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Age estimation based on DNA methylation (DNAm) can be applied to children, adolescents and adults, but many CG dinucleotides (CpGs) exhibit different kinetics of age-associated DNAm across these age ranges. Furthermore, it is still unclear how growth disorders impact epigenetic age predictions, and this may be particularly relevant for a forensic application. In this study, we analyzed buccal mucosa samples from 95 healthy children and 104 children with different growth disorders. DNAm was analysed by pyrosequencing for 22 CpGs in the genes PDE4C, ELOVL2, RPA2, EDARADD and DDO. The relationship between DNAm and age in healthy children was tested by Spearman's rank correlation. Differences in DNAm between the groups "healthy children" and the (sub-)groups of children with growth disorders were tested by ANCOVA. Models for age estimation were trained (1) based on the data from 11 CpGs with a close correlation between DNAm and age (R ≥ 0.75) and (2) on five CpGs that also did not present significant differences in DNAm between healthy and diseased children. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the healthy group and the group with growth disorders (11 CpGs), the subgroup with a short stature (12 CpGs) and the non-short stature subgroup (three CpGs). The results are in line with the assumption of an epigenetic regulation of height-influencing genes. Age predictors trained on 11 CpGs with high correlations between DNAm and age revealed higher mean absolute errors (MAEs) in the group of growth disorders (mean MAE 2.21 years versus MAE 1.79 in the healthy group) as well as in the short stature (sub-)groups; furthermore, there was a clear tendency for overestimation of ages in all growth disorder groups (mean age deviations: total growth disorder group 1.85 years, short stature group 1.99 years). Age estimates on samples from children with growth disorders were more precise when using a model containing only the five CpGs that did not present significant differences in DNAm between healthy and diseased children (mean age deviations: total growth disorder group 1.45 years, short stature group 1.66 years). The results suggest that CpGs in genes involved in processes relevant for growth and development should be avoided in age prediction models for children since they may be sensitive for alterations in the DNAm pattern in cases of growth disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunohistochemical detection of dityrosine, troponins I (cTNI) and T (cTnT), and connexin 43 has been proposed as a tool for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with short survival times. Results of clinical and experimental studies reveal that gender and/or ischemic preconditioning of the heart may have an influence on severity and magnitude of myocardial infarction. To clarify the question, if the above-mentioned markers are influenced by sex or ischemic preconditioning, experiments on isolated rat hearts using the Langendorff technique were performed. Using the hearts of 12 male and 12 female Wistar rats a local ischemia was induced through ligation of the left coronary artery. Furthermore, 12 male rat hearts underwent ischemic preconditioning of the heart by stopping the perfusion of the whole heart for 30 min and subsequently reperfusing the heart for another 60 min, before inducing local ischemia. The perfusion time after ligation varied from 10 to 60 min. A control group was comprised out of 6 male and 2 female rat hearts. These were placed in the Langendorff system for 60 min without further manipulation or received ischemic preconditioning without subsequent local ischemia or were excised without being mounted on the Langendorff system at all. All hearts were fixed in formalin and stained immunohistochemically. Depletion of the marker cTnT appeared to be less in females when compared to male hearts, for all other markers tested, no apparent difference in staining results were seen when comparing male and female rat hearts. Male rat hearts with ischemic preconditioning showed no difference compared to male rat hearts without ischemic preconditioning when stained fort dityrosine. Connexin 43 staining was less pronounced in hearts with ischemic preconditioning, whereas cTnI as well as cTnT depletion was more pronounced in preconditioned hearts. The presented findings indicate to some extent the vulnerability of the investigated markers for the influencing factors tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas for TEP the guidelines do not recommend mesh fixation on the basis of meta-analyses regardless of the defect size, for TAPP mesh fixation can be omitted only up to a defect size of 3 cm because of the paucity of studies on this topic. Hence, this study now seeks to explore this subject on the basis of prospective data from the Herniamed Hernia Registry. In the period September 01, 2009, to January 31, 2014, 11,228 male patients were operated on with the TAPP technique for a primary unilateral inguinal hernia and were followed up for 1 year. Mesh fixation was used for 7422 (66.1 %) of these patients and no mesh fixation for 3806 patients (33.9 %). Unadjusted analysis did not find any significant difference in the recurrence rate (0.88 % with fixation vs. 1.1 % without fixation; p = 0.259). Multivariable analysis of all potential influence factors (age, ASA, BMI, risk factors, defect size, mesh fixation, localization of defect, mesh size) did not identify any factor that impacted recurrence on 1-year follow-up. Only for medial and combined defect localization versus lateral localization was a highly significant effect identified (p < 0.001). With mesh fixation and larger mesh size, it was possible to significantly reduce the recurrence rate for larger medial hernias in this series (p = 0.046). For TAPP repair of an inguinal hernia, mesh fixation is not necessary in a significant number of patients. Patients with a medial and combined hernia are at higher risk of recurrence. In the patient series analyzed, it was possible to significantly reduce the recurrence rate with mesh fixation and larger mesh size for medial defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which developed a method for producing a relatively large volume of metal vapor for laser-plasma interaction studies. Information on other methods; Analysis of exploding thin films; Example of a laser-plasma experiment wherein the method can be applied.

Background and Purpose: 4-Methyl-N-methylcathinone (mephedrone) is a synthetic stimulant that acts as a substrate-type releaser at transporters for dopamine (DAT), noradrenaline (NET) and 5-HT (SERT). Upon systemic administration, mephedrone is metabolized to several phase I compounds: the N-demethylated metabolite, 4-methylcathinone (nor-mephedrone); the ring-hydroxylated metabolite, 4-hydroxytolylmephedrone (4-OH-mephedrone); and the reduced keto-metabolite, dihydromephedrone.Experimental Approach: We used in vitro assays to compare the effects of mephedrone and synthetically prepared metabolites on transporter-mediated uptake and release in HEK293 cells expressing human monoamine transporters and in rat brain synaptosomes. In vivo microdialysis was employed to examine the effects of i.v. metabolite injection (1 and 3 mg·kg(-1) ) on extracellular dopamine and 5-HT levels in rat nucleus accumbens.Key Results: In cells expressing transporters, mephedrone and its metabolites inhibited uptake, although dihydromephedrone was weak overall. In cells and synaptosomes, nor-mephedrone and 4-OH-mephedrone served as transportable substrates, inducing release via monoamine transporters. When administered to rats, mephedrone and nor-mephedrone produced elevations in extracellular dopamine and 5-HT, whereas 4-OH-mephedrone did not. Mephedrone and nor-mephedrone, but not 4-OH-mephedrone, induced locomotor activity.Conclusions and Implications: Our results demonstrate that phase I metabolites of mephedrone are transporter substrates (i.e. releasers) at DAT, NET and SERT, but dihydromephedrone is weak in this regard. When administered in vivo, nor-mephedrone increases extracellular dopamine and 5-HT in the brain whereas 4-OH-mephedrone does not, suggesting the latter metabolite does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Future studies should examine the pharmacokinetics of nor-mephedrone to determine its possible contribution to the in vivo effects produced by mephedrone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolated Langendorff heart was used to evaluate dityrosine as a marker of acute myocardial infarctions. The animal model allowed the generation of local infarctions with defined survival times, as well as infarctions with and without reperfusion. The results showed that dityrosine, at least under the conditions of the animal model, occurs very shortly after early ischemia and infarctions, since positive staining results were already obtained after a survival time of only 5 min. Furthermore, it could be proved that the occurrence of dityrosine does not depend on a reperfusion of the ischemic muscle area and that there are no differences in the staining patterns of infarctions with and without reperfusion. Positive staining results for dityrosine in control hearts without infarctions had to be considered when evaluating the tissue samples of the study hearts. In part, the positive staining results of the control hearts seemed to be an artefact of the Langendorff system, easily identifiable by a distinctive staining pattern. Positive staining results in tissue samples of hearts that suffered from arrhythmia on the other hand implied that the occurrence of dityrosine is not specific for myocardial infarctions. Taking into account the results of previous works on human tissue samples, however, these findings did not question the use of dityrosine as a diagnostic tool; they simply showed that myocardial damage due to oxidative stress might occur under various pathologic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Several analyses of hernia registries have demonstrated that patients older than 65 years have significantly higher perioperative complication rates compared with patients up to the age of 65. To date, no special analyses of endoscopic/laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery or of the relevant additional influence factors have been carried out. Besides, there is no definition to determine whether 65 years should really be considered to be the age limit.Methods: In the Herniamed Hernia Registry, it was possible to identify 24,571 patients with a primary inguinal hernia and aged at least 16 years who had been operated on between September 1, 2009, and April 15, 2013, using either the TAPP technique (n = 17,214) or TEP technique (n = 7,357). Patients in the age group up to and including 65 years (≤65 years) were compared with those older than 65 years (>65 years) in terms of their perioperative outcome. That was done first using unadjusted analysis and then multivariable analysis.Results: Unadjusted analysis revealed significantly different results for the intraoperative (1.19 vs 1.60%; p = 0,010), postoperative surgical (2.72 vs 4.59%; p < 0.001) and postoperative general complications (0.85 vs 1.98%; p < 0.001) as well as for complication-related reoperations (1.07 vs 1.37%; p = 0,044), which were more favorable in the ≤65 years age group. However, in multivariable analysis, it was not possible to confirm that for the intraoperative complications or the reoperations. Reoperations were needed more often for bilateral procedures (p < 0.001; OR 2.154 [1.699; 2.730]), higher ASA classification (IV vs I: p = 0.004; OR 6.001 [1.786; 20.167]), larger hernia defect and scrotal hernias. The impact of these factors, in addition to that of age >65 years, was also reflected in the postoperative complication rates. The age limit for increased onset of perioperative complication rates tends to be more than 80 rather than 65 years.Conclusion: The higher perioperative complication rate associated with endoscopic/laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery in patients older than 65 years is of multifactorial genesis and is observed in particular as from the age of 80 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty (TAPP) is a common procedure for groin hernia repair in adults. The peritoneal closure after mesh placement can be performed in various ways. In any case, thorough closure is recommended to avoid mesh exposure to the viscera with the risk of adhesions and bowel incarceration into peritoneal defects. Postoperative intestinal obstructions can mainly occur due to adhesions or bowel herniation through peritoneal defects into the dissected preperitoneal space. Incarcerations can also occur as a consequence of trocar site herniation. Results and conclusion: Recently barbed self-anchoring knotless suturing devices are frequently used for peritoneal closure. The correct handling of such sutures is crucial to avoid potential complications. Despite of accurate management, bowel adherence and injuries or volvulus can occur. Methods: We present an unusual case of a postoperative small bowel obstruction owing to strained adhesions and ingrowth between a small bowel segment and a polyglyconate unidirectional self-anchoring barbed suture device. Medline and PudMed databases were searched using the below-mentioned keywords and the literature on efficacy and safety of barbed sutures for peritoneal closure is reviewed as well as the usage of such devices in other fields of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses legal regulations and age limits for pictures and videos presumably showing child or youth pornography. It mentions Section 184b of the German criminal code that acquisition and distribution and the possession of pedo-pornographic material is an illegal act. It informs about guidelines and physical maturation for the assessment of presumably child pornography including pubic hair, stage of genital development, and body height.

Highlights: [•] We review research on connection to nature and environmentally responsible behavior. [•] At least nine validated measures exist to assess connectedness to nature. [•] Connectedness to nature is a reliable predictor of self-reported behavior. [•] Three studies show that the connectedness to nature scale predicts electricity use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reproduction in bats from the temperate zones differs from the general mammalian pattern with regard to long-term sperm storage. In contrast to other mammals, female bats from the temperate zones store viable spermatozoa from autumn copulations through hibernation into spring when fertilization occurs. Males, however, are also capable of storing spermatozoa viably in their cauda epididymides after they have undergone spermatogenesis in the summer months. This could free them from precisely coupling their spermatogenic timing to the female cycle. Furthermore, it enables them to inseminate females throughout winter during periodic arousals and into spring. In this comparative study of four sympatric species at one site in Central Europe, we tested for interspecific differences in the onset and length of the mating period. Species-specific mating periods can be best explained by the availability of receptive females since males match the timing of spermatogenesis closely to the female reproductive cycle. The close sequence of male reproductive readiness and female availability indicates a fertilization advantage of early copulations in hibernating bats, as opposed to last sperm precedence in most mammals. Thus, the observed marked differences in the timing of reproduction between these sympatric species are in contrast to the hypothesis that reproductive timing results solely from climate and food availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Preparticipation examinations (PPE) are frequently used to evaluate eligibility for competitive sports in adolescent athletes. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these examinations is under debate since costs are high and its validity is discussed controversial. Purpose To analyse medical findings and consequences in adolescent athletes prior to admission to a sports school. Methods In 733 adolescent athletes (318 girls, 415 boys, age 12.3±0.4, 16 sports disciplines), history and clinical examination (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, general medicine) was performed to evaluate eligibility. PPE was completed by determination of blood parameters, ECG at rest and during ergometry, echocardiography and x-rays and ultrasonography if indicated. Eligibility was either approved or rated with restriction. Recommendations for therapy and/or prevention were given to the athletes and their parents. Results Historical (h) and clinical (c) findings (eg, pain, verified pathologies) were more frequent regarding the musculoskeletal system (h:120, 16.4%; c:247, 33.7%) compared to cardiovascular (h:9, 1.2%; c:23, 3.1%) or general medicine findings (h:116, 15.8%; c:71, 9.7%). ECG at rest was moderately abnormal in 46 (6.3%) and severely abnormal in 25 athletes (3.4%). Exercise ECG was suspicious in 25 athletes (3.4%). Relevant echocardiographic abnormalities were found in 17 athletes (2.3%). In 52 of 358 cases (14.5%), x-rays led to diagnosis (eg, Spondylolisthesis). Eligibility was temporarily restricted in 41 athletes (5.6%). Three athletes (0.4%) had to be excluded from competitive sports. Therapy (eg, physiotherapy, medication) and/or prevention (sensorimotor training, vaccination) recommendations were deduced due to musculoskeletal (t:n=76,10.3%;p: n=71,9.8%) and general medicine findings (t:n=80, 10.9%; p:n=104, 14.1%). Conclusion Eligibility for competitive sports is restricted in only 5.5% of adolescent athletes at age 12. Eligibility refusals are rare. However, recommendations for therapy and prevention are frequent, mainly regarding the musculoskeletal system. In spite of time and cost consumption, adolescent preparticipation before entering a career in high-performance sports is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centreline macrosegregation is often observed in continuous slab casting of steel. Two of the main macrosegregation formation mechanisms are bulging and feeding. Both were studied and compared in the current work by using a two-phase volume averaging model considering only columnar solidification. The casting of the strand itself is modelled by applying a predefined velocity following the casting speed and solid shell deformation (e.g. bulging). Three different cases are simulated and discussed. (i) The first case considers the influence of the feeding flow during solidification without taking bulging into account. Negative macrosegregation is observed in the centre of the casting in this case. (ii) The second case takes the flow caused by series of bulging along the solidifying strand shell into account, and is, therefore, representative for an ideal situation where bulging takes place without solidification shrinkage. In this case positive centreline segregation is found. (iii) The last case shows the results of a simulation which combines both shrinkage- and bulging-induced flows. It is found that under the current casting conditions the bulging effect dominates over the shrinkage effect, and so positive centreline segregation is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latane and Darley developed a five-stage model to understand why people do and do not help other people in emergency situations. We extend their five-stage model to explore why people do and do not take action against climate change. We identify the factors that make climate change difficult to notice and ambiguous as an emergency; we explore barriers to taking responsibility for action; and we discuss the issues of efficacy and costs versus benefits that make action unlikely. The resulting analysis is useful on two levels. For educators and policy makers, the model suggests the most efficacious approaches to galvanizing action among U.S. citizens. For social scientists, the model provides a valuable framework for integrating research from diverse areas of psychology and suggests fruitful avenues for future empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies examine the effects of exposure to nature on positive affect and ability to reflect on a life problem. Participants spent 15 min walking in a natural setting (Studies 1, 2, & 3), an urban setting (Study 1), or watching videos of natural and urban settings (Studies 2 & 3). In all three studies, exposure to nature increased connectedness to nature, attentional capacity, positive emotions, and ability to reflect on a life problem; these effects are more dramatic for actual nature than for virtual nature. Mediational analyses indicate that the positive effects of exposure to nature are partially mediated by increases in connectedness to nature and are not mediated by increases in attentional capacity. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the exposure to nature/well-being effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two surveys (600 consumers) (1) the importance of color on a consumer's decision to buy strawberry nectar and jam, (2) the consumer's color acceptance of strawberry nectars from puree and adequate products containing colorants from the market as well as specially prepared samples and (3) the associated attributes to these samples were studied. In addition, a test was carried out in order to (4) characterize strawberry color and its changes during storage sufficiently with one value. Color has a big impact on a consumer's decision to buy strawberry nectars as well as strawberry jam. Neither gender nor age or consumption habits of consumers had a significant impact on color acceptance. For color assessment, an “acceptance factor” (AF) was calculated from colorimetric data that provides processors the prediction of color quality of nectars from puree. Nectars with an AF lower than 0.4 were not accepted, whereas nectars with an AF higher than about 0.7 were described as excellent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results of this study show the first time that it is possible to characterize the color of strawberry products by means of the calculation of an “acceptance factor” (AF = a*/h), and to predict whether the color will be accepted from the consumers or not (excellent [AF > 0.7], acceptable [AF > 0.4] or not acceptable [AF < 0.4]). This data could be used as basis for the production of new strawberry nectars (containing colorants) and the assessment for the stability and shelf life of strawberry products from puree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are classical examples for high levels of genetic diversity and non-neutral evolution. This is particularly true for the regions containing the antigen-binding sites as, for instance, in the exon 2 of the MHC class II gene DRB. We surveyed, for the first time in the order Chiroptera, the genetic diversity within this exon in the sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata. We detected 11 alleles among 85 bats, of which 79 were sampled in one population. Pairwise comparisons revealed that interallelic sequence differences ranged between 3 and 22%, although nucleotide substitutions were not evenly distributed along the exon sequence. This was most probably the result of intragenic recombination. High levels of sequence divergence and significantly more nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions (dN/dS>1) suggest long-term balancing selection. Thus, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that recombination gives rise to new alleles at the DRB locus of the sac-winged bat, and these are maintained in the population through balancing selection. In this respect, the sac-winged bat closely resembles other mammalian species.Heredity (2007) 99, 257–264; doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800989; published online 23 May 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Drift diffusion phenomena limits the subthreshold slope of conventional MOSFET to 60mV/dec at room temperature. This paper deals with a new type of device, the Impact Ionization MOS (IMOS), which exhibits subthreshold slopes down to a few mV/dec. The electrical results of the fabricated IMOS are analysed and the scalability of this device is investigated thanks to TCAD simulations. The scaling of the dimensions allows a drastic reduction of the supply voltage and higher ON currents, but nanometer-large IMOS exhibit higher OFF current too due to Band-to-Band Tunnelling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Increased efforts have been undertaken by manufacturers to reveal the secrets of material odors, the structure of the odorants responsible, with regard to finding out the source(s) of odor and possible starting points for odor reduction, and therewith product improvement, increased consumer satisfaction and improved indoor air quality. The identification of odor-active compounds in materials by means of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O, also called GC-sniffing), performed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP) during the previous years, showed surprising similarities between certain odorants found in materials and those previously identified in certain kinds of food. Examples of important odorants found in different material samples and similarities with food odorants were analyzed. Odorant sources are indicated as regards materials, and possible conditions and mechanisms of formation suggested to show starting points for odor reduction and odor improvement in material development. Practical Implications If technical materials are planned to be used indoors and if they spread a distinct odor, the analysis of the compounds contained and emitted by this material using gas chromatography–olfactometry is a means to help reveal the compounds being responsible for that odor. The exact knowledge of the structure of the odorants is the prerequisite for drawing conclusions on possible sources and formation mechanisms and to reveal starting points for odor reduction and product improvement, e.g. by changing ingredients or production conditions. This contributes to an improvement of indoor air quality. Furthermore, quite often the concentrations of certain single odorants found in materials can be very low and the same odorants can be part of other well-known food flavors. This information might be useful to reduce consumers’ fears of a possible impairment of their health in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of different forms of training and testing in sports and therapy has traditionally been debated by various groups. Especially, the use of so-called open and closed kinetic chain exercises has frequently been a focal point.Scientific studies have indicated that no specific form of exercise and/or training has any particular advantage over the other. This applies to both assessment of efficiency, consideration of compression and shear forces, muscular activity and the extent of co-contractions. Unlike the broadly-applied non-specific and uncritical assessment of open and closed kinetic chain exercises, a specific application using the advantages of both procedures must be considered due to clinical, therapeutic and training-physiological aspects. Specificity refers to the training of either an isolated joint-muscle unit (arthron) or a system (group) of joints and muscles.Considering the original definitions and past misinterpretations, it appears logical to emphasize the role of physiological mechanisms operating in each form of training and testing. Therefore, the use of the term: single-joint (SJ) or multi-joint (MJ) training, is recommended since this would best reflect the area of application, according to a recent consensus expressed by EISCSA.Consequently, SJ and MJ exercises should be applied both in isolation and in combination as indicated by the principles of specificity. On the other hand, continuous use of the terms open and closed kinetic chain exercises is confusing, erroneous, leads to polarizing discussions and should hence be relegated to the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of different forms of training and testing in sports and therapy has traditionally been debated by various groups. Especially, the use of so-called open and closed kinetic chain exercises has frequently been a focal point. Scientific studies have indicated that no specific form of exercise and/or training has any particular advantage over the other. This applies to both assessment of efficiency, consideration of compression and shear forces, muscular activity and the extent of co-contractions. Unlike the broadly-applied non-specific and uncritical assessment of open and closed kinetic chain exercises, a specific application using the advantages of both procedures must be considered due to clinical, therapeutic and training-physiological aspects. Specificity refers to the training of either an isolated joint-muscle unit (arthron) or a system (group) of joints and muscles. Considering the original definitions and past misinterpretations, it appears logical to emphasize the role of physiological mechanisms operating in each form of training and testing. Therefore, the use of the term: single-joint (SJ) or multi-joint (MJ) training, is recommended since this would best reflect the area of application, according to a recent consensus expressed by EISCSA. Consequently, SJ and MJ exercises should be applied both in isolation and in combination as indicated by the principles of specificity. On the other hand, continuous use of the terms open and closed kinetic chain exercises is confusing, erroneous, leads to polarizing discussions and should hence be relegated to the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-based chemotherapy is the main treatment element to achieve cure for patients with metastatic germ cell tumours. Drug resistance in testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) is rare and the reasons are not fully understood. While recent investigations have indicated decreased efficacy of chemotherapy in several tumour types under hypoxic conditions, this aspect has not been investigated in TGCTs so far. Furthermore, for cisplatin - the most active drug in this disease - controversial effects of hypoxia on cytotoxic efficacy have been reported. The relative efficacy of cytotoxic agents for the treatment of TGCT patients was studied in three different cell lines derived from human embryonal carcinomas (EC) in an in vitro hypoxia model. NT2, 2102 EP, and NCCIT were tested for their sensitivity towards cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, 4-OOH-ifosfamide, carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and mitomycin C under normoxic and hypoxic conditions using the MTT assay. Inhibitory concentrations IC50 of the tested agents under both conditions were compared. Selected results were confirmed by flow-cytometric assessment of the apoptotic index. In all cells, doubling times were prolonged in hypoxia (NT2

Not only eukaryotes, but also prokaryotes possess a cytoskeleton. Tubulin-related bacterial protein FtsZ, and actin-related bacterial proteins MreB/Mbl have recently been described as constituents of bacterial cytoskeletons. Genes coding for MreB/Mbl could only be found in elongated bacteria, not in coccoid forms. It was speculated that constituents of today''s eukaryotic cytoskeleton (tubulin, actin) may have evolved from prokaryotic precursor proteins closely related to today''s bacterial proteins FtsZ and MreB/Mbl.Prior to the description of proteins MreB/Mbl, evidence had been obtained for the existence of a shape-preserving cytoskeleton ubiquitously present in all bacteria. In the meantime, structural studies allow to speculate on a possible role of bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) as a structural element in such a “cytoskeletal web”. EF-Tu was long known to form fibrillar structures in vitro; now experimental data accumulate, pointing towards formation of intracellular protofilaments containing EF-Tu, and networks thereof as well. In addition, results of these structural studies suggest a so far unknown mode of complex formation of EF-Tu with active ribosomes: ribosomes/polysomes were seen to be attached to intracellular protofilaments. Implications for the understanding of EF-Tu—ribosome interaction, and a role of such a kind of putative protofilaments as a general site of attachment for cellular functional macromolecules are discussed. The notion is discussed that an EF-Tu-containing cytoskeletal web might have been the “primary” or “basic” kind of prokaryotic cytoskeleton, already in existence prior to the “invention” of precursors of today''s MreB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In a previous study, balance training yielded a gain in strength in middle-aged men and women. However, whether such training can yield positive results in highly conditioned athletes has not been addressed. A group of 10 male and 10 female judokas volunteered for a 6-week balance training on rolling boards, pegtops, soft mats and large rubber balls 3 times per week. Pre- and post training of two-legged balance was measured on a stabilometer, one-legged standing time on a narrow rim and bilateral isokinetic strength at 60 degrees/s concentric and eccentric modes, 120 degrees/s concentric mode and isometrically for the knee extensors and flexors. Except for concentric movement at 60 degrees/s in women, significant improvements in strength were indicated. It is therefore concluded that balance training may be useful for both male and female judokas for increasing strength and balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicting phylogenetic signals of two data sets that analyse different portions of the same molecule are unexpected and require an explanation. In the present paper we test whether (i) differential evolution of two mitochondrial genes or (ii) cryptic diversity can better explain conflicting results of two recently published molecular phylogenies on the same set of species of long-eared bats (genus Plecotus). We sequenced 1714 bp of three mitochondrial regions (16S, ND1, and D-loop) of 35 Plecotus populations from 10 European countries. A likelihood ratio test revealed congruent phylogenetic signals of the three data partitions. Our phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the existence of a previously undetected Plecotus lineage caused the incongruities of previous studies. This lineage is differentiated on the species level and lives in sympatry with its sister lineage, Plecotus auritus, in Switzerland and Northern Italy. A molecular clock indicates that all European Plecotus species are of mid or late Pliocene origin. Plecotus indet. was previously described as an intergrade between P. auritus and Plecotus austriacus since it shares morphological characters with both. It is currently known from elevations above 800 m a.s.l. in the Alps, the Dinarian Alps and the Pindos mountains in Greece. Since we could demonstrate that incongruities of two molecular analyses simply arose from the mis-identification of one lineage, we conclude that molecular phylogenetic analyses do not free systematists from a thorough inclusion of morphological and ecological data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Maternity colonies of the communally breeding, nonmigratory Bechstein's bat consist of closely related females that live together with unrelated females, and average colony relatedness is low despite the absence of immigration. We compared the genetic structure of both nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellites in order to quantify sex-specific dispersal rates. More specifically, we aimed at testing whether male dispersal is able to balance the genetic effect of strong (absolute) female philopatry. Absolute female philopatry, indicated by an extreme mitochondrial DNA population differentiation of 96%, was indeed opposed by strong (possibly complete) male dispersal. Based on our knowledge of the biology of Myotis bechsteinii , we conclude that inbreeding avoidance is likely to be the crucial factor driving male dispersal in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscular balance appears to be decisive for dynamic shoulder stability, since passive stabilizers do not take effect until the end of range of motion in order to not limit joint mobility. Changes in strength relationships are frequently viewed as one of the causes of shoulder pathologies. However, objective quantification of reciprocal strength relationships is difficult. In particular, the influence of movement velocity on the strength ratios during the test has not been clarified. Determination of the strength relationships of reciprocal muscle groups (quotient of maximum torques) was performed on a total of 166 untrained men (M) and 83 untrained women (F) for extension/flexion, abduction/adduction and rotation movements of the shoulder. Moreover, differentiation was made by various working modes and movement velocities (isometric at various angle positions, concentric at 60°/s and 180°/s, eccentric at 60°/s and 120°/s). The results show a decreasing order of strength relationships: Abduction/Adduction > Flexion/Extension > External/Internal rotation. In spite of marked differences in absolute values, no differences were noted among the contraction modes (isometric, concentric, eccentric) or movement velocities (p>0.05). A slightly reduced ratio of rotational movements in concentric mode was the only conspicuous finding. Unlike isokinetically-determined absolute torque values, a relevant velocity-dependence must not be expected with respect to reciprocal strength relationships of the shoulder muscles. A different (neuro)-muscular structure of the muscle groups involved with a corresponding effect on the strength-performance ratio thus does not appear to be present or cannot be detected in isokinetic tests. However, further research is warranted regarding the effect of the various associated factors (e.g. stabilization) on the reliability and validity of isokinetic findings relating to this specific joint-muscles system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscular balance appears to be decisive for dynamic shoulder stability, since passive stabilizers do not take effect until the end of range of motion in order to not limit joint mobility. Changes in strength relationships are frequently viewed as one of the causes of shoulder pathologies. However, objective quantification of reciprocal strength relationships is difficult. In particular, the influence of movement velocity on the strength ratios during the test has not been clarified.Determination of the strength relationships of reciprocal muscle groups (quotient of maximum torques) was performed on a total of 166 untrained men (M) and 83 untrained women (F) for extension/flexion, abduction/adduction and rotation movements of the shoulder. Moreover, differentiation was made by various working modes and movement velocities (isometric at various angle positions, concentric at 60 degrees/s and 180 degrees/s, eccentric at 60 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s).The results show a decreasing order of strength relationships: Abduction/Adduction > Flexion/Extension > External/Internal rotation. In spite of marked differences in absolute values, no differences were noted among the contraction modes (isometric, concentric, eccentric) or movement velocities (p>0.05). A slightly reduced ratio of rotational movements in concentric mode was the only conspicuous finding.Unlike isokinetically-determined absolute torque values, a relevant velocity-dependence must not be expected with respect to reciprocal strength relationships of the shoulder muscles. A different (neuro)-muscular structure of the muscle groups involved with a corresponding effect on the strength-performance ratio thus does not appear to be present or cannot be detected in isokinetic tests. However, further research is warranted regarding the effect of the various associated factors (e.g. stabilization) on the reliability and validity of isokinetic findings relating to this specific joint-muscles system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction of 'muscular imbalances' is assumed to be important in therapy of shoulder pathologies and muscular strengthening. However, it is not clear how these imbalances should be defined and the extent to which conclusions can be drawn, relevant to therapy and training.Statements on physiological strength ratios and deviations from these are only possible using a valid and reliable measurement. Isokinetic shoulder strength measurements can be considered validly isokinetic up to 180 degrees/s. Differentiation between the various types of work and movements is reliable within a test-retest variability of 15--20%. The maximum torque serves as a reliable parameter and additional information is obtained by determination of local muscle fatigue.In this context, important considerations are the test method and especially positioning and fixation. However, the direct application of isokinetically determined strength values in training and rehabilitation is only possible when the exercise position agrees with the position during measurement. This is usually not the case. Since isokinetic movements are rarely if ever encountered in everyday living or sports, data obtained by these methods can hardly be used for training management and should mainly be used as a therapy control.Adequately reliable data on the strength ratio of shoulder movements can be obtained within narrow limits by isokinetic strength measurements. However, in spite of critical assessment of the methods, it is recommended that isokinetic measurements should be uniformly performed in accordance with the queries in order to guarantee comparability and interpretation. In addition stress in everyday living and sports lead to specific changes which should always be interpreted on the basis of method-specific criteria and exercise-specific movements. Taking functional-anatomical and methodical considerations into account, isokinetic measurements deliver valuable information for training and therapy within the framework of medically and scientifically founded strength diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction of ``muscular imbalances'' is assumed to be important in therapy of shoulder pathologies and muscular strengthening. However, it is not clear how these imbalances should be defined and the extent to which conclusions can be drawn, relevant to therapy and training.Statements on physiological strength ratios and deviations from these are only possible using a valid and reliable measurement. Isokinetic shoulder strength measurements can be considered validly isokinetic up to 180 In this context, important considerations are the test method and especially positioning and fixation. However, the direct application of isokinetically determined strength values in training and rehabilitation is only possible when the exercise position agrees with the position during measurement. This is usually not the case. Since isokinetic movements are rarely if ever encountered in everyday living or sports, data obtained by these methods can hardly be used for training management and should mainly be used as a therapy control.Adequately reliable data on the strength ratio of shoulder movements can be obtained within narrow limits by isokinetic strength measurements. However, in spite of critical assessment of the methods, it is recommended that isokinetic measurements should be uniformly performed in accordance with the queries in order to guarantee comparability and interpretation. In addition stress in everyday living and sports lead to specific changes which should always be interpreted on the basis of method-specific criteria and exercise-specific movements. Taking functional-anatomical and methodical considerations into account, isokinetic measurements deliver valuable information for training and therapy within the framework of medically and scientifically founded strength diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizes the polymorphic microsatellite loci in vespertilionid bats isolated from the noctule bat Nyctalus noctula. Genetic diversity observations; Genetic structure; Levels of heterozygosities; Genetic polymorphisms identified.

This article discusses the role of psychology in how environmental questions about global warming and survival are framed. According to the authors, our perception of the degree of interconnectedness with others and with nature determines our actions. They argue that decades of environmental education and information campaigns have generally failed to induce people to act in more environmentally friendly ways when based solely on knowledge. They suggest that environmental science and psychology work together to understand how human systems can live in harmony with environmental systems.

Introduction: Immunosuppressive conditions and/or preoperative corticosteroid treatment have a negative influence on wound healing and can, therefore, lead to higher rates of surgical site infections (SSIs) and seromas. For inguinal hernia, no such studies have been carried out to date.Methods: In an analysis of data from the Herniamed Registry, 2312 of 142,488 (1.6%) patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia repair had an anamnestic history of an immunosuppressive condition and/or preoperative corticosteroid treatment. Using propensity score matching, 2297 (99.4%) pairs with comparative patient characteristics were formed. These were then compared using the following primary outcome criteria: intra- and postoperative complications, complication-related reoperations, recurrence at one-year follow-up, pain on exertion, pain at rest, and chronic pain requiring treatment at one-year follow-up. Of the 2297 matched pairs with primary unilateral inguinal hernia repair, 82.76% were male patients. 1010 (44.0%) were operated in laparo-endoscopic techniques (TEP, TAPP), 1225 (53.3%) in open techniques (Bassini, Shouldice, Lichtenstein, Plug, TIP, Gilbert, Desarda), and 62 (2.7%) in other techniques.Results: The matched pair analysis results did not identify any disadvantage in terms of the outcome criteria for patients with an anamnestic history of immunosuppressive condition and/or preoperative corticosteroid treatment (yes vs no). In particular, no disadvantage was noted in the rate of surgical site infections (0.65% vs 0.70%; ns) or seromas (1.22% vs 1.57%; ns). The overall rates of postoperative complications were 3.40% vs 4.31% (p = ns) (plus 0.22% concordant events in five matched pairs).Conclusion: In primary unilateral inguinal hernia surgery, an immunosuppressive condition and/or preoperative corticosteroid treatment does not appear to have a negative influence on wound complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: How best to treat a small (< 2 cm) umbilical hernia continues to be the subject of controversial debate. The recently published guidelines for treatment of umbilical hernias from the European Hernia Society and Americas Hernia Society recommend open mesh repair for defects ≥ 1 cm. Since the quality of evidence is limited for hernias with defect sizes smaller than 1 cm, suture repair can be considered. To date, little is known about the potential influencing factors on the outcome in small (< 2 cm) umbilical hernia repair. This multivariable analysis of data from the Herniamed Registry now aims to assess these factors. Methods: The data of patients with primary elective umbilical hernia repair and defect size < 2 cm entered into the Herniamed Registry from September 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 were analyzed to assess through multivariable analysis all confirmatory pre-defined potential influencing factors on the primary outcome criteria intraoperative and postoperative complications, general complications, complication-related reoperations, recurrence rate and rates of pain at rest, pain on exertion and chronic pain requiring treatment at 1-year follow-up. Results: 31,965 patients (60%) met the inclusion criteria. The proportion of suture repairs was 78.6% (n = 25,119), of open mesh repairs 15.2% (n = 4853), and of laparoscopic mesh repairs 6.2% (n = 1993). Compared with open mesh repair, suture repair had a highly significantly unfavorable association with the recurrence rate (OR = 1.956 [1.463; 2.614]; p < 0.001). Female gender also had an unfavorable relation to the recurrence rate (OR = 1.644 [1.385; 1.952]; p < 0.001). Compared with open mesh repair, open suture repair had a highly significantly favorable association with the rate of postoperative complications (OR = 0.583 [0.484; 0.702]; p < 0.001) and complication-related reoperations (OR = 0.567 [0.397; 0.810]; p = 0.002).While laparoscopic IPOM showed a favorable relationship with the postoperative complications and complication-related reoperations, it demonstrated an unfavorable association with the intraoperative complications, general complications, recurrence rate and pain rates. Conclusion: Suture repair continues to be used for 78% of umbilical hernias with a defect < 2 cm. While suture repair has a favorable influence on the rates of postoperative complications and complication-related reoperations, it has a higher risk of recurrence. Female gender also has an unfavorable influence on the recurrence rate. Laparoscopic IPOM appears to be indicated only in settings of obesity (BMI ≥ 30). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is an increasingly controversial debate about the best possible incisional hernia repair technique. Despite the good outcomes of laparoscopic IPOM, concerns about the intraperitoneal mesh placement and its potential intraabdominal complications have risen. Against that background, this paper now analyzes changes and trends in incisional hernia repair techniques in the recent decade. Methods: Between 2010 and 2019 a total of 61,627 patients with primary elective incisional hernia repair were enrolled in the Herniamed Registry. The outcome results were assigned to the year of repair and summarized as curves to visualize trends. The explorative Fisher's exact test was used for statistical calculation of significant differences. Since the number of cases entered into the Herniamed Registry for the years 2010–2012 was still relatively small, the years 2013 and 2019 were compared for statistical analysis. Results: In the analyzed time period, the proportion of incisional hernias repaired in open suture technique remained unchanged at about 10%. The proportion of laparoscopic IPOM repairs decreased significantly from 33.8% in 2013 to 21.0% (p < 0.001) in 2019. Conversely, the proportion of open sublay repairs increased significantly from 32.1% in 2013 to 41.4% (p < 0.001) in 2019. Starting in 2015, there has also been the introduction and increasing use (4.5% in 2013 vs. 10.0% in 2019; p < 0.001) of new minimally-invasive techniques with placement of a mesh into the sublay/retromuscular/preperitoneal abdominal wall layer (E/MILOS, eTEP, preperitoneal mesh technique). Conclusion: Analysis of data from the Herniamed Registry shows a significant trend to the disadvantage of the laparoscopic IPOM and to the advantage of the open sublay operation and the new minimally-invasive techniques (E/MILOS, eTEP, preperitoneal mesh technique). Despite all the recommendations in the guidelines, 10% of incisional hernias continue to be treated by means of a suture technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reply to a letter to the editor in response to the article "Age estimation based on pictures and videos presumably showing child or youth pornography" is presented.

Myocardial infarctions go along with biomechanical stress, i.e. stretching of muscle fibres, and the expression of certain marker molecules. We tested if two of those markers, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), can be used as immunohistochemical markers for myocardial ischaemia/infarctions. The study included experiments with an animal model, the isolated perfused Langendorff heart, as well as the investigation of human tissue samples drawn during autopsies. The overall picture of our results showed that GDF-15 is very sensitive and expressed very fast, not only as a consequence of ischaemia/infarctions, but also under other circumstances. Even an expression only caused by agony had to be discussed. ET-1, on the other hand, was less sensitive but only positive in those human cases with ischaemia/infarction that also showed typical alterations in conventional histology. Therefore, both markers did not proof to be a suitable diagnostic tool for myocardial infarctions. However, positive staining for ET-1 was also seen in rats’ hearts that suffered from arrhythmias after electric shock and in the myocardium of the right ventricle in human control cases in which a right heart failure has to be discussed. Thus, especially ET-1 should be subject of further studies that focus on these pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonographically detectable intratendinous blood flow (IBF) is found in 50%–88% of Achilles tendinopathy patients as well as in up to 35% of asymptomatic Achilles tendons (AT). Although IBF is frequently associated with tendon pathology, it may also represent a physiological regulation, for example, due to increased blood flow in response to exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a standardized running exercise protocol on IBF assessed with Doppler ultrasound (DU) “Advanced dynamic flow” in healthy ATs. 10 recreationally active adults (5 f, 5 m; 29±3 years, 1.72±0.12 m, 68±16 kg, physical activity 206±145 minute/wk) with no history of AT pain and inconspicious tendon structure performed 3 treadmill running tasks on separate days (M1‐3) with DU examinations directly before and 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after exercise. At M1, an incremental exercise test was used to determine the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). At M2 and M3, participants performed 30‐ minute submaximal constant load tests (CL1/CL2) with an intensity 5% below IAT. IBF in each tendon was quantified by counting the number of vessels. IBF increased in five ATs from no vessels at baseline to one to four vessels solely detectable 5 minutes after CL1 or CL2. One AT had persisting IBF (three vessels) throughout all examinations. Fourteen ATs revealed no IBF at all. Prolonged running led to a physiological, temporary appearance of IBF in 25% of asymptomatic ATs. To avoid exercise‐induced IBF in clinical practice, DU examinations should be performed after 30 minutes of rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a third-party funded project, expert opinions according to the Istanbul Protocol (IP) standards were compiled in Germany on a larger scale for the first time. The assessment process was initiated for 130 project participants. Statistical analysis on numerous variables was performed to test the impact of the expert opinions, foremost of the forensic medical expert opinions, on the individuals' asylum proceedings. The variables were drawn from forensic medical expert opinions and reports of findings, questionnaires for the study participants' counsellors in the project and a query on the asylum status of the study participants. Regression analysis and bivariate analysis on two dependent variables—subjective impact on the asylum procedure from the counsellors' point of view and objective change in the asylum status—were performed to test for an influence on asylum procedures. No statistically significant results were obtained for the objective change of the study participants' asylum status. For the subjective dependent variable, a positive prediction was possible when simultaneously controlling for the independent variables introduction of a forensic medical expert opinion and highest IP grade; a negative prediction was possible when simultaneously controlling for the independent variables introduction of a forensic medical expert opinion and use of IP grading. Apart from the statistical analysis, a positive effect of the assessment on the psychosocial well-being of the study participants could be demonstrated. The results differed from other European studies which demonstrated a correlation between the objective outcome of an asylum procedure (asylum status) and, for example, specific types of violence or the number of documented injuries. Differences also occurred in the use of the plausibility grades proposed by the IP, which questions their use in cases in which the reported torture happened a relevant time ago. Therefore, compiling individually worded evaluations instead of using the IP grading system—if possible, by an experienced forensic physician—is recommended in this scenario. Still, the assessment of alleged torture experiences should follow the IP guidelines, since psychological assessments are of especially high importance in cases with healed physical injuries and since the results also demonstrated a positive effect on the psychosocial well-being of the study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inguinal hernia operations represent the most frequent operations overall with 300,000 interventions annually in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (DACH region). Despite the announced political willingness and the increasing pressure from the legislator to avoid costly inpatient treatment by carrying out as many outpatient operations as possible, outpatient treatment has so far played a subordinate role in the DACH region. The Boards of the specialist societies the German Hernia Society (DHG), the Surgical Working Group Hernia (CAH of the DHG), the Austrian Hernia Society (ÖHG) and the Swiss Working Group Hernia Surgery (SAHC) make inroads into this problem, describe the initial position and assess the current situation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic efficacy of non-surgical treatment strategies in Achilles tendinopathy (AT) has not been well clarified. Time-consuming and costly combinations of treatment for pain, physiotherapy and biomechanical procedures are often applied. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the efficacy of single therapeutic regimens commonly used over a short period of 4 weeks. METHODS: 31 male runners (mileage >32 km/week) with unilateral, untreated AT completed 4 weeks of either physiotherapy (10 treatments: deep-friction, pulsed ultrasound, ice, sensory motor training; (P)), wearing custom fit semirigid insoles (I) or remained without treatment (control group C). Before and after treatment, all patients underwent a treadmill test and a plantar flexion strength exercise. Subjective pain (Pain Disability Index, Pain Experience Scale), as well as strength performance capacity (peak torque), was analysed (mean, 95% CI, repeated measures analysis of variance, alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Pain was reduced to <50% of the baseline value after physiotherapy or after wearing insoles (p<0.05). Individual pain reduction was >50% (25%) in 89% (100%) of subjects in I and 55% (73%) in P. Higher eccentric plantar flexion peak torques after treatment were observed in I and P. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with AT experience a reduction in pain after only 4 weeks of differentiated, non-surgical treatment consisting of physiotherapy or semirigid insoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Groin hernia repair is performed increasingly more often as an outpatient procedure across the world. However, the rates are extremely different and vary between below 10% and above 90%. The outpatient procedure appears to negatively impact the proportion of laparo-endoscopic repairs. To date, only very few studies have compared inpatient vs outpatient groin hernia repair. Methods: All outpatient and inpatient primary elective unilateral groin hernia repairs performed between 2010 and 2019 were identified in the Herniamed Registry and their treatment and outcomes compared. Results: The 737 participating hospitals/surgeons performed a total of 342,072 primary elective unilateral groin hernia repairs from 2010 to 2019. The proportion of outpatient repairs was 20.2% in 2013 and 14.3% in 2019. Whereas the proportion of laparo-endoscopic repairs among the inpatient cases was 71.9% in 2019, the last year for which data are available, it was only 34.3%.for outpatient repairs. In outpatient groin hernia repairs, the rates of patients aged ≥ 60 years, with ASA score III and IV and risk factors were highly significantly lower. Given this rigorous patient selection for outpatient groin hernia repair, a more favorable perioperative outcome was achieved. At 1-year follow-up there were no significant differences in the pain and recurrence rates. Conclusion: With an appropriate patient selection, outpatient primary elective unilateral groin hernia repair can be performed with acceptable risks and good outcomes. Since to date no studies have compared inpatient vs outpatient groin hernia repair, the impact of a higher rate of outpatient groin hernia repair cannot currently be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]