspects of improvement based on U-Net, including E-Res layer, dilated convolution module, and E-Res path. Additional experiments demonstrate that each designed module in our proposed network is effective, can improve the accuracy compared to the original U-Net. When compared with other algorithms which are state-of-the-art, the experimental result under the overall network structure is even more excellent. • Segmentation of deep and superficial muscles in ultrasonic muscle images. • An improved U-Net model according with three designed module is presented. • Each designed module can effectively improve the accuracy of segmentation. • Compared with other model, the segmentation effect of is significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are very important immune cells and play critical roles in tumour immunity. Macrophage subtypes can be divided into classical polarization (M1 macrophages) and alternative polarization (M2 macrophages) under different microenvironments. Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) is an essential transcription factor for macrophage polarization. Our previous study has shown that KLF4 SUMOylation plays an important role in macrophage M2 polarization. In the present study, small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) specific peptidase (SENP)1 was identified as a specific protease for KLF4 de‐SUMOylation, with the SENP1‐KLF4 axis playing a vital role in M1 macrophage polarization by affecting the nuclear factor kappa B signalling pathway. Additionally, the activity of tumour cells was weakened by KLF4 SUMOylation deficient macrophages. Hence, the SENP1‐KLF4 axis is considered to play a crucial role in regulating lipopolysaccharide‐induced macrophage M1 polarization, thereby affecting the activity of tumour cells. Therefore, the SENP1‐KLF4 axis has therapeutic potential as a target in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxic diabetic foot ulcers (HDFUs) pose a challenging chronic condition characterized by oxidative stress damage, bacterial infection, and persistent inflammation. This study introduces a novel therapeutic approach combining ergothioneine (EGT), luteolin (LUT), and quaternized chitosan oxidized dextran (QCOD) to address these challenges and facilitate wound healing in hypoxic DFUs. In vitro, assessments have validated the biosafety, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the ergothioneine‐luteolin‐chitin (QCOD@EGT‐LUT) hydrogel. Furthermore, near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) fluorescence image‐guided the application of QCOD@EGT‐LUT hydrogel in simulated HDFUs. Mechanistically, QCOD@EGT‐LUT hydrogel modulates the diabetic wound microenvironment by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vivo studies demonstrated increased expression of angiogenic factors mannose receptor (CD206) and latelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1/CD31), coupled with decreased inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), thereby promoting diabetic wound healing through up‐regulation of transforming growth factor β‐1 (TGF‐β1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to develop a 30 m resolution land cover dataset to improve the performance of regional weather forecasting models in East China. A 10-class land cover mapping scheme was established, reflecting East China's diverse landscape characteristics and incorporating a new category for plastic greenhouses. Plastic greenhouses are key to understanding surface heterogeneity in agricultural regions, as they can significantly impact local climate conditions, such as heat flux and evapotranspiration, yet they are often not represented in conventional land cover classifications. This is mainly due to the lack of high-resolution datasets capable of detecting these small yet impactful features. For the six-province study area, we selected and processed Landsat 8 imagery from 2015–2018, filtering for cloud cover. Complementary datasets, such as digital elevation models (DEM) and nighttime lighting data, were integrated to enrich the inputs for the Random Forest classification. A comprehensive training dataset was compiled to support Random Forest training and classification accuracy. We developed an automated workflow to manage the data processing, including satellite image selection, preprocessing, classification, and image mosaicking, thereby ensuring the system's practicality and facilitating future updates. We included three Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model experiments in this study to highlight the impact of our land cover maps on daytime and nighttime temperature predictions. The resulting regional land cover dataset achieved an overall accuracy of 83.2% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.81. These accuracy statistics are higher than existing national and global datasets. The model results suggest that the newly developed land cover, combined with a mosaic option in the Unified Noah scheme in WRF, provided the best overall performance for both daytime and nighttime temperature predictions. In addition to supporting the WRF model, our land cover map products, with a planned 3–5-year update schedule, could serve as a valuable data source for ecological assessments in the East China region, informing environmental policy and promoting sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cadmium (Cd) level in the PM 2.5 sample collected from the industrial zone was significantly higher than that in the living quarter in Shanghai, China. • The Cd concentration in 168 residents residing in the industrial zone (exposure group) was higher than that in 168 residents residing in the living quarter (control group). • Urine NAG, mAlb, KIM-1 and Cd-MT levels as indexes of early kidney damage (EKD) in the exposure group were higher than those in the control group; and there was a correlation between urine Cd level and these EKD indexes. To investigate heavy metal exposure in an industrial zone vs. a living quarter in Shanghai and explore the relationship between the heavy metal source and urine cadmium (Cd) and early kidney damage. Blood lead and urine Cd, manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and EKD indexes were compared between residents in Exposure group (n = 168) and Control group (n = 168). It was found that PM 2.5 level in Exposure group was significantly higher than that in Control group, and serum Cys-C and urine Cd, NAG, mAlb, KIM-1 and Cd-MT levels in Exposure group were also significantly higher than those in Control group, suggesting that differences in urine Cd and heavy metal levels between the residents of the two groups may be due to different PM 2.5 concentrations in the environments of the two areas. Cd accumulation within the human body can induce kidney damage, probably through its potential hazard to the proximal tubular epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding molecular mechanisms that dictate B cell diversity is important for targeting B cells as anti-cancer treatment. Through the single-cell dissection of B cell heterogeneity in longitudinal samples of patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we revealed that an ICOSL+ B cell subset emerges after chemotherapy. Using three immunocompetent mouse models, we recapitulated the subset switch of human tumor-infiltrating B cells during chemotherapy. By employing B-cell-specific deletion mice, we showed that ICOSL in B cells boosts anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the effector to regulatory T cell ratio. The signature of ICOSL+ B cells is imprinted by complement-CR2 signaling, which is triggered by immunogenic cell death. Moreover, we identified that CD55, a complement inhibitory protein, determines the opposite roles of B cells in chemotherapy. Collectively, we demonstrated a critical role of the B cell subset switch in chemotherapy response, which has implications in designing novel anti-cancer therapies. • A distinct B cell subset emerges in tumors after chemotherapy • B cells elicit anti-tumor T cell immunity by ICOSL • Complement signals initiated by immunogenic cell death shape B cell phenotypes • Tumor CD55 expression determines the opposite effects of B cells in tumors An anti-tumoral B cell subset emerges in the tumor microenvironment in response to chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death and complement signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Abscess at a previous surgical site induced by an insect bite has rarely been reported. Here we report a case of abscess at the breast surgical site, which occurred 7 years after mastectomy following an ant bite. Surgical site abscess generally occurs following operation within 30 days. However, surgical site abscess induced by an insect bite, which occurs several years after surgery, has rarely been reported. Here, we report a 65‐year‐old female patient with a history of breast cancer presenting with an abscess at the site of her mastectomy and ipsilateral arm lymphedema. Her left foot was bitten by an ant 25 days earlier and itchy red bumps with whiteheads were raised. After antibiotic treatment and abscess incision and drainage, the abscess healed, but the ipsilateral arm lymphedema persisted. This unique case demonstrates that surgical procedures can alter the susceptibility of tissues to allergic or infectious cues long after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhubarb is a significant medicinal herb in China. Its adulteration or fabrication is common in the market. Consequently, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive identification method to accurately identify genuine rhubarb and its adulterants. In this study, the sequences of chloroplast genes rps3-rpl22 and rpl16 from three genuine rhubarbs (Rheum tanguticum, Rh. palmatum and Rh. officinale) and their adulterants (Rumex japonicus and Rumex spp.) were amplified, sequenced and subjected to genetic analyses. The genetic distances for rps3-rpl22 and rpl16 between genuine rhubarbs and their adulterants showed that there was an evident barcoding gap, which allowed the adulterants to be distinguished from the genuine rhubarbs, as demonstrated by a neighbor joining tree. Additionally, Rh. officinale could be distinguished from the other two genuine rhubarbs. The anthraquinone, sennoside, polysaccharide and protein contents were analyzed in seven rhubarbs using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Cluster and principal component analyses results showed that Rh. tanguticum and Rh. palmatum could be effectively distinguished. The study suggests that DNA barcoding based on rps3-rpl22 and rpl16 sequences coupled with multiple-indicator quantification can be successfully applied to identify rhubarb species and distinguish among the three genuine rhubarbs, and this can provide a scientific foundation for rhubarb quality assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using electronic health record data from a national collaboration of pediatric health systems, this study examined the effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccines for preventing COVID-19 infections and severe disease among previously uninfected children and adolescents. It found moderate effectiveness of the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and high effectiveness against the Delta variant. Visual Abstract. Real-World Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Against Infection and Severe Diseases in Children and Adolescents: Using electronic health record data from a national collaboration of pediatric health systems, this study examined the effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccines for preventing COVID-19 infections and severe disease among previously uninfected children and adolescents. It found moderate effectiveness of the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and high effectiveness against the Delta variant. Background: The efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine in pediatrics was assessed by randomized trials before the Omicron variant's emergence. The long-term durability of vaccine protection in this population during the Omicron period remains limited. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of BNT162b2 in preventing infection and severe diseases with various strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in previously uninfected children and adolescents. Design: Comparative effectiveness research accounting for underreported vaccination in 3 study cohorts: adolescents (12 to 20 years) during the Delta phase and children (5 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 20 years) during the Omicron phase. Setting: A national collaboration of pediatric health systems (PEDSnet). Participants: 77 392 adolescents (45 007 vaccinated) during the Delta phase and 111 539 children (50 398 vaccinated) and 56 080 adolescents (21 180 vaccinated) during the Omicron phase. Intervention: First dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine versus no receipt of COVID-19 vaccine. Measurements: Outcomes of interest include documented infection, COVID-19 illness severity, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), and cardiac complications. The effectiveness was reported as (1-relative risk)*100, with confounders balanced via propensity score stratification. Results: During the Delta period, the estimated effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine was 98.4% (95% CI, 98.1% to 98.7%) against documented infection among adolescents, with no statistically significant waning after receipt of the first dose. An analysis of cardiac complications did not suggest a statistically significant difference between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. During the Omicron period, the effectiveness against documented infection among children was estimated to be 74.3% (CI, 72.2% to 76.2%). Higher levels of effectiveness were seen against moderate or severe COVID-19 (75.5% [CI, 69.0% to 81.0%]) and ICU admission with COVID-19 (84.9% [CI, 64.8% to 93.5%]). Among adolescents, the effectiveness against documented Omicron infection was 85.5% (CI, 83.8% to 87.1%), with 84.8% (CI, 77.3% to 89.9%) against moderate or severe COVID-19, and 91.5% (CI, 69.5% to 97.6%) against ICU admission with COVID-19. The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the Omicron variant declined 4 months after the first dose and then stabilized. The analysis showed a lower risk for cardiac complications in the vaccinated group during the Omicron variant period. Limitation: Observational study design and potentially undocumented infection. Conclusion: This study suggests that BNT162b2 was effective for various COVID-19–related outcomes in children and adolescents during the Delta and Omicron periods, and there is some evidence of waning effectiveness over time. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light weight design of the subframe is either not ideal, or the accuracy of the model should be higher. To deal with the problems, the Kriging approximate model was used to make a lightweight design for the subframe. Firstly, the Latin hypercube sampling test design method was used to sample the important feature points of the subframe, and the Kriging approximate model was combined to parameterize the subframe. Then, the fatigue of subframe was taken as the target parameter, and 11 thickness dimensions were selected as design variables and optimized. The optimal solution was obtained through about 400 iterations, and the optimized subframe quality was 11.3 kg, which was reduced by 10.3% compared with that before optimization. The maximum stress value under beating condition still satisfied the yield condition, and the free model frequency also met the model requirement, which realized the lightweight design better. The advantage of this method was that it not only achieved better optimization results, but also did not need to transform among different softwares and effectively avoided the distortion of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, China has experienced intense land use and cover change (LUCC). In this study, we modeled and explored the possible effects and mechanisms of realistic LUCCs on surface temperatures in China during 1984–2013 using the Regional Climate Model (RegCM) based on the annual dynamic LUCCs derived from Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS-GLC) data. We compared two sets of ensemble experiments, one with a fixed LUCC scenario (fixed at 1984) and the other with a dynamic LUCC scenario (annual conversions from 1984 to 2013). The results showed that LUCCs in recent decades have been characterized by reforestation (accompanied by a reduction in cropland) in southern China, grassland-to-cropland conversions in North and Northeast China and bare land-to-grassland conversions in northwestern China. Such LUCCs led primarily to significant cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature (Tsmax) by approximately − 0.3 to − 0.6 °C in summer and autumn over the reforestation areas of southern China, followed by moderate cooling (~ − 0.2 °C) of the daily mean surface temperature (Ts), while the effect on the daily minimum surface temperature (Tsmin) was weak (within ± 0.1 °C) and nonsignificant. During winter and spring, the impacts of LUCC on all temperatures were less pronounced. Further investigation revealed that the cooling of Tsmax was dominated by the direct effects of LUCC (over 90%), particularly the reduction in aerodynamic resistance associated with the cropland-to-forest conversions in southern China. Additionally, seasonal differences and uncertainties in the LUCC-induced cooling of Tsmax were likely due to a combination of the relatively stable direct effect of LUCC and the uncertain model internal variability. Overall, our study highlights the effects of realistic and transient LUCC scenarios, which could provide insightful scientific clues to better assess and understand climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting CD96 that originates in immune cells has shown potential for cancer therapy. However, the role of intrinsic CD96 in solid tumor cells remains unknown. Here, it is found that CD96 is frequently expressed in tumor cells from clinical breast cancer samples and is correlated with poor long-term prognosis in these patients. The CD96+ cancer cell subpopulations exhibit features of both breast cancer stem cells and chemoresistance. In vivo inhibition of cancer cell-intrinsic CD96 enhances the chemotherapeutic response in a patient-derived tumor xenograft model. Mechanistically, CD96 enhances mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation via the CD155-CD96-Src-Stat3-Opa1 pathway, which subsequently promotes chemoresistance in breast cancer stem cells. A previously unknown role is identified for tumor cell-intrinsic CD96 and an attractive target in improving the chemotherapeutic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • L. reuteri or LGG effectively ameliorated the social deficits in rat model of ASD. • DGE after Lactobacillus were enriched in inflammation, HPA axis and oxidative stress. • Lactobacillus reduced oxidative stress by potential inhibiting NF-κB/NOX1 pathway. Probiotic therapy with Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) demonstrates potential as an adjunctive treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a rat model of ASD induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection during pregnancy, we evaluated the effects of these probiotics on offspring. Administration of L. reuteri or LGG for three weeks post-birth improved social deficits and reduced anxiety in LPS-exposed rats. Additionally, probiotics significantly modified short-chain fatty acid profiles, increasing butyric acid levels and decreasing propionic acid levels. They also enhanced colonic barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin4. RNA sequencing identified differential gene expression in pathways related to inflammation, the HPA axis, and reactive oxygen species metabolism, with NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) emerging as a crucial gene. Validation studies confirmed that Lactobacillus strains reduced inflammatory cytokines, inhibited corticosterone secretion, increased antioxidant levels, and suppressed the NF-κB/NOX1 pathway. In an H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress model using Caco-2 cells, pre-treatment with L. reuteri , LGG , or NF-κB inhibitors enhanced cellular antioxidants, inhibited NF-κB/NOX1 activation, and improved barrier function. Overall, L. reuteri and LGG administration improved social behavior, bolstered colonic barrier function, and mitigated HPA axis overactivation in LPS-exposed rats, while also alleviating oxidative stress in the colon and Caco-2 cells. These findings suggest that L. reuteri and LGG have substantial clinical potential for ASD treatment by targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including inflammation, HPA axis dysregulation, and oxidative stress, thereby presenting a promising adjunctive therapeutic strategy for enhancing social behavior and gut health in ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the wind-induced vibration response of TSSs under thunderstorm downbursts and introduces self-centering braces to analyze the vibration control. The study reveals that the vertical peak displacement of the upper chord nodes exhibits a " V " shaped distribution along the span direction, while the vertical residual displacement follows an "S" shaped distribution. The wind-induced vibration response at the cantilevered end is much stronger, and after the introduction of self-centering braces, the wind-induced vibration response significantly decreases, indicating that the self-centering braces play a noticeable role in controlling wind vibration. Additionally, the cable forces of the TSS significantly decrease under thunderstorm downbursts, with a loss of about 68%. The residual cable forces are uniformly distributed for the original structure and show a minor correlation with cable locations, whereas the residual cable forces of the structure with self-centering braces have a higher correlation with the cable locations. The residual cable force is significantly reduced after installing the self-centering braces, with a maximum reduction of 57.22%. Furthermore, the self-centering braces have a full hysteresis curve under thunderstorm downbursts, which indicates that it has high energy dissipation capacity and a good self-centering effect, which is conducive to controlling the wind vibration response of the structure under thunderstorm downbursts. • Vertical peak displacement of upper chord nodes exhibits a "V" shaped distribution. • Vertical residual displacement follows an "S" shaped distribution. • Wind-induced vibration at the cantilevered end is much stronger than the mid-span. • Wind vibration response can be greatly decreased by adding self-centering braces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Effective traction is an important prerequisite for successful endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The combined orthodontic rubber band (ORB) and clip method was effective in colorectal cancer ESD. To date, the method was not reported in gastric ESD. This study aimed to investigate its efficacy and safety for gastric neoplasms ESD. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 118 patients with gastric neoplasms treated by ESD from November 2020 to April 2022, 43 by ORB-ESD and 75 by the conventional ESD. The primary outcome measure was the ESD procedure time. Clinical data on efficacy and safety were also collected and analyzed. Propensity score matching (PSM) matched the patients in both groups. Results: PSM successfully matched 31 pairs of patients. The ORB-ESD operation time was shorter (median [interquartile range], 35 [30–48] vs. 49 [40–70] min, P < 0.001) and dissection speed was higher (median [interquartile range], 22.6 [14.4–29.3] vs. 13.5 [9.6–17.9] mm2/min, P < 0.001) than in the conventional ESD. The groups were similar in muscular injury rate, frequency and time of use of thermal hemostatic forceps, postoperative adverse events, en bloc resection, and R0 resection rate (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Compared to the conventional ESD, ORB-ESD significantly reduced the procedure time and increased the dissection speed, proving beneficial to gastric ESD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial colonization of catheter surfaces is responsible for most healthcare-associated infections. Quaternized chitin and chitosan have excellent antimicrobial and biocompatible properties and can be used to provide safe and prolonged protection for biomedical catheters. Herein, we prepared quaternized β-chitin derivative (QC)- and quaternized chitosan derivative (QCS)-based antimicrobial surfaces. The quaternized polysaccharides modified TPU surfaces exhibited hydrophilicity, good biocompatibility. Among these, QCS2-modified TPU exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and prevented the adherence of bacteria compared with pristine TPU. The antibacterial activity of QCS2-modified surfaces maintained for 8 weeks under the condition of immersion in serum. An in vivo subcutaneous implantation experiment revealed 99.87% reduction of bacteria and reduced expression of inflammation-related factors in the surrounding tissue five days after implantation with QCS2-modified TPU. Therefore, quaternized polysaccharide-modified surfaces have promising potential in preventing medical catheter-associated infections. • A series of quaternized chitin-based derivative antimicrobial surfaces were prepared. • QCS2-modified TPU exhibited hydrophilic and good biocompatibility. • Excellent antibacterial properties of TPU-QCS2 against E. coli , S. aureus and MRSA. • TPU-QCS2 maintained long-term antibacterial activity for 8 weeks. • TPU-QCS2 can prevent infection in the in vivo implantation experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and optical depth of different aerosol types derived from the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) over the South China Sea (SCS) between 1980 and 2020 were studied. AOD distribution showed different characteristics throughout the entire SCS. Sulfate Aerosol Optical Depth (SO4AOD) and Sea Salt Aerosol Optical Depth (SSAOD) mainly contributed to the spatial and temporal variation of AOD over the SCS. A significant increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend of AOD could be observed in the north of the SCS from 1980 to 2020. Mean MERRA-2 AOD between 1980 and 2020 showed that AOD was high in the north and low in the south and that AOD gradually decreased from north to south over the SCS. AOD after 2000 was obviously higher than that of the 1980s and 1990s. Higher AOD appeared in the spring and winter, and low AOD appeared in the summer. The spatial distribution of scattering aerosol optical depth (SAOD) was similar to AOD distribution over the SCS. SO4AOD and SSAOD were obviously higher than black carbon aerosol optical depth (BCAOD), organic carbon aerosol optical depth (OCAOD), and dust aerosol optical depth (DUAOD) over the SCS. SO4AOD accounted for over 50% of total AOD (TAOD) over the north of the SCS, while BCAOD and DUAOD accounted for less than 10% of TAOD over the entire SCS. An obvious annual mean TAOD increase between 1980 and 2007 could be observed over the northern part of the SCS (NSCS), while a TAOD decrease happened from 2008 to 2020 in this region. The correlation coefficient between TAOD and SO4AOD over NSCS from 1980 to 2020 was about 0.93, indicating SO4AOD was the driving factor of TAOD variation in this area. Different AOD variation trends over the different areas of the SCS could be observed during the two periods including 1980–2007 and 2008–2020. AOD increase appeared over most of the SCS during the period from 1980 to 2007, while AOD decrease could be observed over most of the SCS from 2008 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the coronavirus efficacy (COVE) phase 3 clinical trial, vaccine recipients were assessed for neutralizing and binding antibodies as correlates of risk for COVID-19 disease and as correlates of protection. These immune markers were measured at the time of second vaccination and 4 weeks later, with values reported in standardized World Health Organization international units. All markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Vaccine recipients with postvaccination 50% neutralization titers 10, 100, and 1000 had estimated vaccine efficacies of 78% (95% confidence interval, 54 to 89%), 91% (87 to 94%), and 96% (94 to 98%), respectively. These results help define immune marker correlates of protection and may guide approval decisions for messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines and other COVID-19 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumors employ various strategies to evade immune surveillance. Central nervous system (CNS) has multiple features to restrain immune response. Whether tumors and CNS share similar programs of immunosuppression is elusive. Here, we analyze multi-omics data of tumors from HER2+ breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab and anti-PD-L1 antibody and find that CNS-enriched N-acetyltransferase 8-like (NAT8L) and its metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA) are overexpressed in resistant tumors. In CNS, NAA is released during brain inflammation. NAT8L attenuates brain inflammation and impairs anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells via NAA. NAA disrupts the formation of immunological synapse by promoting PCAF-induced acetylation of lamin A-K542, which inhibits the integration between lamin A and SUN2 and impairs polarization of lytic granules. We uncover that tumor cells mimic the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CNS to evade anti-tumor immunity and NAT8L is a potential target to enhance efficacy of anti-cancer agents. [Display omitted] • CNS-enriched NAT8L is presented in cancer cells and associated with poor prognosis • NAT8L inhibits cytotoxic cells via NAA in both tumors and neuroinflammation • NAA induces acetylation of lamin A-K542 by increasing its binding with PCAF • Lamin A-K542 acetylation inhibits immunological synapse formation Li et al. reveal that tumor cells mimic the anti-inflammatory mechanism of central nervous system to evade anti-tumor immunity by expressing brain-enriched N-acetyltransferase 8-like (NAT8L) and its metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA). NAA impairs the formation of immunological synapse by cytotoxic immune cells. NAT8L is a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the progressive collapse resistance of truss string structures (TSSs) in the context of key member failure presents a significant challenge, particularly when this indicator is crucial during structural design and performance evaluation processes. Fortunately, machine learning (ML) methods can establish complex and nonlinear relationships between input and output variables during structural performance evaluation. In this study, firstly, 20 practical projects of TSSs are surveyed to determine the critical design parameters and statistical attributes of TSSs, which provide a realistic basis for the subsequent establishment of a sample database of the progressive collapse resistance of TSSs. Secondly, 464 models of TSS are generated by random sampling through MATLAB, and the progressive collapse resistance of TSSs under the failure of cable or lower chord at the support is analyzed based on the validated finite element model, followed by the establishment of the progressive collapse resistance database. Moreover, based on the results of the analysis, the effect of different parameters on the progressive collapse resistance of TSSs is discussed for the two typical failure scenarios. Subsequently, five ML models are introduced, and a framework for predicting the progressive collapse resistance is given. Next, the prediction results of different ML models were compared. The results show that the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model performs best for the failure of cable or bottom chord at the support, with R2 values of 0.988, 0.920, and 0.972, 0.801 for the training and testing sets, respectively. Finally, the physical and quantitative interpretation of the progressive collapse resistance of TSSs obtained from XGBoost model-based predictions under two typical failure scenarios is conducted using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. • The key design parameters and statistical attributes of TSSs is determined. • A sample database of the progressive collapse resistance of TSSs is established. • ML-based models for predicting progressive collapse resistance of TSSs is given. • XGBoost model performs best for two typical failure scenarios. • An interpretable XGBoost-SHAP ML method is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter fallow farmland is increasing dramatically in some regions in China. Our goal was three-fold: (1) to develop a consistent procedure to identify winter fallow farmland from satellite images; (2) to examine the driving factors of winter fallow farmland; and (3) to identify additional determinants affecting the spatial distribution of winter fallow farmland. We applied geographically weighted regression to examine the spatial interactions of these driving factors. High percentages of winter fallow farmland in the north-eastern region were largely attributed to elevation, income, farmland area, and slope. Geography had a strong impact on the occurrence of fallow farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The use of BFRP bars can solve the problem of steel bar corrosion. • Temperature plays an important role in the degradation rate of the BFRP bars' tensile strength. • The degradation rate of BFRP bars in coral concrete is faster than that in ordinary concrete. • The life prediction of BFRP bars in coral concrete under marine environment was proposed. The use of basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars in seawater concrete structures with all-coral aggregates is an effective solution to the problem of steel bar corrosion. However, the durability of BFRP bars in a real coral concrete alkaline marine environment has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the mechanical properties of BFRP bars in coral and ordinary concrete were investigated by using the accelerated erosion method in a laboratory environment. A total of 85 specimens were designed and produced. The BFRP bars were subjected to tensile testing to examine the degradation in their mechanical properties after being immersed in artificial seawater solution at indoor temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C for 60 d, 120 d, 180 d, and 220 d. The results indicated that the tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of the BFRP bars exhibited different degrees of degradation at various ages and environmental conditions, although the elastic modulus did not change considerably. The temperature considerably influenced the degradation rate of the tensile strength of the BFRP bars. Moreover, the degradation rate of the tensile strength of the BFRP bars in coral concrete was higher than that of the BFRP bars in ordinary concrete at the same ambient temperature. The experimental results pertaining to the microstructural characteristics of coral aggregates and the degradation mechanism of the mechanical properties of BFRP bars were discussed. Subsequently, based on the Fick and Arrhenius degradation models, the lifetime prediction of BFRP bars in coral concrete under a marine environment was conducted. The presented findings can provide a reference for the design and application of BFRP-bar-based coral concrete structures in the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance (MR) images are often contaminated by Gaussian noise, an electronic noise caused by the random thermal motion of electronic components, which reduces the quality and reliability of the images. This paper puts forward a hybrid denoising algorithm for MR images based on two sparsely represented morphological components and one residual part. To begin with, decompose a noisy MR image into the cartoon, texture, and residual parts by MCA, and then each part is denoised by using Wiener filter, wavelet hard threshold, and wavelet soft threshold, respectively. Finally, stack up all the denoised subimages to obtain the denoised MR image. The experimental results show that the proposed method has significantly better performance in terms of mean square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio than each method alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Osteoporosis (OP) is a progressive systemic bone disease. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is routinely employed and is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of OP. Objective: We aimed to investigate the potential use of combined information from multiple bone turnover markers (BTMs) as a clinical diagnostic tool for OP. Materials and methods: A total of 9053 Chinese postmenopausal women (2464 primary OP patients and 6589 healthy controls) were recruited. Serum levels of six common BTMs, including BAP, BSP, CTX, OPG, OST and sRANKL were assayed. Models based on support vector machine (SVM) were constructed to explore the efficiency of different combinations of multiple BTMs for OP diagnosis. Results: Increasing the number of BTMs used in generating the models increased the predictive power of the SVM models for determining the disease status of study subjects. The highest kappa coefficient for the model with one BTM (BAP) compared to DXA was 0.7783. The full model incorporating all six BTMs resulted in a high kappa coefficient of 0.9786. Conclusion: Our findings showed that although single BTMs were not sufficient for OP diagnosis, appropriate combinations of multiple BTMs incorporated into the SVM models showed almost perfect agreement with the DXA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-associated hydrocephalus (TAH) is a common and lethal complication of brain metastases. Although other factors beyond mechanical obstructions have been suggested, the exact mechanisms are unknown. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we find that a distinct population of mast cells locate in the choroid plexus and dramatically increase during TAH. Genetic fate tracing and intracranial mast-cell-specific tryptase knockout showed that choroid plexus mast cells (CPMCs) disrupt cilia of choroid plexus epithelia via the tryptase-PAR2-FoxJ1 pathway and consequently increase cerebrospinal fluid production. Mast cells are also found in the human choroid plexus. Levels of tryptase in cerebrospinal fluid are closely associated with clinical severity of TAH. BMS-262084, an inhibitor of tryptase, can cross the blood-brain barrier, inhibit TAH in vivo , and alleviate mast-cell-induced damage of epithelial cilia in a human pluripotent stem-cell-derived choroid plexus organoid model. Collectively, we uncover the function of CPMCs and provide an attractive therapy for TAH. [Display omitted] • Choroid plexus mast cells increase during tumor-associated hydrocephalus (TAH) • Mast cells impair choroid plexus epithelial cilia and cause TAH via tryptase • Tryptase in human CSF is associated with clinical severity of TAH • Targeting tryptase is an attractive therapy for TAH Choroid plexus mast cells disrupt cilia of choroid plexus epithelia and cause tumor-associated hydrocephalus via tryptase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonoperative treatments for Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) represent an ideal treatment method. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) treatment is a new modality, but there is a lack of research in the field of gynecological pelvic floor and no good method to induce internal MSC homing to improve SUI. Herein, we develop an injectable and self-healing hydrogel derived from β-chitin which consists of an amino group of quaternized β-chitin (QC) and an aldehyde group of oxidized dextran (OD) between the dynamic Schiff base linkage.it can carry bFGF and SDF-1a and be injected into the vaginal forearm of mice in a non-invasive manner. It provides sling-like physical support to the anterior vaginal wall in the early stages. In the later stage, it slowly releasing factors and promoting the homing of MSCs in vivo, which can improve the local microenvironment, increase collagen deposition, repair the tissue around urethra and finally improve SUI (Scheme 1). This is the first bold attempt in the field of pelvic floor using hydrogel mechanical support combined with MSCs homing and the first application of chitin hydrogel in gynecology. We think the regenerative medicine approach based on bFGF/SDF-1/chitin hydrogel may be an effective non-surgical approach to combat clinical SUI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, TiN/TiCN/Al 2 O 3 coating, as a classic coating system for cemented carbide tools, was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on pure tungsten substrate for improved oxidation resistance. It is found that the oxidation weight gain per unit surface area of the coated sample is 7.45 mg/cm2 after 5 h oxidation at 1000 °C, significantly lower than that of 218.44 mg/cm2 in uncoated specimen. Due to the difference of thermal expansion coefficient, a network of microcracks were formed within the top Al 2 O 3 layer during fabrication process. These microcracks provide a diffusion path for titanium ions and oxygen ions in the initial oxidation stage (0−1 h), which produces TiO 2 at cracking regions. As oxidation time prolongs (1–5 h), the oxidation of nitride layer beneath the microcracking region creates short-circuit oxygen diffusion paths towards the metal substrate. The generation of volcanic-like WO 3 breaks the graded structure of CVD coating and expands the channel between oxygen and substrate. Nevertheless, the weight gain is still limited at this stage as the main area of Al 2 O 3 coating is dense and protective. Finally, the oxidation kinetics accelerate at 5–10 h when coating failure occurs and severe breakaway oxidation appears in tungsten. • A multilayered CVD-Al 2 O 3 coating is prepared on tungsten. • The coating exhibits good oxidation resistance at 1000 °C. • The microcracks in Al 2 O 3 provide diffusion path for metallic and oxygen ions. • The generation of volcanic-like WO 3 induces breakaway oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized anticancer treatment. In article number 2202956, Qiyi Zhao and co‐workers discover CD96, a novel immune checkpoint protein, expressed in cancer cell exhibit features indicative of both breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and chemoresistance. The cover, in the Chinese traditional allusions to idioms, represents “killing two birds with one stone”, in which arrow signifies CD96 blocking antibody and eagles signify immune cells and BCSCs, respectively. The image represents CD96 blocking not only increases anti‐tumor immunity but also promotes tumor cell killing by chemotherapeutic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tungsten boride coating was grown on pure tungsten substrate by pack boriding method for improved neutron shielding ability. The microstructure, growth kinetics and radiation shielding performance were systematically studied. It is found that the boronized layer shows a dual-phase structure under the boriding temperature of 950–1050 °C. The main layer closes to coating surface is identified to be the WB phase, while the inner layer adjacent to the substrate is W 2 B. Thermodynamics calculation proves the W 2 B is more favored to nucleate and grow adhering to W than α-WB. Once the W 2 B layer was formed, further increasing boron concentration enables to introduce the formation of WB at the interface. On the basis of the calculated W B phase diagram, two separated diffusion models were developed to elucidate the growth of WB with composition gradient and W 2 B with constant composition. The diffusion coefficients of boron in boride phases as well as the activation energy for boron diffusion were estimated. Finally, the large improvement of neutron attenuation ability for tungsten specimen upon boriding treatment was demonstrated. Our findings could provide new directions for developing high performance radiation shielding materials. Growth of tungsten boride coating on tungsten substrate for improved radiation shielding ability. [Display omitted] • Thermal neutron attenuation coefficient of borided tungsten was increased by 88.4%. • The formation of dual-phase W 2 B/WB structure was firstly explained by thermodynamics. • Two diffusion models were firstly used to elucidate the growth of WB and W 2 B layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is an important leguminous crop, providing humans with starch from seeds, feeding livestock with vegetative organs, or fertilizing soils by returning to field. It is aimed to evaluate salt tolerance in common vetch collections for breeding programs and to investigate the underlined physiological mechanisms. Relative germination rate and relative seedling growth showed great difference among common vetch collections in response to salt. A lower level of Na+ and higher levels of K+ and K+/Na+ ratio were maintained in both shoots and roots in salt-tolerant collections than in salt-sensitive ones under salt stress. Expression of the genes involved in transportation and redistribution of Na+ and K+ were cooperatively responsible for salt stress. Transcript levels of NHX7 , HKT1 , AKT2, and HAK17 in leaves and roots were induced after salt stress, with higher transcript levels in salt-tolerant collections compared with the sensitive ones. Proline and P5CS1 transcript levels were increased after salt stress, with higher levels in salt-tolerant collection compared with salt-sensitive ones. Both O 2 − and H 2 O 2 were accumulated after salt stress, and lower levels were accumulated in salt-tolerant collection compared with salt-sensitive ones. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were altered in response to salt and higher levels were maintained in salt-tolerant collections compared with salt-sensitive ones. It is suggested that salt tolerance in common vetch is associated with maintenance of K+ and Na+ homeostasis and the associated gene expression and promoted proline accumulation and antioxidant defense system. • Salt tolerant collections of common vetch were selected and identified. • Ion homeostasis, proline and antioxidants were associated with salt tolerance. • Salt tolerant collections had higher Na+ and K+ transporter transcripts under salinity. • Salt tolerant collections had higher levels of proline and antioxidants under salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect bifenthrin in a chemical soil barrier for termite control. LBc ((2-methyl[1,1-biphenyl]-3-methoxy) carbonyl propionic acid) was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for producing monoclonal antibody. After optimization, the IC 50 and limit of detection (LOD, IC 10 ) were 0.05 mg L − 1 and 0.004 mg L − 1 , respectively. The sensitivity was improved 40-fold compared to polyclonal antibody-based ELISA reported earlier. No cross-reactivity was measured for the other analogues such as cyhalothrin, cyhalothric acid, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, ethofenprox and tetramethrin except 2-methyl-3-biphenylmethyanol. Spiked recoveries were between 83.5% and 104.7% for the detection of bifenthrin in loess, red soil and black soil. All the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than or equal to 15.0%. Moreover, the ELISA for authentic samples showed reliability and high correlation with gas chromatography. The developed ELISA is an alternative tool for simple, sensitive and accurate monitoring of bifenthrin in chemical soil barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]