Search

Many phytopathogenic fungi exert their destructive effects by producing and secreting toxic low molecular weight compounds. In the past years a large number of novel fungal virulence factors and their modes of action have been identified. This review highlights effective phytotoxin-mediated strategies to distress, weaken or kill the plant host. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Toxinogenic endobacteria were isolated from a collection of Rhizopus spp. representing highly diverse geographic origins and ecological niches. All endosymbionts belonged to the Burkholderia rhizoxinica complex according to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight biotyping and multilocus sequence typing, suggesting a common ancestor. Comparison of host and symbiont phylogenies provides insights into possible cospeciation and horizontal-transmission events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mould fungi are not only well known for food spoilage through toxin formation but also for the production of fermented foods. In Asian countries, the fermentation of soy beans and tofu for tempe and sufu production with various Rhizopus strains is widespread. Here we report the finding of toxinogenic bacteria in a starter culture used for sufu production. By means of metabolic profiling of the fungus under standard conditions for tempe and sufu production, we found that toxins of the rhizoxin complex are produced in critical amounts. Considering that rhizoxins are severe toxins with strong antimitotic activity it is important to notice that our findings uncover a health-threatening symbiosis in food processing. A simple PCR method for detecting toxinogenic endofungal bacteria in starter cultures is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in humans range from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening intestinal disease. Findings on C. difficile in various animal species and an overlap in ribotypes (RTs) suggest potential zoonotic transmission. However, the impact of animals for human CDI remains unclear. Methods: In a large-scale survey we collected 1,447 fecal samples to determine the occurrence of C. difficile in small companion animals (dogs and cats) and their owners and to assess potential epidemiological links within the community. The Germany-wide survey was conducted from July 2012-August 2013. PCR ribotyping, Multilocus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) and PCR detection of toxin genes were used to characterize isolated C. difficile strains. A database was defined and logistic regression used to identify putative factors associated with fecal shedding of C. difficile. Results: In total, 1,418 samples met the inclusion criteria. The isolation rates for small companion animals and their owners within the community were similarly low with 3.0% (25/840) and 2.9% (17/578), respectively. PCR ribotyping revealed eight and twelve different RTs in animals and humans, respectively, whereas three RTs were isolated in both, humans and animals. RT 014/0, a well-known human hospital-associated lineage, was predominantly detected in animal samples. Moreover, the potentially highly pathogenic RTs 027 and 078 were isolated from dogs. Even though, C. difficile did not occur simultaneously in animals and humans sharing the same household. The results of the epidemiological analysis of factors associated with fecal shedding of C. difficile support the hypothesis of a zoonotic potential. Conclusions: Molecular characterization and epidemiological analysis revealed that the zoonotic risk for C. difficile associated with dogs and cats within the community is low but cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic alcohol consumption leads to oxidative stress in a variety of cells, especially in brain cells because they have a reduced oxidative metabolism of alcohol. Uncoupling proteins ( UCPs) are anion channels of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which can decouple internal respiration. 'Mild uncoupling' of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leads to a reduced production of free radicals (reactive oxygen species) and a reduction in oxidative cell stress. The extent to which chronic alcohol consumption regulates UCP-2 and -4 in the brain is still unknown. Methods We examined the effects of a 12-week 5% alcohol diet in the brain of male Wistar rats ( n = 34). Cerebral gene and protein expression of UCP-2, -4, as well as Bcl-2, and the release of cytochrome c out of the mitochondria were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The percentage of degenerated cells was determined by Fluoro- Jade B staining of brain slices. Results Brains of rats with a chronic alcohol diet showed an increased gene and protein expression of UCP-2 and -4. The expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in the brain of the alcohol-treated animals was decreased significantly, whereas cytochrome c release from mitochondria was increased. In addition increased neurodegeneration could be demonstrated in the alcohol-treated animals. Conclusions Chronic alcohol consumption leads to a cerebral induction of UCP-2 and -4 with a simultaneous decrease in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and increased neurodegeneration. This study reveals a compensatory effect of UCP-2 and -4 in the brain during chronic alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]