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The article discusses a study which determined the rate of healthcare associated infections (HCAI) in Scottish hospitals with the aim of creating a program to minimize it. It states that such are not uncommon in intensive care units (ICU) which result in pneumonia, bloodstream infection and central venous catheter related infections. It reveals that there was an average of 30.5 infections for every 1,000 patients, which mostly resulted in pneumonia. A surveillance system put in place, however, was found to be effective in minimizing outbreaks in ICUs.

Objective: To document the prevalence of anemia among patients admitted to intensive care (ICU) and, among survivors, at ICU discharge when restrictive transfusion practice was used.Design: This was an observational cohort study.Setting: Ten of the 26 general ICUs in Scotland.Patients and Participants: One thousand twenty-three sequential ICU admissions over 100 days, representing 44% of all ICU admissions in Scotland during the study period, studied daily from admission to discharge or death in the ICU.Interventions: None.Measurements and Results: The median transfusion trigger used, in the absence of bleeding, was 78 g/l (interquartile range 73-84); <2% of transfusion triggers were above the upper limit of the national transfusion trigger guideline (100 g/l). Overall, 25% of admissions had a hemoglobin concentration <90 g/l at ICU admission. Seven hundred sixty-six patients admitted survived to ICU discharge. Among these, the prevalence of anemia (male <130 g/l; female <115 g/l) at ICU discharge was 87.0 (95% CI: 83.6 to 89.9)% for males and 79.6 (74.8 to 83.7)% for females. Of the male survivors 24.1 (20.3 to 28.3)% and of the female 27.9 (23.4 to 33.2)% had a hemoglobin <90 g/l at ICU discharge. The prevalence was similar for patients with and without pre-existing ischemic heart disease. Logistic regression found independent associations between having a hemoglobin concentration <90 g/l at ICU discharge and the first measured hemoglobin in ICU, the presence of acute renal failure and thrombocytopenia during ICU stay.Conclusions: Anemia is highly prevalent in ICUs that use restrictive transfusion triggers. The impact of anemia on functional recovery after intensive care requires investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia commonly complicates critical illness. Restrictive transfusion triggers are appropriate in this setting, but no large studies have measured red cell (RBC) requirements for intensive care patients when evidence-based transfusion guidelines are followed consistently.Data were recorded daily for 1023 of 1042 sequential admissions to 10 intensive care units (ICUs) over 100 days. The sample comprised 44 percent of all ICU admissions in Scotland during this period. RBC transfusions and the occurrence of clinically significant hemorrhage were recorded for every ICU day. Transfusion episodes were classified as either associated with or not associated with hemorrhage. Measures of RBC use were derived for the cohort and for Scotland with national audit data.A total of 39.5 percent (95% confidence interval[CI], 36.5%-42.5%) of admissions received transfusions. Eighteen percent of admissions received at least one transfusion associated with hemorrhage and 26 percent received at least one transfusion not associated with hemorrhage. The median (interquartile range) transfusion trigger in the absence of hemorrhage was 78 (73-78) g/L. The overall mean RBC use was 1.87 (95% CI, 1.79-1.96) units per admission or 0.34 (95% CI, 0.33-0.36) units per ICU-day. Forty-seven percent of RBCs administered were not associated with clinically significant hemorrhage. Mean RBC requirements for intensive care in Scotland were estimated to be 3950 (95% CI, 3780-4140) per million-adult-population per year. This represented 7 to 8 percent of the Scottish blood supply.Despite evidence-based transfusion practice, 40 percent of ICU patients receive transfusions, which account for 7 to 8 percent of the national blood supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]