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Cutting-edge printed circuit board (PCB) technology shows promise either as an automated detection unit or as an alternative sensor matrix, and has opened a new avenue in the diagnostic industry. The PCB-based platform is superior to conventional benchtop instruments in terms of its miniaturization, user-friendly operation, and ease of handling. Flexible PCBs have revolutionized wearable approaches to integrate multiple components within the same circuit or different electronic gadgets, reducing space and production costs. An effective packaging approach combining microfluidics and biosensing modules on Lab-on-PCB technology has been demonstrated, introducing additive devising and manufacturing techniques. Circuit integration has revolutionized the diagnostic sector by improving the sensing ability and rapidity of biosensors. Bioelectronics has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) devices, offering superior performance compared with conventional biosensing systems. These devices have lower production costs, are smaller, and have greater reproducibility, enabling the construction of compact sensing modules. Flexible upgrades to the fabrication pattern of the printed circuit board (PCB) remains the most reliable and consistent means so far, offering portability, wearability, a lower detection limit, and smart output integration to these devices. This review summarizes the advances in PCB technology for biosensing devices for introducing automation and their emerging application as an alternative matrix material for detecting various analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A laser-derived paper-based three electrode system was fabricated. • The electrodes were thoroughly characterized physically and electrochemically. • The multi-functional sensing ability of the fabricated electrodes was demonstrated. • The chemically engineered electrodes offered great reproducibility and reliability. • Real sample assessment included small molecules, free radicals, and macromolecules. The demand for eco-friendly, disposable, and affordable electrochemical sensors stimulates the fabrication of laser-directed paper-based electrodes. This work reports the fabrication of laser-derived patterns on the paper substrate and its multi-functional sensing applications. For this, a computer-aided design (CAD) software-driven computer numerical control (CNC) manufacturing method was developed to engrave a three-electrode design on a paper substrate. The fabricated L aser- D irected e lectrochemical P aper A nalytical D evice (LD-ePAD) was thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the cyclic voltammetry (CV). After that, we demonstrated the multi-functional sensing ability of the LD-ePADs by detecting diverse model analytes, including small molecules (i.e., lead ions [Pb2+]), free radicals (i.e., peroxide [H 2 O 2 ]), and macromolecules (i.e., Alkaline phosphatase [ALP]). Upon investigation, it exhibits a fair detection limit of 5.19 (±0.21) µM for Pb2+, 48.66 (±0.31) µM for H 2 O 2 , and 0.48 (±0.02) U/L for ALP. The LD-ePADs' outstanding repeatability, stability, abundance of catalytic active sites, remarkable tunability, and potential for nano-bioengineering emphasized their tremendous commercial feasibility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use controlled one-step laser direct engraving to fabricate a three-electrode setup on a paper-substrate that can sense three heterogeneous molecules electrochemically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study relates a portable optical sensing device supported by a small single-board (SBC) computer. The electronic architectural avenue connects the SBC with a camera, LED lights and a monitor. A 'sensor integration unit' has been linked with the device where the biological reactions were performed and assessed based on the concentration-dependent optical signal outputs. This setup can detect the generation of colors and distinguish their changes in the RGB intensity scale with an accuracy of a single pixel unit. A predefined range of values was obtained and fed to the device that can quantitatively sense the molecule of interest on the sensing matrix. The device has a touchscreen interactive panel that allows users to manually set experimental conditions and connect the entire measurement process to the cloud storage for backup information. We have considered detecting Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) quantitatively from standard solutions as well as in milk samples as a proof-of-concept protein molecule. The device has shown exceptional analytical performance for lower and higher concentration ranges (0–100 U/mL and 100–1000 U/mL) with correlation coefficient values of 0.99. The detection limit of ALP was determined to be 0.1 U/mL, and the average time of a sample assessment was recorded to be 15 s. The device has also been tested against ALP-spiked milk samples to check its effectiveness and commercial viability. The outcome of the real-time assessment was sensitive and efficient, indicating its direct commercial and clinical importance towards colorimetric detection for diverse macromolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable sensing devices have transformed the hourly analysis of events such as body signals and environmental risks into real‐time monitoring in minutes or seconds. Wearable sensors have facilitated the ability to obtain useful data by monitoring the physiological parameters and activities of an aided and a healthy individual. Wearable devices employ detectable biomarkers in the human body, such as in tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, sweat, and so on. These can deliver relevant information on human health, online activity monitoring, and therapeutic treatments. This section outlines the significance of sample types and associated biomarkers as indicators in the development and manufacturing of wearable biosensors. We have emphasized the most recent advances of wearables based on skin‐like and textile, giving attention to personalized health monitoring to record signals of motion and physiological and body fluid investigation. Furthermore, this review categorizes wearable biosensors based on the sensing mechanism, electrochemical, optical, and mechanical. Additionally, the recent wearables related to the detection of the newly havoc‐causing pandemic, COVID‐19, and the future perspective for the development of much more advanced and potent wearable biosensors have been highlighted. The final section highlights unmet difficulties and gaps in wearable sensors in personalized therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has left the world clueless. As the WHO declares this new contagion as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020, the alarming rate of the spawn of the disease in such a short period has disarranged the globe. Standing against this situation researchers are strenuously searching for the key traits responsible for this pandemic. As knowledge regarding the dynamics and host-path interaction of COVID-19 causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently unknown, the formulation of strategies concerning antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control stands crucial. Before designing adequate therapeutic strategies, it is extremely essential to diagnose the disease at the outset as early detection can have a greater impact on building health system capacity. Hence, a comprehensive review of strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis is essential in this existing global situation. In this review, sequentially, we have provided the clinical details along with genetic and proteomic biomarkers related to COVID-19. The article systematically enlightens a clear overview of the clinically adopted techniques for the detection of COVID-19 including oligonucleotide-based molecular detection, Point-of-Care immunodiagnostics, radiographical analysis/sensing system, and newly developed biosensing prototypes having commercial viability. The commercial kits/analytical methods based-sensing strategies have also been tabulated categorically. The critical insights on the developer, commercial brand name, detection methods, technical operational details, detection time, clinical specimen, status, the limit of detection/detection ability have been discussed comprehensively. We believe that this review may provide scientists, clinicians and healthcare manufacturers valuable information regarding the most recent developments/approaches towards COVID-19 diagnosis. • COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical aspects and need of diagnosis are summarized. • Clinically practiced and nanobio engineered methods for COVID-19 diagnosis are discussed. • Commercially available diagnostic methodologies are tabulated with their detection strategy and analytical performances. • Future prospects and the forthcoming diagnostic concepts are elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Implantable micro/nanoelectrode-based biosensors with their imaging techniques for in vivo models have been conveyed. • Designing of in vivo sensing devices utilizing various nanomaterials to detect diverse targets has been elaborated. • Challenges confronted during in vivo experiments and their possible way out have been thoroughly reviewed. • Commercial and future aspects of in vivo sensors have been discussed. In vivo monitoring of essential biomolecules is crucial to address numerous critical diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and different neurological disorders that require continuous, rapid, and trace level recognition. In recent years, implantable biosensors conjugated with different kinds of nanomaterials are being used for in vivo detection as it supports minimal tissue invasion. Considering nanomaterials to design advanced in vivo biosensors has shown a substantial effect on imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Nanomaterials i.e., nanoparticles, carbon fibers, dendrimers, quantum dots and nano-conjugates, have offered better biocompatibility, sensitivity, selectivity, and low detection limit to these in vivo opto-electrochemical biosensing platforms. In this article, the deployment of different kinds of nanomaterial for the fabrication of various in vivo sensors have been elaborated and discussed with various examples. Types of nanomaterial, analytes, mechanism, microelectrode dimensions, transduction system, testing model, and analytical details of such in vivo nano/micro sensors have been tabulated in detail. This article aims to provide a broader perspective regarding in vivo micronano sensors as in recent times, more interest has grown towards specified and real time detection in clinical settings. Various commercially available devices for in vivo monitoring have also been discussed. Major challenges during experimentation and their possible confronting strategies have also been depicted vividly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This review highlights various miniaturized surface engineered biosensors for the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS). • Correlation of the ROS chemistry with disease has been discussed critically. • Among all types of ROS, superoxide (O 2 ̇-), hydroxyl (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) exhibit higher pathological responses, and detection of these is the main focus of this review. • We have described the developed sensors for detection through the help of various illustrative schemes. Reactive oxygen species are produced as a by-product of the animal cellular metabolism and play an important function in cell signaling. Uncontrolled reactive oxygen species production is coupled with the evolution of acute diseases, namely, diabetes, cancer, tumors, cardiovascular and several neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and aging. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals are the most frequently involved reactive oxygen species in various human diseases. Several traditional approaches such as fluorescence spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) are available for detection of reactive oxygen species. However, these techniques have certain limitations, including a lack of miniaturization, onsite analysis, and time-consuming protocols. In the recent past, biosensing technology has emerged as the major approach for tracking the level of reactive oxygen species in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this review is to scrutinize recent biosensors for monitoring various reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the progression of nanotechnology and biomimetic engineering in biosensing are portrayed in this review which also provides a direction for future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out to engineer N-acetyl- d -glucosamine (NADG) coupled quercetin-loaded (Q) nano-lipid-based carriers (NADG-Q-NLBCs) to target breast cancer. The constructed nano-bioconjugate was characterized by various techniques, and the in vitro drug release profiles were examined using zero and first-order kinetic models. The characterization data confirmed the morphology, size, charge distribution, crystallinity, and chemical interactions among the various moieties of the nano-bioconjugate. Further, the synthesized NADG-Q-NLBCs were applied to target the human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), which interestingly showed a more cytotoxic effect compared to the lone NLBCs and free Quercetin. The flow cytometry study confirmed NADG-Q-NLBCs induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells in a targeted manner. The percentage of early apoptotic cells was found to be 25% in the case of NADG-Q-NLBCs, which is almost 2.5 times higher than the Q-NLBCs. However, the number of viable cells reached the maximum when treated with NLBCs. The present investigation suggests that the constructed nano-bioconjugate could be a capable carrier of drugs with sustained pharmacokinetics and improved physicochemical properties. [Display omitted] • N-acetyl- d -glucosamine coupled quercetin-loaded nano lipid-based carrier (NADG-Q-NLBCs) has been constructed. • The fabricated nanobioconjugate NADG-Q-NLBCs was characterized using several methods. • The NADG-Q-NLBCs facilitate the controlled drug dissociation for long period in invitro model. • The developed nanocarrier enhanced the cellular uptake through receptor-mediated cell engulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amberlite XAD-4 (XAD-4) is a polymeric adsorbent that is a crosslinked polystyrene copolymer resin known for its durability, chemical stability, and large surface area. Diclofenac sodium (DIC) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has antipyretic and analgesic properties, commonly used in pain-associated treatments. Although DIC is a very important and clinically proven drug, it causes serious health issues when administered in overdose and may also be found in body fluids. Thus, it is essential to develop a method to detect the trace levels of DIC in various pharmaceutical and clinical samples to regulate the optimum dosage. In this study, we have developed a new electrochemical sensor for the investigation and recognition of DIC by modifying the carbon paste with XAD-4 (XAD-4/CPE). The DIC showed only an anodic peak and no cathodic peak in the reverse scan indicating an irreversible reaction mechanism. The peak in the forward scan confirms the electrooxidation of DIC which was utilized for its testing in diverse matrices in this study. The developed sensor shows a high surface area and enhanced electrochemical signals compare to the bare carbon paste electrode (CPE). The developed electrode showed good selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity with a detection limit value of 2.71 × 10−8M. The fabricated electrode was applied for direct detection of DIC in commercial tablets and urine samples, suggesting its wide applicability in clinics and pharmaceutical formulations. Interferences due to coexisting chemicals were investigated and stability of the designed sensor was also studied confirming its tremendous real-world applications. [Display omitted] • A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of diclofenac sodium (DIC). • Sensor was fabricated my mixing Amberlite XAD-4 resin with carbon paste packed in polytetrafluoroethylene tube. • The electro-oxidation process of DIC was governed by the adsorption-controlled process. • The detection limit of DIC was found to be 2.71 × 10−8 M in 30s accumulation time. • The fabricated sensor was applied to determine DIC in pharmaceutical as well as urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new highly crystalline 2D π-conjugated hexagonal mesoporous covalent organic framework material, TrzCOF, through the solvothermal polycondensation of 1,3,5-tri(4-formylbiphenyl) benzene [Ph7(CHO)3, TFBPB] with 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TAPT) and it displayed excellent anticancer activity for human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Zinc oxide coated glassy carbon electrode was fabricated for the electrochemical investigation of Tizanidine (TZD) for the first time. • Adsorption controlled electrode process was involved in the electroanalytical investigation. • Quantification of TZD was done using square wave voltammetry and limit of detection was found to be 1.15 × 10−8 M in miniaturized settings. • Pharmaceutical drug sample and urine sample analysis shows the applicability of fabricated sensor in TZD analysis in real samples. Tizanidine hydrochloride (TZD) is a muscle relaxant and alpha2 adrenergic agonist. TZD overdose possesses some potentially unwanted side effects including hallucinations, delusion, low blood pressure, liver damage, etc. Thus, the development of an analytical method for the sensitive detection of TZD in clinical and real samples is essential. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a non-hazardous material and its amazing surface properties, and wide bandgap makes it a good modifier for electrochemical sensor development. In the present work, a novel sensor system is developed for the electrochemical determination of TZD. The fabrication of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was done by the drop cast method, where suspension of ZnO was coated on the sparkling surface of the GCE. Voltammetric investigation of TZD was performed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. The electroanalytical study of TZD shows one peak in the forward scan indicating the irreversibility of TZD at bare GCE and ZnO/GCE. In comparison to bare GCE, sensitive detection with a higher peak current was obtained at the modified electrode, due to the increase in the active surface area. Optimization of the amount of modifier, accumulation time, and pH of the electrolyte was done methodically. The analytical performance of the fabricated sensor towards TZD detection was investigated by using the SWV technique, and the limit of detection was found to be 1.15 × 10−8 M. To check the effectiveness and real-time application, the developed electrode was assessed in the detection of TZD in commercially available pharmaceutical formulations and TZD spiked human urine samples. The fabricated sensor has also shown a sensitive detection and higher % recovery values, indicating its direct commercial and clinical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correction for ‘A new triazine based π-conjugated mesoporous 2D covalent organic framework: its in vitro anticancer activities’ by Sabuj Kanti Das et al., Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 11475–11478. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]