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Abstract We argue that if the elastic proton–proton cross section increases with energy, the Froissart-like high energy behaviour of the elastic amplitude (which corresponds to a 'black disk' of radius R (s) = c ln ⁡ s − β ln ⁡ (ln ⁡ s)) is the only possibility to satisfy the unitarity equation at each value of the impact parameter, b. Otherwise the cross section of events with Large Rapidity Gaps grows faster than the total cross section at the same b. That is, these 'gap' events require maximal growth of the high-energy (asymptotic) cross section and of the interaction radius R (s) in order to be consistent with unitarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Inspired by the new TOTEM data on elastic pp scattering at 13 TeV, we study the possibility to describe all the diffractive collider data (σ tot , d σ el / d t , ρ ≡ Re A / Im A , σ low M D) in a wide interval of energy (0.0625 to 13 TeV) in the framework of a two-channel eikonal model. We show that a satisfactory description can be achieved without an odd-signature (Odderon) exchange contribution. We consider the possible role of the QCD Odderon which may improve the description of ρ and discuss the importance of the odd-signature term if the amplitude were to exceed the black disc limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the so-called maximal Odderon contribution breaks the ‘black disk’ behavior of the asymptotic amplitude, since the cross section of the events with Large Rapidity Gaps grows faster than the total cross section. That is the ‘maximal Odderon’ is not consistent with unitarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bose–Einstein correlations of identical pions produced in high-energy pp collisions at the LHC allow a probe of the Pomeron exchange mechanism. The size of the domain which emits the pions depends on the multiplicity of events, but not on the collider energy. This confirms the universal structure of Pomeron exchange. The data at relatively low multiplicities indicate that the size of the source created by one-Pomeron exchange is much less than the size of the proton. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In general, minimum-bias triggers planned for experiments at the LHC miss a considerable fraction of the total number of events. We exemplify the rejection rate using the Durham model of soft high-energy interactions to obtain quantitative estimates of the signals arising from the ATLAS scintillation counters positioned in the rapidity intervals , and also from TOTEM detectors covering the intervals . Typically we find that the expected signal is about half of the total cross section, . We also calculate the cross section for the so-called zero-bias measurement planned by CMS in the extended rapidity interval . We emphasize that only models which give satisfactory predictions for the measured minimum-bias or zero-bias cross sections can be used to obtain the value of the total inelastic cross section. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Exclusive production, , offers a unique opportunity to determine the gluon density of the proton in the small x domain. We use the available HERA data to determine the gluon distribution in the region and , where the uncertainty on the gluon extracted from the global parton analyses is large. The gluon density is found to be approximately flat at the lower scale; it is compared with those of recent global analyses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a ‘new generation’ model for high energy proton–proton ‘soft’ interactions. It allows for a full set of multipomeron vertices as well as for including multichannel eikonal scattering. It describes the behaviour of the proton–proton total, σtot, and elastic, dσel/dt, cross sections together with those for low- and high-mass proton dissociation. Although the model contains a comprehensive set of multipomeron diagrams, it has a simple partonic interpretation. Including the more complicated multipomeron vertices reduces the absorptive effects as compared to the predictions in which only the triple-pomeron vertex is considered. Tuning the model to describe the available ‘soft’ data in the CERN ISR–tevatron energy range, we predict the total, elastic, single- and double-diffractive dissociation cross sections at the LHC energy. An inescapable consequence of including multichannel eikonal and multipomeron effects is that the total cross section is expected to be lower than before: indeed, we find σtot≃ 90 mb at the LHC energy. We also present differential forms of the cross sections. In addition, we calculate soft diffractive central production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a new set of parton distributions obtained at NNLO. These differ from the previous sets available at NNLO due to improvements in the theoretical treatment. In particular we include a full treatment of heavy flavours in the region near the quark mass. In this way, an essentially complete set of NNLO partons is presented for the first time. The improved treatment leads to a significant change in the gluon and heavy quark distributions, and a larger value of the QCD coupling at NNLO, . Indirectly this also leads to a change in the light partons at small x and modifications of our predictions for W and Z production at the LHC. As well as the best-fit set of partons, we also provide 30 additional sets representing the uncertainties of the partons obtained using the Hessian approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We quantify the central inclusive background contributions to exclusive Higgs production at the LHC arising from double-pomeron-exchange processes. We consider the signal. We study processes mediated by the fusion of two ‘hard’ pomerons, and also by the fusion of ‘soft’ pomerons. The latter background is found to be very small, and the former is found to be less than the exclusive signal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We update the Standard Model predictions of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, , and the value of the QED coupling at the Z-boson mass, incorporating the new data obtained by CMD-2 and KLOE, as well as the corrected SND data, and other improvements. The prediction for is about lower than before, and has a smaller uncertainty, which corresponds to a 3.4σ deviation from the measured value. The prediction for the QED coupling is . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We analyse the latest H1 large rapidity gap data to obtain diffractive parton distributions, using a procedure based on perturbative QCD, and compare them with distributions obtained from the simplified Regge factorisation type of analysis. The diffractive parton densities and structure functions are made publically available. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The triple-pomeron coupling lies at the heart of the predictions for high energy diffractive processes. We explain why the existing determinations, which use single-particle inclusive hadronic data , underestimate the value of the bare coupling, due to the neglect of soft rescattering which populates the rapidity gaps. We describe how data for the process can be used to give a much more reliable estimate of the bare coupling. We use the existing, fragmentary, data from HERA to show that the triple-pomeron coupling is probably about 3 times larger than the previous determinations. We emphasize the importance of an explicit measurement of the mass spectrum of the Y system which accompanies production at HERA. The consequences for ultra high energy cosmic ray showers are mentioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We generate fixed three- and four-light-flavour sets of partons using MRST2004 partons as input. We show that it is important to set in the strong coupling, as well as in the splitting and coefficient functions, in order to obtain a consistent set of fixed-flavour partons. We compare the description of data using partons in both variable- and fixed-flavour-number schemes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigate the effect of the structure function in global parton analyses of deep inelastic and related hard scattering data. We perform NLO and NNLO analyses which include the reduced cross-section HERA data at high y, as well as earlier direct measurements of . We find that the NNLO analysis gives a better description of at low x than that performed at NLO. Nevertheless the data show evidence of the need of further contributions to , which may be of higher-twist origin. We study such corrections both phenomenologically and theoretically via a renormalon approach. The higher-twist corrections extracted from a successful fit to the data are in general agreement with the theoretical expectations, but there is still room for alternative theoretical contributions, particularly at low x and . The importance of future measurements of is emphasized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We study the effect of absorptive corrections due to parton recombination on the parton distributions of the proton. A more precise version of the GLRMQ equations, which account for non-linear corrections to DGLAP evolution, is derived. An analysis of HERA data shows that the small-x gluon distribution is enhanced at low scales when the absorptive effects are included, such that a negative gluon distribution at 1 GeV is no longer required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose a more physical parameterization of the gluon distribution for global parton analyses of deep inelastic and related hard scattering data. In the new parameterization the gluon distribution at large x in the -scheme is driven by the valence quarks, which naturally produces a shoulder-like form at high x, and hence produces a better description of the Tevatron inclusive jet data. We perform the new analysis at both NLO and NNLO. The improvement is found to be even better at NNLO than at NLO. We make available the new sets of NLO and NNLO partons, which we denote by MRST2004. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background : Despite the important association of central adiposity and cardiovascular and other risk factors, there are only three reported values for directly weighed visceral adipose tissue (AT). All other reported values are based on medical imaging techniques. Objective : The study aimed to investigate the relationships between visceral, trunk and total AT weights in older men and women. Methods : Data was obtained from the combination of two studies involving the complete dissection of 15 male and 16 female cadavers (age range 55-94 years) and allowed for compartmentation into skin, AT, muscle, bone and a residual component, divided over six body segments: head, trunk, legs and arms. Visceral AT was separated from trunk subcutaneous AT. All tissues were weighed. Results : Visceral AT weights ranged from 0.3 to 5.8 kg. Mean values were 3.00 ± 1.52 kg (mean ± SE) for the men and 3.24 ± 1.67 kg for the women. These were not significantly different ( p = 0.68), but visceral AT weight, expressed as a percentage of total body AT weight was significantly greater ( p = 0.02) in the men (16.8 ± 5.4%) than in the women (12.9 ± 3.5%). Correlations between visceral AT weight and the weight of subcutaneous AT of the trunk were highly significant (men, r = 0.70, women, r = 0.81, p < 0.005), with similar slopes for the two sexes. The correlation coefficients of visceral with total body AT weights were even greater (men, r = 0.83 and women, r = 0.96, p < 0.0001). Conclusions : In this sample of older Belgians, visceral AT is strongly related to total body adiposity, corresponding to an increment of about 200 g of visceral AT for every kilogram of total AT in men and about 180 g in women. Because of this relationship, techniques such as skinfold calipers and ultrasound for assessing whole body fatness from measurement of only the subcutaneous layer are thus able to account for visceral adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) has emerged as the best anthropometric indicator of the body's adipose tissue distribution, it has never been directly validated. Waist and hip girths, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured in 12 male and 13 female cadavers aged 55-94?y. Adipose tissue from the upper limbs, lower limbs, subcutaneous trunk and intra-abdominal regions was then separated by dissection and weighed. Adipose volumes were also determined by hydrostatic weighing. The following adipose tissue mass ratios (and corresponding volume ratios) were derived: trunk to sum of lower limbs, trunk to sum of upper and lower limbs, intra-abdominal to sum of lower limbs and intra-abdominal to sum of upper and lower limbs. Centrality index (CI-subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio) and WHR were regressed on the tissue mass and volume ratios of the 25 cadavers. WHR was significantly related to mass and volume ratios for the 12 men (R2=36.0-57.5%, P&<0.05), except for intra-abdominal to sum of upper and lower limbs (R2=26.3%, P=0.09), but none of these relations was significant in the women. CI was significantly related to all mass and volume ratios only for men and women combined (R2=16.2-21.8%, P&<0.05). The WHR was better related to all mass and volume ratios than the CI. These results, especially the strong association between WHR and the ratio of intra-abdominal to lower limb adipose masses (R2=35.4%, P=0.002), demonstrate a clear relation between the selected anthropometric variables (hip and waist girths, and subscapular and triceps skinfolds) and adipose tissue distribution, thus validating the use of WHR as an important predictor of health risk.International Journal of Obesity (2003) 27, 1052-1058. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802382 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determine the uncertainties on observables arising from the errors on the experimental data that are fitted in the global MRST2001 parton analysis. By diagonalizing the error matrix we produce sets of partons suitable for use within the framework of linear propagation of errors, which is the most convenient method for calculating the uncertainties. Despite the potential limitations of this approach we find that it can be made to work well in practice. This is confirmed by our alternative approach of using the more rigorous Lagrange multiplier method to determine the errors on physical quantities directly. As particular examples we determine the uncertainties on the predictions of the charged-current deep-inelastic structure functions, on the cross-sections for W production and for Eggs boson production via gluon-gluon fusion at the Tevatron and the LFIC, on the ratio of W- to W+production at the LFIC and on the moments of the non-singlet quark distributions. We discuss the corresponding uncertainties on the parton distributions in the relevant x, Q² domains. Finally, we briefly look at uncertainties related to the fit procedure, stressing their importance and using σW, σH and extractions of αS(MZ²) as examples. As a by-product of this last point we present a slightly updated set of parton distributions, MRST2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculate (g−2)/2 of the muon, by improving the determination of the hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution, ahad, LOμ, and its uncertainties. The different e+e− data sets for each exclusive (and the inclusive) channel are combined in order to obtain the optimum estimate of the cross sections and their uncertainties. QCD sum rules are evaluated in order to resolve an apparent discrepancy between the inclusive data and the sum of the exclusive channels. We conclude ahad, LOμ=(683.1±5.9exp±2.0rad)×10−10 which, when combined with the other contributions to (g−2)/2, is about 3σ below the present world average measurement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We perform a NNLO (and a LO) global parton analysis in which we include the new precise data for deep inelastic scattering from HERA and for inclusive jet production at the Tevatron, together with the improved knowledge of the three-loop splitting functions. The results are compared with our recent NLO analyses. The LO fit produces significantly worse results in general, but gives a surprisingly good fit to the Tevatron high-ET jet data. For the approximate NNLO analysis we notice a slight improvement in the quality of the global fit, and find that the partons are changed by up to 10% at Q2=10 GeV2, in particular in the x<0.01 regime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reviews the literature concerning factors at the individual level associated with regular exercise among older adults. Twenty-seven cross-sectional and 14 prospective/longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria of a mean participant age of 65 years or older. The findings are summarised by demographics, exercise experience, exercise knowledge, physiological factors, psychological factors, activity preferences and perceived social influences. In general, education and exercise history correlate positively with regular exercise, while perceived physical frailty and poor health may provide the greatest barrier to exercise adoption and adherence in the elderly. Social-cognitive theories identify several constructs that correlate with the regular exercise behaviour of older adults, such as exercise attitude, perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy, perceived social support and perceived benefits/barriers to continued activity. As well, stage modelling may provide additional information about the readiness for regular exercise behaviour among older adults. However, relatively few studies among older adults exist compared with middle-aged and younger adults. Further, the majority of current research consists of cross-sectional designs or short prospective exercise trials among motivated volunteers that may lack external validity. Future research utilising longitudinal and prospective designs with representative samples of older adults will provide a better understanding of significant causal associations between individual factors and regular exercise behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the structure of the proton. Experimental results from the high-energy electron-proton collider HERA; Deep inelastic scattering and scaling; Measurement of the structure functions of the proton.

Abstract: The value of the important triple-Pomeron coupling is estimated by an unorthodox procedure using the known diffractive parton distribution functions. The result is , where is the Pomeron–nucleon coupling. This is in excellent agreement with an independent determination, , previously obtained by analysing the available data in the triple-Regge region with absorptive effects taken into account. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Demonstrates the intrinsic bistability in a semiconductor asymmetric double-barrier structure (DBS) obtained in the region of a tunneling resonance. Use of a voltage supply; Factors contributng to the electrical characteristics of DBS; Components of the active region.

Discusses the results of an experiment from the proton-antiproton Collider Detector at Fermilab near Chicago, Illinois. Production of the top quark and antiquark; Observed mass of the top quark; Quantum chromodynamic sector of the Standard Model; Inhibition of transitions between quarks.

Examines results of two independent experiments to make measurements of the spin structure of the neutron, the twin particle of the proton. The CERN experiment performed by the Spin Muon Collaboration (SMC); The experiment at the Stanford accelerator in California which used a gas target of polarized helium-3 nuclei; Use of deep in-elastic scattering in both experiments to probe the interior of the neutron; Conclusion; More.

A novel spouted bed reactor is evaluated for water treatment by an adsorption and electrochemical regeneration process. The adsorbent is a bisulphate graphite intercalation compound with low specific surface area but high electrical conductivity, suitable for adsorption of contaminants and simultaneous electrochemical regeneration within a single unit. The effects of current density and liquid flow rate on Acid Violet 17 removal were investigated. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the liquid spouted bed reactor was characterised by a flow regime map. A four-parameter model has been developed to describe the adsorption and electrochemical regeneration process in the liquid spouted bed reactor. It was found that the experimental data of dye removal agrees well with the modelled simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how factorization breaking changes when going from diffractive deep inelastic scattering to diffractive photoproduction of dijets. These processes offer a sensitive probe of the interplay of soft and hard mechanisms in QCD. We demonstrate that unitarity effects are already important in the gluon distribution for x&lsim;10−4, for quite a wide range of Q2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We study diffractive hard dijet production, with one or two rapidity gaps, at high energies. We emphasize that both hard and Regge factorization are broken in these processes. We show that a multi-Pomeron-exchange model for screening effects gives a specific pattern for the breakdown of factorization, which is in good agreement with diffractive dijet data collected at the Tevatron. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A prospective cohort study was performed in the purebred Hereford herd at Götala Beef and Lamb Research Centre, Sweden. The study's first objective was to assess the ability of an automatic activity monitoring system (AAMS) to detect estrus in beef suckler cows, and its second objective was to estimate the time from estrus to ovulation. The study sample (n = 38) consisted of 14 Hereford heifers and 24 Hereford cows. Standardized visual observation of estrus was performed for 20 minutes thrice daily, and animal activity was recorded with an AAMS system, Heatime (SCR Engineers Ltd., Israel). Cows in estrus underwent transrectal ultrasonography every 8 hours, to estimate the time of ovulation. Blood samples for progesterone analysis were collected thrice weekly throughout the study period. A cutoff value of 1-ng progesterone/mL of serum was used to define luteal activity. The AAMS had a 90% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77%–97%) sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% CI 94%–100%), and visual detection of estrus had a 77% sensitivity (95% CI 62%–88%) and a 89% specificity (95% CI 79%–95%) for identifying estrus when compared to the gold standard defined by temporal pattern of serum progesterone concentration. When both methods were used in parallel, the sensitivity increased to 96% (95% CI 86%–99%), and the specificity increased to 90% (95% CI 80%–96%). The time of ovulation after estrus was determined on 50 occasions. The median estrus (AAMS detected) to ovulation interval was 25 hours for heifers and 23 hours for cows (interquartile range 11–29 hours and 19–25 hours, respectively). The median estrus (visually detected) to ovulation interval was 28 hours for heifers and 21 hours for cows (interquartile range 13–29 hours for both categories). In conclusion, the AAMS had both a higher sensitivity and specificity for estrus detection than thrice-daily visual observation. The time from detection of estrus to ovulation observed in this study indicates that reproductive performance might be improved if Hereford cattle are inseminated sooner after detection of estrus than is currently recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis and identify risk factors in exotic and cross bred cattle in Ethiopia. A total of 2334 cattle from 273 farms were tested serially for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Compliment Fixation Test (CFT). The overall animal level seroprevalence was 1.9% (95% CI: 1.2, 2.6), with urban and peri-urban dairy 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4, 3.4), commercial 1.5% (95% CI: 0.5, 2.5) and breeding farms 1.5% (95% CI: 0.2, 3.2). The overall farm level prevalence was 10.6% (95% CI: 6.9, 14.3), with 8.6% (95% CI: 4.8, 12.4) in urban and peri-urban dairy followed by 16.9% (95% CI: 7.3, 26.6) in commercial and 20.0% (95% CI: 0.0, 59.4) in breeding farms. At individual animal level, purchased cows and adult age groups were observed to associate with Brucella seropositivity while presence of small ruminants on the farm was the only factor associated with increased risk of herd level Brucella infection. The lack of association between reproductive disorders and Brucella seroprevalence suggest that other causes largely outweigh as causes of the aforesaid disorder in studied production systems and demands an investigation. Finally, the need for isolation and characterization of circulating Brucella spp. and institution of regulatory measures to reinforce farm biosecurity was suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The airway defensive response to tussive agents, such as capsaicin, is frequently assessed by counting the number of cough sounds, or expulsive events. This method does not identify or differentiate important respiratory events that occur in the respiratory muscles and lungs, which are critical in assessing airway defensive responses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the airway defensive behaviours (cough and expiration reflex) to capsaicin exposure in humans. We observed complex motor behaviours in response to capsaicin exposure. These behaviours were defined as cough reacceleration (CRn) and expiration reflex (ERn), where n is the number of expulsive events with and without a preceding inspiratory phase, respectively. Airway defensive responses were defined in terms of frequency (number of expulsive events), strength (activation of abdominal muscles) and behaviour type (CRn vs. ERn). Thirty-six subjects (15 females, 24±4yr) were instrumented with EMG electrodes placed over the rectus abdominis (RA), external abdominal oblique (EO) and the 8th intercostal space (IC8). A custom-designed mouth pneumotachograph was used to assess the airflow acceleration, plateau velocity and phase duration of the expulsive phase. Subjects inhaled seven concentrations of capsaicin (5–200μM) in a randomized block order. The total number of expulsive events (frequency) and the sum of integrated EMG for the IC8, RA and EO (strength) increased in a curvilinear fashion. Differentiating the airway defense responses into type demonstrated predominately CR1 and CR2 (i.e. inspiration followed by one and two expulsive events, respectively) with very few ER''s at <50μM capsaicin. At higher concentrations (>50μM) ER''s with one or more expulsive events (⩾ER1) appeared, and the number of CR''s with three or more expulsive events (⩾CR3) increased. The decrease in EMG activation and airflow measurements with each successive expulsive event suggests a decline in power and shear force as the number of expulsive events increased. Therefore, the airway defensive response to capsaicin is a complex motor pattern that functions to coordinate ER''s and CR''s with differing numbers of expulsive events possibly to prevent aspirations and keep air moving to promote clearance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We have shown previously in normal subjects that a sensory measure, the Urge-to-Cough rating, increases at concentrations of inhaled capsaicin that are lower than those necessary to elicit reflex cough. This finding suggests that the Urge-to-Cough may represent an index of the cough response. Research on cough in the human has most often employed challenge with inhaled capsaicin to induce reflex cough. Current measures of cough sensitivity in the human provide no information regarding the intensity of cough. The influence of codeine on cough perceptual sensitivity and the relationship to cough intensity with capsaicin-induced cough in normal subjects has not been evaluated. This study determined the effect of codeine on capsaicin-induced cough perceptual sensitivity and motor response in normal subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. This approach investigated the relevance of cough sensitivity, intensity, and sensory modalities in the assessment of cough suppression in humans. This study consisted of three experimental trials: administration of placebo, 30mg codeine and 60mg codeine. The study was double-blinded. The order of the three trials was randomized. Respiratory motor pattern was recorded with EMGs from the rectus abdominis, lateral abdominal muscles and eighth intercostal space. The subjects leaned into a fume hood to inspire deeply for 2s once through a mouthpiece connected to the nebulizer. A modified Borg scale was used to estimate their Urge-to-Cough. The experimental trial consisted of eight test solutions of 0–200μM capsaicin. Each solution was presented three times in a randomized block order for a total of 24 presentations. The lowest capsaicin concentration to elicit a cough was determined. The lowest capsaicin concentration to elicit an Urge-to-Cough greater than zero was identified. The Urge-to-Cough sensitivity was determined from the log–log slope. For placebo, the Urge-to-Cough was zero with inhalation of the vehicle and no coughs were observed. The threshold capsaicin concentration for subjects to report an Urge-to-Cough was 15.6μM (±2.6 SEM). The capsaicin concentration threshold for eliciting a cough was significantly greater, 39.3μM (±5.6 SEM). As the capsaicin concentration increased, the magnitude estimation of the Urge to-Cough increased. The slope of the log–log relationship for the Urge-to-Cough was 0.94 (±0.07 SEM). As the capsaicin concentration increased, the number and intensity of the coughs increased. The administration of 30 and 60mg codeine had no significant effect on the threshold capsaicin concentration for the Urge-to-Cough. There was also no significant codeine effect on the slope of the log–log Urge-to-Cough relationship. Thirty and sixty milligram codeine had no significant effect on the relationship between the capsaicin concentration and the number and intensity of the coughs. The results of this study demonstrate that the threshold for a subject to perceive an Urge-to-Cough was less than the capsaicin concentration that elicits the cough motor response. There was a direct relationship between the sensory intensity (magnitude estimation of the Urge-to-Cough) and the cough number and intensity. Thus, as the sense of an Urge-to-Cough increased the cough motor response increased. Neither the 30 nor 60mg codeine affected the perceptual or motor sensitivity to capsaicin-induced cough. These results showed that the initial threshold for responding to capsaicin-induced cough is the perception of an Urge-to-Cough, followed by a motor cough response if the capsaicin is increased above the perceptual threshold. As the capsaicin concentration increases, both the perceptual need to cough and the cough motor response increase. The response of subjects to inhalation of capsaicin consisted of both a sensory component leading to perception of an Urge-to-Cough and motor cough behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]