Search

Abstract The current study investigated pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity in relation to sex, trait gender, and state gender using an experimental design. The participants included 232 women and 69 men. The BEM Sex Role Inventory was used to measure trait gender. State gender was assessed by randomly assigning participations to a feminine, a masculine, or a neutral prime. Pain was assessed using the cold pressor task. Participants were assessed for their pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity at both threshold and tolerance. Two three-way interactions were found. For pain threshold, masculine males had the highest pain in the feminine prime, while masculine females had the highest pain in the masculine prime. For pain severity at threshold, feminine males reported less pain in the feminine condition, while androgynous males reported the highest pain in the feminine condition. For females, masculine females reported the least pain in the masculine prime, while androgynous females reported more pain in the neutral condition. The study supports the premise that both trait gender and state gender can play a role in influencing male's and female's responses to pain. Future research should explore these effects in patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mothers’ emotion talk, children's emotion talk, and children's understanding of emotion were examined in 50 mother–child dyads at 41 months. Language measures included total emotion words, unique emotion words, labels, explanations, and different types of explanations. Children's emotion understanding was assessed for labeling, situation, and role-taking knowledge, as well as an overall score. There were different patterns of relations between mothers’ emotion talk and boys’ and girls’ emotion talk, with mothers’ emotion talk related more strongly to boys’ emotion talk. Mothers’ emotion talk for boys and girls was differentially related to the subparts of the emotion understanding test. Specifically, mothers’ total emotion talk predicted boys’ performance on the situation knowledge test and their use of causal emotion explanations predicted boys’ overall score, but none of the maternal variables predicted girls’ performance. This finding may result from differences in variability of maternal speech to boys’ and girls’, and it may be due to differences in maternal speech in earlier years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to explore the influence of competitiveness on the photos that men and women choose to present of themselves on Facebook. Participants consisted of 236 undergraduate students. Participants completed competitiveness and narcissism scales. Participants allowed researchers to screen shot their most recent 10 Facebook photos, including their profile. Results indicated that competitive men were more likely to post athletic photos. Men lower in vanity were more likely to post attractive photos. Men and women higher in authority/entitlement were more likely to post sexual photos. Overall, the study supports the argument that both competitiveness and narcissism influence the photos that men and women choose to post on social media. In addition, competitiveness and narcissism predicted different types of photo selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]