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This study is focused on the flow physics in the condition of employing the active flow control methods and DBD plasma actuators as a transverse jet. In the current research, a single DBD plasma actuator is added to the Trailing Edge of a flat plate model and several wind tunnel experiments are conducted to study the flow structures. The salient goal of this work is to investigate the flow physics of Plasma Jet in Cross-Flow. Wind tunnel experiments results in two different free stream velocities of U ∞ = 10 m/s and U ∞ = 20 m/s and several model's angles of attack show that the flow domain consists of two different counter rotating vortices at S t = 0. 1886 and 0. 1725 and a secondary vortex with S t = 0. 5842. The manner of these vortices in the different A o A and free stream velocities, and also the shape of the velocity profile in the near wake and far-field wake of the plasma jet prove that the flow domain around the Plasma Jet in Cross-Flow is very similar to the flow around an airfoil equipped with Gurney Flap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crinum malabaricum Lekhak & Yadav is a recently discovered and critically endangered aquatic bulbous plant of the family Amaryllidaceae. It gained attention as a wild source of the acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloid 'galanthamine' used to treat Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. The bulbs of this plant contain the highest amount of galanthamine among Crinum species.In vitro regeneration systems were developed to produce quality uniform plantlets of C. malabaricum. Bright field light microscopy was used to analyse micro‐morpho‐anatomical developments taking place in the leaves and roots during in vitro, ex vitro and in vivo transitions of plantlets.Leaves and roots of plants raised in vitro possessed a higher degree of microscopic structural anomalies, such as underdeveloped epicuticular wax deposition, immature and non‐functional stomata, more aquiferous parenchyma with a reduced lumen. Roots developed in vitro were characterized by extremely large, uneven cortical cells and reduced intercellular spaces. The vascular tissues were under‐developed and only primary vascular tissues were observed. As a result of ex vitro acclimation, there was a significant acceleration in the improvement of tissue systems in leaves and roots. Such plantlets can tolerate elevated temperatures and light under in vivo conditions.Thus, the microscopic evaluation of the structural trajectory in different stages of plantlet development provides an understanding of the acclimation process and structural adaptations, which could help enhance survival of in vitro raised plantlets under ex vitro and in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A side cation cerium and erbium substituted rare earth orthoferrite composites in the orthorhombic phase have been synthesized by one step microwave-assisted technique with the help of random distribution of heating under the released NO2 and CO2 gaseous environments. Rietveld refinement analysis has confirmed the existence of two products (CeFeO3 and ErFeO3) with the same space group. The calculated lattice parameters from the refined PXRD pattern have shown that the vacancy of the A-side cation is slightly higher than the B-side cation. In CeFeO3 phase, the cation Ce3+ occupies coordinate positions at 0.4939 (x), 0.04293 (y) and 0.25000 (z), while the cation Er3+ occupy positions at − 0.01713 (x), 0.07023 (y) and 0.25000 (z) in ErFeO3 phase in the unit cell box range x = − 1, 1; y = − 1, 1; z = 0, 1. The increased broadening in the PXRD pattern is raised due to the incorporation of Ce and Er ion into the ErFeO3 and CeFeO3 phase, respectively, or the addition of impurity atoms or oxygen vacancy induced defects. The DTA curve confirmed that the releasing of energies due to an exothermic peak at 495 °C initiated the orthorhombic phase formation. The calculated bond length, harmonic force constants, and vibrational frequency of Er–O and Fe–O groups from the FTIR fingerprint region of polyhedral arrangement of metal oxides agree with the calculated values from the Rietveld refined PXRD spectrum. The Barkhausen noise in the M–H curve appears above the point of 2500 Oe, and it continues after the saturation point, which ensures the existence of ferromagnetic domains in the sample and their random domain wall-size formation due to a variation in the applied H field. MT curve analysis with ZFC and FC mode has indicated the compensation point of composites at 205.52 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Literacy is an effective tool to analyze the current knowledge and education quality of students who is pursuing school and college education. Most of the studies on information literacy have been conducted in rural and urban areas students. Although rural students are facing several problems for studying school and higher education levels revealed by information literacy assessment is necessary for rural students due to online education and economic impact with COVID-19 issue. Therefore, the proposed study is aimed to concentrate the present knowledge to the information literacy skill, and impact with COVID-19 student's education level in the rural students of Tamil Nadu State, South India. In each village, about 25 to 50 students will be chosen by questionnaire method. The question were raised their demography, Information literacy skill and impact with covid-19 of the rural students education level. The result of the study central and state government should facilitate rural students by providing them with all kinds of facilities like laptops and smart phones and going to the slums to improve the quality of education of rural students and promote access to their higher education and intellectual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maxillofacial radiologists play a significant role in detecting airway changes using radiographic tools. Clinical examination parameters and lateral cephalogram parameters play a vital role in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and dreadful consequences. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate central obesity, increased body mass index (BMI), and its relation to oropharyngeal airway space using lateral cephalogram in risk prediction of OSA. Objectives are to measure central obesity and BMI. Methodology: BMI is measured using World Health Organization guidelines to measure oropharyngeal airway space and the tongue and soft palate area using lateral cephalogram to predict OSA's risk using Berlin's questionnaire. Age group between 18 and 60 years with 20 individuals in each group will be present in the study. Conclusion: Cephalometric upper airway space and soft-tissue variables in different BMI groups were compared, and it was found that there was a decrease in SPAS, MAS with an increase in BMI, and in patients with BMI <24, there was narrower nasopharynx and oropharynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maxillofacial radiologists play a significant role in detecting airway changes using radiographic tools. Clinical examination parameters and lateral cephalogram parameters play a vital role in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and dreadful consequences. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate central obesity, increased body mass index (BMI), and its relation to oropharyngeal airway space using lateral cephalogram in risk prediction of OSA. Objectives are to measure central obesity and BMI. Methodology: BMI is measured using World Health Organization guidelines to measure oropharyngeal airway space and the tongue and soft palate area using lateral cephalogram to predict OSA's risk using Berlin's questionnaire. Age group between 18 and 60 years with 20 individuals in each group will be present in the study. Conclusion: Cephalometric upper airway space and soft-tissue variables in different BMI groups were compared, and it was found that there was a decrease in SPAS, MAS with an increase in BMI, and in patients with BMI <24, there was narrower nasopharynx and oropharynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women who undergo autologous breast reconstruction have been reported to have an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence compared with those who have mastectomy alone. It has been suggested that more extensive surgery possibly activates dormant micrometastases. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether delayed unilateral deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction after mastectomy increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence or affects mortality among women previously treated for breast cancer. Methods: This was a matched retrospective cohort study including women with a previous unilateral invasive breast cancer who received a delayed DIEP flap breast reconstruction and a control cohort of individually matched women with unilateral breast cancer who underwent mastectomy but no autologous breast reconstruction. Matching criteria comprised: year of diagnosis (+/–3 years), age at diagnosis (+/–5 years), type of cancer and demographic region. The primary endpoints were local recurrence or distant metastasis, and overall mortality was a secondary endpoint. Absolute risk of recurrent disease and mortality was analysed, and relative risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: There were 225 women in the DIEP cohort and 450 in the no‐DIEP cohort. The median follow‐up time was 125 months. There was no difference in absolute risk of recurrence between the cohorts. The hazard ratio for breast cancer recurrence in DIEP versus no‐DIEP cohorts was 0·76 (95 per cent c.i. 0·47 to 1·21). Conclusion: There is no increased risk in breast cancer recurrence after delayed DIEP flap reconstruction compared with mastectomy alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OPAC is an imperative device in the libraries to offer a moral support of the clients. Electronic Information access and recovery in numerous ways should be possible utilizing the OPAC administrations. The present study explores the Use of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) at Sadakathullah Appa College (SAC) Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. This paper discusses various aspects of OPAC use such as frequency use, and satisfaction regarding use of OPAC etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An earthworm is a soil living organism and seems in soil. It helps to make the soil more nutritious and used as an organic fertilizer. So earthworms are called as best partner for the soil and the farmer. This research is concentrated on earthworm analysis. The records are collected from web of science database for the period of 2007 - 2016. Total number of publications collected for this study was 3939. Composting with worms is called as vermicomposting. It is a good way to dispose all organic wastes, such as vegetable and fruit peelings. By the vermicomposting, the wastes are converted into nutritious by earthworm. In every home, wastes are converted into this vermicomposting the home and the city are clean. And it maintains the country very clean and protects the surrounding clean. And it may use for the terrace garden and home garden plants. This compost is a green way for organic vegetables, fruits, flowers and soil. Most of the agricultural universities, give the awareness and training program of vermicomposting to the farmers. And now- a-days the farming based on vermicomposting has been developing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of morbidity in critically ill patients. The preventive practices with the most grounded unfaltering confirmation were semi-prostrate arranging, sucralfate as opposed to H2 rivals for pressure ulcer prophylaxis, and explicit stomach-related tract sanitizing. Aim and Objectives: Interventions beneficial to the prevention of VAP would, therefore, have a significant impact on the care of these patients. Materials and Methods: Studies were required to be prospective and controlled in design and to evaluate clinically important or surrogate outcomes. Results and Conclusion: Surrogate outcomes were required to have a direct link to clinically important outcomes supported by the secretions and literature. Subglottic secretion drainage appears effective in preventing early-onset VAP among the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root mealybugs feed on root, basal stem touching the soil and root hairs of plants. As many as 16 species of mealybugs are known to attack horticultural crops like banana, black pepper, betelvine, coffee, sweet potato and elephant foot yam. Infested plants are associated with ant colonies in the rhizosphere by which mealybug infestation could be easily recognised. The species belonging to genera Geococcus, Rhizoecus and Formicoccus are widely known to cause damage to pot & greenhouse plants and also field crops in India. They are colonized in junction of lateral roots with the main root, and suck the sap resulting in drying of such roots; general weakening of the plants, yellowing and narrowing of leaves and finally reduction in yield. Higher population of root mealybugs was observed in cooler months (November-January, and lowest in rainy months (June-July). Six ant species were associated with root mealybugs infesting black pepper. Natural enemy complex is very poor on root mealybugs. However the Lycaenid Spalgis epeus Westwood and the coccinellids Scymnus sp. and Horniolus spp. were found feeding on mealybugs infesting basal stem touching the soil. Among the fungal pathogens screened, Lecanicillium lecanii Zimmerman was found better in causing mortality of root mealybug F. polysperes. Aqueous suspension of Entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis was more efficient with 70% control efficiency against coffee root mealybug. There was 50 % reduction in the banana root mealybug population by soil drenching with Nimbicidine (1%) and neem seed kernel extract (5 %). Application of Sodium silicate and calcium oxide at the time of planting effectively reduced the mealybug Geococcus spp. in banana. Among the chemicals, soil drenching with imidacloprid 0.0125%, chlorpyriphos 0.075%, acetamiprid 0.0125% and carbosulfan 0.075 % were highly effective against the root mealybugs in black pepper and banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • UV spectral analysis showed SPR Peak at 449 nm. • C.aestuans Ag NPs were crystalline of FCC structure and crystallite size of 18 nm. • phenomenon absorbance band was noticed at the range of 400 nm to 450 nm for Ag NPs. • The peak at 670 cm−1 is assigned to C C bending of alkene. • showed that biosynthesized Ag NPs highly inhibit bacterial growth. In this current article, an eco-friendly green approach was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf extract of Corchorus aestuans and investigating its antibacterial activity toward different pathogens. The nature of synthesized C.aestuans silver nanoparticles (CA-Ag NPs) were analysed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). The antibacterial effects of synthesized Ag NPs were tested against different micro organisms by the disc diffusion method. The UV spectral analysis showed SPR Peak at 447 nm. XRD study confirmed the C.aestuans Ag NPs were crystalline of FCC structure and crystallite size of 18 nm was preferentially oriented along this plane (2 0 0). The FTIR spectrum reveals that the possible phytochemicals compound responsible for the bioreduction of silver ions. SEM images of C.aestuans silver nanoparticles of spherical shape with anaverage size was from 30 nm to 50 nm. EDX analysis affirms the presence of Ag at 3 eV. The C.aestuans Ag NPs have efficient antibacterial activity toward Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. Overall, these green synthesized C.aestuans Ag NPs showed the effective antibacterial property and they will play a powerful role in the medicinal field to cure infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental measurements were conducted on a plunging Eppler 361 Gurney flapped airfoil to study wake structure and dynamic stall phenomenon in the wake. The heights of Gurney flap were 2.6 and 3.3% chord. All oscillation data were taken at the plunging amplitude of 6 cm and Reynolds number 1.5 × 105. Special attention was focused on the temporal progressions of the plunging wake for the range of initial angle of attack (0° and 12°) in prior and post-stall flow conditions. The velocity in the wake was measured by hot-wire anemometry. Surface pressure measurements, as supplementary data, were also carried out to look into the link between the boundary-layer flow and the shedding vortical flow. It was found that the hysteresis is detected between the plunging wake in the upstroke and down-stroke. The shape and width of the wake hysteresis loops strongly depend on the initial angle of attack and vertical positions of the sensor. At prior static-stall angle of attack, positive camber effects of flapped airfoil shifted wake profiles downward and more velocity deficits were detected. In the post-stall conditions the hysteresis loop widths for lower-than-centerline vertical positions were remarkably more than counterpart upper positions. The energetic dynamic stall vortex shedding was found to be main responsible for large hysteresis and velocity deficit at these positions. Furthermore, the extent and strength of the stalled wake or flow separation were found to increase for the flapped case which results in a significant increase in the hysteresis loop widths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive and intensive cultivation grape (Vitis vinifera L.) attract diverse pests in different countries.Introduction of grape varieties from one country to another also aid the distribution pests. A total of 40 vertebrates (Birds-27, bat-2,snails and slugs -5, rodents-6) was record as pests of grapes in different countries. Among them birds and bats are known to cuse significant damage. Mites numbering 41 and nematodes numbering 113 were recored as pests of grapes. Atotal of 459 insects (Dermaptera-2,Orthoptera-17, Isopteran-12, Hemiptera-116, Thysanoptera-34, Lepidoptera-106, Diptera-12, Hymenoptera-26, Coleoptra-134) are known to attack different parts of grapevine. Overall 653 pests are known to damage the crop in different grape growing regions of the world. Pest damage varies from minor effects to complete loss of crop, and in some instances the death of the vine. The check list will be useful in planning pest management programme in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the roughness parameters of existing normal concrete substrate surfaces and evaluates their effect on adhesion strength with ultra-high-performance fibre concrete overlay. Three types of substrate surface textures are adopted: as-cast texture as control, wire-brushed texture and sand-blasted texture. The roughness profile of these substrate surfaces is assessed using an Alicona Infinite Focus device. Adhesion strength is quantified at 3, 7, 28 and 180 days based on the results of the pull-off test, splitting cylinder tensile test and slant shear test. The short- and long-term results of the splitting cylinder tensile and slant shear tests demonstrate that the surface texture profiles of the existing concrete substrate have an important effect on the adhesion strength between existing concrete and ultra-high-performance fibre concrete overlay. The behaviour of bonded ultra-high-performance fibre concrete/existing concrete with sand-blasted texture closely resembles that of monolithic normal samples under splitting cylinder and slant shear tests. The short- and long-term results of the pull-off test prove that failure occurs in the existing concrete, regardless of the type of existing concrete surface texture. A very good polynomial correlation ( > 80%) is observed between the average roughness parameter ( ) of existing concrete textures and results of the splitting cylinder tensile and slant shear tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mealybugs are major factors limiting the productivity of papaya in India. In June 2012 during a survey for the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, and its parasitoid Acerophagus papayae, in Satyamangalam, Tamilnadu, India, a short tailed mealybug was found together with P. marginatus colonizing papaya in 2 plantations. This mealybug was identified as the Jack Beardsley mealybug, P. jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), by an integrated taxonomic approach. This work appears to be the first report of P. jackbeardsleyi in India and of papaya as a host of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor commenting on a study related to localization of β-catenin in multiple myeloma is presented.

Abstract: Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were analyzed and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. Waste plastic oil (WPO) was tested as a fuel in a D.I. diesel engine and its performance characteristics were analysed and compared with diesel fuel (DF) operation. It is observed that the engine could operate with 100% waste plastic oil and can be used as fuel in diesel engines. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was higher by about 25% and carbon monoxide (CO) increased by 5% for waste plastic oil operation compared to diesel fuel (DF) operation. Hydrocarbon was higher by about 15%. Smoke increased by 40% at full load with waste plastic oil compared to DF. Engine fueled with waste plastic oil exhibits higher thermal efficiency upto 80% of the full load and the exhaust gas temperature was higher at all loads compared to DF operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Environmental degradation and depleting oil reserves are matters of great concern around the globe. Developing countries like India depend heavily on oil import of about 125Mt per annum (7:1 diesel/gasoline). Diesel being the main transport fuel in India, finding a suitable alternative to diesel is an urgent need. In this context, waste plastic solid is currently receiving renewed interest. Waste plastic oil is suitable for compression ignition engines and more attention is focused in India because of its potential to generate large-scale employment and relatively low environmental degradation. The present investigation was to study the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on four stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine using 100% waste plastic oil. Experimental results showed higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when fueled with waste plastic oil without EGR. NO x emissions were reduced when the engine was operated with cooled EGR. The EGR level was optimized as 20% based on significant reduction in NO x emissions, minimum possible smoke, CO, HC emissions and comparable brake thermal efficiency. Smoke emissions of waste plastic oil were higher at all loads. Combustion parameters were found to be comparable with and without EGR. Compression ignition engines run on waste plastic oil are found to emit higher oxides of nitrogen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. As an alternative, non-biodegradable, and renewable fuel, waste plastic oil is receiving increasing attention. The waste plastic oil was compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines. In the present work, the influence of injection timing on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been experimentally investigated using waste plastic oil as a fuel. Tests were performed at four injection timings (23°,20°,17° and 14° bTDC). When compared to the standard injection timing of 23° BTDC the retarded injection timing of 14° bTDC resulted in decreased oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon while the brake thermal efficiency, carbon dioxide and smoke increased under all the test conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Downy mildew of pearl millet incited by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. The experiment was conducted to test the eight fungal and three bacterial antagonists against S. graminicola sporangial production, spore germination and in the management of the disease. Pearl millet seeds were treated with a talc-based formulation of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens and a peat-based formulation for Bacillus subtilis. The seeds were treated with Trichoderma spp. at 4 g/kg, P. fluorescens at 10 g/kg and B. subtilis at 30 g/kg and then dried in the shade for 12 h. These seeds were then exposed to the sporangial shed of S. graminicola and were sown in infected soil in pots. These were compared with the standard check of seed treatment with Apron 35 SD (2 g/kg) and seed treatment with Apron 35 SD+ foliar spray with Ridomil MZ 72 wp. A suitable control was maintained. The number of plants showing downy mildew infection was recorded 30, 45 and 65 days after sowing. The results showed that seed treatment with Apron (2 g/kg) + foliar spray of Ridomil (0.6%) significantly reduced the incidence of downy mildew incidence to the minimum of 4.50% from 53.33% in the control. This was followed by P. fluorescens (9.50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted in infected sites at two locations: the Millet Breeding Station, TNAU, Coimbatore and at the Regional Research Station, Aruppukottai, to test the combination of promising treatments for the management of pearl millet downy mildew using the highly susceptible HB3 pearl millet. Pearl millet seeds were exposed to sporangial shed of Sclerospora graminicola and then sown. Incidence of downy mildew was recorded at 30, 45, 65 days after sowing (DAS) and the per cent disease was calculated. The yield of pearl millet was also recorded during the harvest and calculated as kg/ha. Seed treatment (ST) with Apron 2 g/kg + Ridomil 0.6% foliar spray (FS) 20 DAS was by far the most effective in reducing the incidence of pearl millet downy mildew disease to a minimum of 4.65% from a maximum of 66.09% in the control. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g/kg (ST) ranks next (10.47%) followed by ST with Trichoderma viride at 4 g/kg (17.15%) and FS with the culture filtrate of Fusarium longipes (103 conidia/ml) 20 DAS (29.76%). The grain yield recorded 910 kg.ha in ST with T. viride, ST with Pseudomonas fluorescens (880 kg/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft green scale Coccus viridis (Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae) has become a major pest of sapota, Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forberg in India. A field study was conducted on the population dynamics of soft green scale Coccus viridis (Green) for 2 years (2004-2006) on sapota at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) farm, Bangalore, India. The population of green scale declined from 30.72 per leaf in May 2004 to 1.62 per leaf in March 2006. Two coccinellid predators Chilocorus nigrita (Fab.) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Muls.) and one aphelinid parasitoid Coccophagus sp. were recorded on C. viridis. Both the predators played a minor role in the population fluctuation of C. viridis. The parasitoid Coccophagus sp. was the dominant natural enemy observed throughout the study recording a mean of 10.24-94.67% parasitism. A significant positive correlation of the scale population with minimum temperature (r=0.54) and negative relationship with the parasitism by Coccophagus sp. (r=0.81) was recorded. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 75.7% of the variation present in the green scale population could be predicted by abiotic factors and parasitism by Coccophagus sp. Further, step-wise regression procedure employed to arrive at a multiple regression model showed that about 65.60% of the scale population could be predicted by one factor namely, parasitism by Coccophagus sp. These results showed that parasitism by Coccophagus sp. played a major role in regulating the population of the soft green scale infesting sapota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the problem of designing a switching policy for an adaptive switching control system is formulated as a problem of supervisory control of a discrete-event system (DES). Two important problems in switching control are then addressed using the DES formulation and the theory of supervisory control under partial observation. First, it is verified whether for a given set of controllers, a switching policy satisfying a given set of constraints on the transitions among controllers exists. If so, then a minimally restrictive switching policy is designed. Next, an iterative algorithm is introduced for finding a minimal set of controllers for which a switching policy satisfying the switching constraints exists. It is shown that in the supervisory control problem considered in this paper, limitations on event observation are the factors that essentially restrict supervisory control. In other words, once observation limitations are respected, limitations on control will be automatically satisfied. This result is used to simplify the proposed iterative algorithm for finding minimal controller sets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An implicit, multizone, finite volume three-dimensional Euler and Navier--Stokes solver known as Boeing--computational-fluid-dynamics code has been developed for hybrid grids (structured, unstructured, or combinations). The code contains multispecies capabilities, different numerical algorithms, and turbulence models. It has been validated for subsonic through hypersonic flow regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study conducted during 2000-2001 on banana plantation located at Bangalore Rural district revealed that the population of the spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Russell declined from 116.85 per 25-cm 2 leaf area in March 2000 to 1.10 per 25-cm 2 leaf area in December 2001. During the study period, a total of seven natural enemies were observed. The aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani was the only major natural enemy encountered on the spiralling whitefly causing 20.70% parasitism in January 2000, which had increased to 95.68% by December 2001. The density of the spiralling whitefly was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity and the parasitism by E. guadeloupae. The multiple regression model showed that about 67.94% of the variation in the whitefly density could be accounted for by parasitism only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotation and curvature (RC) correction proposed by Spalart and Shur, as well as the RC correction proposed by Hellsten, have been implemented in the Wind code. Both models were applied to a subsonic flow in a U-turn duct and a high-speed ground/jet interaction. Both models performed well for the U-turn duct. The Spalart and Shur RC correction is more sophisticated and, therefore, more accurate, general, and computationally intensive than the RC correction proposed by Hellsten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different hybrid turbulence models, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and large-eddy simulation, have been used for unsteady-flow prediction. The objective of this paper is to show that the unsteady forcing function has no impact on the final solution with sufficient flowfield grid resolutions. However, it has a profound effect on initiating the starting roll-up of unsteady high shear when the grid resolution is insufficient to capture it. The unsteady forcing function can be eliminated without any significant effect on the final solution. The objectives are validated with a transonic jet flow and the accuracy of the models is demonstrated by comparing the results of a supersonic impinging jet with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present research, we succeeded in synthesizing nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) using bio active agent present in the leaf extracts of Cleome gynandra (CG) under green synthesis. While adding silver nitrate (AgNO 3) solution in green extracts of CG leaf containing bio compound, the mixture turns from yellow to reddish brown, as a consequence of existence of nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) and later UV instrument is used to obtain the Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectra to confirm existing nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) in aqueous solutions (synthesized sample). To confirm existing functional groups in NS-AgPs, the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study is carried throughout this research. The scanning and tunneling of wave like nature of electrons passing through powdered NS-AgPs sample gives Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images respectively, which are carried out to find out the 2-dimensional size and shape distribution of NS-AgPs. Further dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential studies are used to confirm the size and good stability of NS-AgPs respectively. It is evident that NS-AgPs exhibits a strong toxic activity against microorganism and to confirm this mechanism the antibacterial (against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) study is carried out. • Biological technique is cost-efficient, capable of processing AgNPs at 60 °C. • synthesized AgNPs were spherical in size and the size ranging from 18 to 35 nm. • The feasible biomolecules which are liable for the minimization of Ag + ions. • Alkyl halides bond reported that the indicates association of alkanes. • AgNPs reported that proteins could bind to silver nanoparticles which are compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present investigation, an aqueous Basella alba leaves extract was used to synthesize AgNPs. The green synthesis approach is carried out in our work due to non-toxic, less cost, and ecofriendly methods. FTIR spectra are used to confirm the biomolecules present in B.alba leaves extract along with AgNPs and these compounds are responsible for Ag particle from micro to nanostructure. The FCC structure and crystalline nature of the AgNPs are analyzed with the help of XRD and TEM techniques respectively. DLS and Zeta potential techniques are carried out to find the size and stability of AgNPs respectively and UV is used to verify the presence of AgNPs in synthesized samples employing SPR peaks around 435 nm. The antioxidant studies expose eminent scavenging activity which ranges from 13.71% to maximum 67.88%. Green synthesized AgNPs possess well organized biological activities concerning antioxidant and antibacterial, which can be used in some biologically applications. • Biological technique is cost-efficient, capable of processing AgNPs at 60 °C. • Synthesized AgNPs were spherical in size and the size ranging from 18 to 35 nm. • The feasible biomolecules which are liable for the minimization of Ag+ ions. • Alkyl halides bond reported that the indicates association of alkanes. • AgNPs reported that proteins could bind to silver nanoparticles which are compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Allium cepa leaf extract was utilized to reduce the silver nitrate into the nanoscale range of silver ions (Ag NPs). The biosynthesized Ag NPs were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antioxidant activity of synthesized Ag NPs was verified by DPPH assay. From the results obtained from XRD and DLS studies, the size of Ag NPs was determined to be around 54.3 nm. The measured zeta potential value of −19.1 mV confirms the excellent stability of biosynthesized Ag NPs. TEM analyses reveal that the biosynthesized Ag NPs have a spherical structure of 13 nm in size. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed through FTIR studies and EDAX verifies the weight percentage of silver content in biosynthesized nanoparticles to be 30.33%. In the present study, anti-cancer activity was carried out by using breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Further, silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-positive Bacillus cereus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The MTT assay also showed better cytotoxic activity against the MCF- 7 cell line. • antibacterial & antiproliferative activity on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. • The antioxidant activity of synthesized Ag NPs was confirmed by DPPH assay. • XRD & DLS analysis reveals that the size of AgNPs was found to be around 54.3 nm. • The value of zeta potential at −19.1 mV which confirms the great stability of Ag NPs. • EDAX verifies the weight percentage of Ag content in biosynthesized NPs to be 30.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wax scale, Drepanococcus chiton (Green), has become a serious pest of the fruit crops ber and guava in recent years in India. The parasitoid Anicetus ceylonensis How. (Hym.: Encyrtidae) is mainly responsible for the suppression of the wax scale on both of these crops. A study was conducted with a view to selecting pesticides that are least inimical to A. ceylonensis , for incorporation into the integrated pest management (IPM) programme for ber and guava orchards. Adult parasitoids were exposed to ber leaves treated with 17 insecticides. Dimethoate (0.05%), phosalone (0.07%) and dichlorvos (0.10%) were found to be less toxic than the other insecticides. Further studies revealed that dichlorvos (0.10%) and endosulfan (0.07%) and methyl demeton (0.05%) showed the least residual toxicity to A. ceylonensis . Fenvalerate (0.01%) and monocrotophos (0.05%) had significantly higher persistent toxicity to the adult parasitoids. All the fungicides/ acaricides included were found to be harmless to the parasitoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AgNPs synthesized by successfully using Solanum surattense. • TEM results show the particle size of about 24 nm. • Synthesized AgNPs exhibits excellent antibacterial and anti-cancer activity. • AgNPs exhibits superior photocatalytic activity. A novel eco-friendly and biocompatible method has been used with the help of Solanum surattense aqueous leaves extract to synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The cost-effective green synthesis route has been given much care to ensure an environmentally friendly and straightforward approach, as it is most demanded in the biomedical industry. The proposed novel synthesis method offers additional compensations over other synthesizing approaches. Different analytical systems such as UV–vis, IR, XRD, DLS, SEM, EDAX, XPS, and TEM characterization techniques were used to understand the quality of the green synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical applications. The surface plasmon resonance peak of green synthesized silver nanoparticles at 446 nm was observed by UV absorbance spectral analysis. The XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis using to study the crystal structure, particle size, and surface morphology of the AgNPs. The results confirmed the synthesized spherical shape silver nanoparticles were crystallized in a face-centered cubic structure. The zeta potential measurement was used to authorize the excellent stability of AgNPs employing the dynamic light scattering method. FTIR spectral study confirmed that phytocompound participate in the bioreduction as well as stabilization of biosynthesized AgNPs by Solanum surattense. Also, the phytochemical content acts as the capping agent on surface AgNPs. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are subjected to antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and negative pathogenic bacteria for finding suitability in biocompatible applications. Also, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was studied against the human breast cancer cell line and compared with one of the commercially available cancer drugs. Also, we have shown that the prepared AgNPs could serve as an excellent photocatalyst for degrading the Rhodamine B (RhB) dye and Acid Violet 7 (AV 7) dye under direct sunlight radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Kidney Help Trust project, an organization set up to prevent chronic kidney disease. The author states that medical camps, while reasonably effective, lack sufficient reach and suggests house or office visits to add to the number of those diagnosed. There is a greater chance of detecting and treating unsuspected instances of the disease through such visits. The success of the project lies in the simplicity of the methods employed and the low budget requirement.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the public health crisis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) has affected disease management. There is a need for rapid, accurate diagnosis of TB and initiation of appropriate treatment. Wehave performed whole genome analysis for evaluation of drug resistance conferring mutations early in the clinical isolates from patients who fail Anti-tubercular treatment (ATT). Methods & Materials: Clinical data and sputum samples were collected from patients who were attending a tertiary care centre with risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis. Smear microscopy, culture (LJ media) and PCR (IS6110 / TRC4 primers) were performed to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Culture isolates from patient samples were subjected to whole genome sequence analysis by Next generation sequencing technique (NGS) using Miseq, Illumina platform and the corresponding drug resistant mutations were analysed using bioinformatics databases such as TB-Profiler, TBDReaM. Results: A total of five clinical isolates were subjected to whole genomesequence analysis byNGStechnique. Of which, two isolates were from patients with pulmonary TB, who were treatment failure cases (one failed Category-1 and one failed Category-2 ATT) and considered for MDR-TB were enrolled in this study. Whole genome analysis of the first possible culture isolate after treatment failure in both strains showed evidence of high level drug resistance to Rifampicin with mutations in rpoB gene at codon L511P, S531L and for Isoniazid with mutations in katG gene at codon S315G. One isolate (failed Category-1 ATT) had high confidence drug resistance conferring mutation in embB gene at codon Q497R corresponding to Ethambutol resistance. Some major drug resistant mutations to Fluoroquinolones were observed in gyrA gene (E21Q, S95T, G668D) in both genomes. Other non-synonymous substitutions were also observed in aphC gene at W53L (Isoniazid), oxyR gene at L13F (Isoniazid) and gyrB gene at M291I (Fluoroquinolones). Conclusion: Genomic-wide analysis of drug resistance suspected isolates is recommended in order to find the possible drug resistance early in the therapy period. Whole genome analysis of drug resistance by NGS technique enables rapid identification of drug resistant tuberculosis and initiation of appropriate therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we have been reported the phytosynthesis of ultrathin 2D layered sharp-edged MgO nanosheets using Achyranthes aspera (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2%) via green route without any surfactants and the rarely characterized and emerging pathogens of Eggerthella lenta and Enterobacter aerogenes were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized MgO nanomaterials. A. aspera has a superior role as a non-toxic bio-reducing agent in an entire synthesized process of MgO nanomaterial. Furthermore, the structure, morphology and physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials were elucidated by the analytical techniques like powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The scanning electron microscopic analysis (SEM) explored the morphology as a 2D nanostructure of A. aspera mediated ultrathin MgO nanosheets. Further, the microscopic analysis HRTEM revealed that the morphological refinement was greatly achieved by varying the concentration of the leaf extract utilized as a capping as well as the reducing agent. An In vitro antibacterial and antifungal analysis were quantitatively investigated for the 2D nanostructure of A. aspera mediated ultrathin MgO nanosheets. Besides, mechanism involving in the formation of MgO nanosheets and antimicrobial activity are well demonstrated to deepen the knowledge towards enhancement possibilities for the metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Evaluation of the Capnographic Monitoring and Oxygen Delivery Functions of Three Variable Oxygen Delivery Masks," by I. Hodzovic, H. Maghur and M. Mani is presented.

An abstract of the article "Motion Analysis - A New Technology in Airway," by M. Mani, C. Holt and N. Goodwin is presented.

Background: According to WHO, India has around 40 million chronic HBV carriers. This study was carried out with objectives; profiling of viral markers in HBV carriers with viral load, correlation of ALT levels, HBe Ag status with their viral load, to determine the mutation and response to antiviral therapy in treated and treatment naïve individuals. Methods & Materials: DNA was extracted from plasma by Qiagen DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). HBV viral load was estimated by Artus HBV real time PCR kit (Qiagen, Germany) in ABI HT fast real time PCR platform (Applied Biosystems, USA). Randomly 27 high viral load samples were chosen and polymerase gene was amplified using specific primers by Platinum Taq DNA polymerase kit (Invitrogen, USA) and sanger sequencing (Big Dye terminator kit, ABI, USA) was performed to identify the drug resistance mutations and genotyping. Mutational analysis was done by HBV geno2pheno software. Results:Among1129 samples tested for viral loads, 26% (n=295) had high viral load (Median HBV viral load is 7?105 IU/ml, range: 2?10³ IU/ml to 4?107 IU/ml), of which 113 samples had viral load between 2000 IU/ml -20,000 IU/ml and 182 had more than 20,000 IU/ml. 31% had detectable viral load below 2000 IU/ml. HBe Ag status were checked for these patients, HBe Ag status were known for 545 patients, 26% (n=141) were found positive for HBe Ag, 13.7% had high viral load with HBe Ag negative. HBe Ag positivity was positively correlated with the high viral load with p<0.001 (STATA II software). Elevated ALT levels were seen in patients with high viral load and the correlation was significant with p<0.001. Among 27 individuals, mutation rtM204V along with rtL180M was seen in one treated individual and a compensatory mutation was observed in other treatment naive individual. Conclusion: Periodic monitoring of these patients for factors like viral load, HBe Ag status and ALT level will enable the clinician to initiate appropriate therapy at the right time to obtain sustained virological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an editorial about the use of metformin in renal failure.

An abstract of the article "A case of miliary tuberculosis with tuberculous meningitis in intensive care," by M. Mani and N. V. G. Jayanthi is presented.

The Six Sigma approach is utilized in this research to improve the quality of process outputs while machining Galvanized Iron in turning process. The main objective of the present work is to improve the output characterization of MRR (Material Removal Rate) by optimizing the turning process parameters. Taguchi's parameter design is a method for optimizing control settings in Design of Experiments (DOE) to achieve the best results. An orthogonal array offers a framework of equal minimal experiments for prediction and diagnosis of optimal outcomes. The Material Removal Rate (MRR) is evaluated for each experiment. The response fluctuation was investigated using the Signal to Noise (S/N) ratio. In Miniutab 19 software, Taguchi technique reduces quality characteristic variation owing to uncontrollable parameters. Furthermore, statistical analysis reveals that the standard deviation and mean value of confirmatory trial results were lower than it was before Taguchi design run data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intended to explore the information literacy skills of the students at rural area college and to find out the factors which have impact on these skills. Data has been collected at Sri Sarada College for Women situated in the rural area of Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu. Among 200 questionnaires distributed, 175 questionnaires have been collected back. Data have been analyzed with the Descriptive analysis method, Anova Test, Paired Sample T Test using SPSS software. Information literacy skills of the students has been analyzed by their information search and retrieve ability, using email, Subject E Mail forum, Document Sharing, Downloading, Open Access Resources. The relationship between Native area of the students and information literacy skills of the students are analyzed. Native area of the students has important extent for affecting these skill levels. After that, according to the results, training has been given to these students to impart information literacy skills. Again the survey has been taken. The results are showing that students got awareness and learnt some extent to use internet for their academic purpose and also for their lifelong learning process. The conclusion is imparting information literacy skills among college students especially among rural area college students along with their regular study is very much important for building knowledge, lifelong learning skill and this is basis for empowered society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel leaf plays an important role in ancient civilization. Chewing betel leaves with areca nut was pointed out in the pre-historic books. In 13th century, Marco Polo mentioned about the betel chewing among kings and nobles in India. Betel and areca nut plays an important role in Indian Culture, especially among Hindus. On that basis of idea the keyword of "Piper betle" or betel was collected from the Web of Science. This study is limited for the period 1997-2016 with Bibexcel and Pajek tool. Scientists are so much interested to publish the research immediately in the journal article. English is the widely used communicable language. It is true in the betel research also. Added to that, this study focuses on publishing trend, authorship pattern, author's productivity, h-index, co-authorship map, citation map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Long Term Survival of Living Donor Renal Transplants: A Single Center Study," by J. Hassanzadeh and colleagues in the 2011 issue.