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Background: In England, court‐based mental health liaison and diversion (L&D) services work across courts and police stations to support those with severe mental illness and other vulnerabilities. However, the evidence around how such services support those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) is limited. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate, through the lens of court and clinical staff, the introduction of a L&D service for defendants with NDs, designed to complement the existing L&D service. Methods: A realist evaluation was undertaken involving multiple agencies based within an inner‐city Magistrates' Court in London, England. We developed a logic model based on the initial programme theory focusing on component parts of the new enhanced service, specifically training, screening, signposting and interventions. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with the court staff, judiciary and clinicians from the L&D service. Results: The L&D service for defendants with NDs was successful in identifying and supporting the needs of those defendants. Benefits of this service included knowledge sharing, awareness raising and promoting good practice such as making reasonable adjustments. However, there were challenges for the court practitioners and clinicians in finding and accessing local specialist community services. Conclusion: A L&D service developed for defendants with NDs is feasible and beneficial to staff and clinicians who worked in the court setting leading to good practice being in place for the defendants. Going forward, a local care pathway would need to be agreed between commissioners and stakeholders including the judiciary to ensure timely and equitable access to local services by both defendants and practitioners working across diversion services for individuals with NDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is a significant interdisciplinary and international literature available on death, dying and bereavement, literature addressing responses to death is dominated by assumptions about individuality, framing 'bereavement' and 'grief' in terms of the inner psychic life of the individual. Scholarly literature tells us little about how the continuing aftermath of death is experienced in the everyday, relational lives of the living. Inspired by research from Majority Worlds, we consider literature that might enable a more 'relational' sociological approach, and explore what that might involve. We set out the potential for family sociology to provide an intrinsically (if variable) relational lens on the aftermath of death, along with examples of radical relational theorising more generally. We argue for a reframing and broadening of the dominant 'bereavement studies' of Minority Worlds towards a much-needed paradigm shift in understanding the continuing aftermath of death in the lives of the living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a higher prevalence rate in people with intellectual disability compared with their peers without such disability. The classic presentation is that of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, but these symptoms can manifest differently in people with intellectual disability. Despite a higher prevalence, the rate of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in intellectual disability remains low. This article discusses the clinical presentation of ADHD in people with intellectual disability and the relationship between ADHD and other comorbid conditions, such as autism and bipolar disorder. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are discussed from a practical and a clinical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of vulnerable defendants by criminal justice systems or correctional systems varies within and between countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine three legal jurisdictions – New South Wales in Australia; Norway; England and Wales – to understand the extent of variation in practice within the court systems for defendants with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Two of the jurisdictions had a process for screening in place, either in police custody or at court, but this was not universally implemented across each jurisdiction. All three jurisdictions had a process for supporting vulnerable defendants through the legal system. Across the three jurisdictions, there was variation in disposal options from a mandatory care setting to hospital treatment to a custodial sentence for serious offences. This variation requires further international exploration to ensure the rights of defendants with ID or ASC are understood and safeguarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS. Method: The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017. Results: The sample included 7186 males (79.1%) and 1719 females (18.9%), the gender of 183 (2%) were not recorded. Of those referred, 6616 (72.8%) presented with an identifiable mental disorder and 503 (5.5%) with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Significantly higher rates of schizophrenia were reported amongst Black defendants (n = 681; 37.2%) and Asian defendants (n = 315; 29%), while higher rates of depression were found amongst White defendants (n = 1007; 22.1%). Substance misuse was reported amongst 2813 defendants (31%), and alcohol misuse amongst 2111 (23.2%), with significantly high rates of substance and alcohol misuse amongst defendants presenting with schizophrenia or personality disorder. Conclusions: This is one of the largest studies to examine mental health needs and vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to CMHLDS. It will enable an improved understanding of the required service designs and resources required to manage the healthcare pathways for people attending CMHLDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twin themes of "family troubles" and "troubling families" are closely linked, but they are also each distinct in themselves, and nuanced in particular ways. Rooted particularly (but not solely) in our U.K.-based academic experiences, we offer an account of family studies as siloed between a binary of "the mainstream", focused on what may be implicitly understood as "ordinary" family lives, and "the problematic", focused on aspects of family lives that may be of interest to social policy experts, professionals, and practitioners and geared toward interventions of some sort. What has been missing has been sociological attention to the pervasiveness of change and challenges as core for all family lives over time, with such changes sometimes experienced as troubling by family members themselves, and/or seen to be troubling by others such as professionals who saw them as "dysfunctional", or policy makers who saw them as "social problems". Practice and policy-oriented research has thus focused on interventions to "make things better", or to achieve "reforms", for families that are considered to be "problematic". Consequently, what may be described as the "normal troubles" of family lives have been largely neglected. In this article, we explore what is brought into view by focusing on "family troubles" and "troubling families"; we argue that these themes offer fertile ground for opening up new dialogue between these contrasting bodies of work, questioning and crossing boundaries, illuminating taken-for-granted assumptions, and encouraging fresh perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite calls for cross-cultural research, Minority world perspectives still dominate death and bereavement studies, emphasizing individualized emotions and neglecting contextual diversities. In research concerned with contemporary African societies, on the other hand, death and loss are generally subsumed within concerns about AIDS or poverty, with little attention paid to the emotional and personal significance of a death. Here, we draw on interactionist sociology to present major themes from a qualitative study of family deaths in urban Senegal, theoretically framed through the duality of meanings-in-context. Such themes included family and community as support and motivation; religious beliefs and practices as frameworks for solace and (regulatory) meaning; and material circumstances as these are intrinsically bound up with emotions. Although we identify the experience of (embodied, emotional) pain as a common response across Minority and Majority worlds, we also explore significant divergencies, varying according to localized contexts and broader power dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research into neurodevelopmental disorders in adult offenders has tended to be disorder specific, so hindering service planning for a group of offenders with similar vulnerabilities.Aim: To examine vulnerabilities for mental illness and self-harming behaviours among male prisoners screening positive for a range of neurodevelopmental difficulties-including but not confined to disorders of intellectual ability, attention deficit hyperactivity, and in the autistic spectrum.Method: In a cross-sectional study, prisoners who screened positive for neurodevelopmental difficulties were compared to prisoners who screened negative for the same on indicators of suicide-related and self-harm behaviours, mental illness, and substance misuse using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).Results: Of 87 prisoners who screened positive for neurodevelopmental difficulties, 69 had full MINI mental health data. In comparison with 69 neurotypical men in the same prison, the neurodevelopmental difficulties group was significantly more likely to have thought about self-harm and suicide in the last month and to have significantly higher rates of concurrent mental disorders including psychosis, anxiety, depression, personality disorder, and substance dependency disorders.Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to examine the mental health of adults with neurodevelopmental difficulties in a prison setting. This group, unlike those who meet diagnostic threshold, is not routinely considered by mental health or correctional services. The study found prisoners with neurodevelopmental difficulties showed greater vulnerability to mental disorder and thoughts of suicide and suicide-related behaviours than other prisoners. Accordingly, we recommend routine early screening across the criminal justice system for any neurodevelopmental difficulties to inform decision-making on the most appropriate disposal and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it mean to talk of family problems as opposed to individual problems? The use of the word clearly reminds the reader of the relational character of everyday troubles and, more than this, raises particular issues of dependency, mutuality, and obligations. My approach in terms of "family practices" highlights the ways in which everyday actions and reactions continually constitute family life, while the introduction of the term troubling families adds further levels of complexity to do with the boundaries between public and private. I explore these issues through a fictional example (Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy) as well as sociological case material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to contribute to understandings of how children experience family troubles. It considers how children's family troubles are socially situated and interlinked with the resources children and other family members have available and the societal contexts in which they live. Since this is an under researched area, the article aims to understand how bringing together different sources of evidence can illuminate children's perspectives. It first introduces the issue of children's family troubles and then considers how children feel about their families when they experience two globally common but underresearched kinds of family troubles; living in poverty and rejoining their parents following a period of separation in the process of serial migration, where family members migrate consecutively, rather than together. The chapter illuminates commonalities and differences in how children make sense of family troubles in which they are situated, and the relevance of ideas of "family." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with examining the ways in which young women make choices about their family lives and in so doing reproduce traditional unequal gender norms and family practices. In a time when it is (supposedly) increasingly easy to live alternative lives (living apart together, for example), a significant number of young people continue to marry and live together in heteronormative family units. By exploring the narratives produced in interviews with 22 young, heterosexual British women, this article aims to understand why unequal gender norms continue to guide behavior regarding sexuality in relationships, name-changing on marriage, and household divisions of labor. Exploring how decisions are made in a bricolage of reflexive, habitual, and taken-for-granted ways, this article concludes that by piecing together ideas from past and present, constraint is reconfigured as choice in order to provide legitimacy and power over life decisions bounded by gendered expectations and inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditions of impoverishment underlie many family "troubles" and the family is often a site of antipoverty interventions. Feminist scholars have provided a series of trenchant critiques of neoliberal initiatives which purport to tackle familial poverty but have the effect of retraditionalizing gendered divisions of labor, as well as sidelining demands for social and economic justice for women. Taking one article as an in-depth case study, this article considers what happens to "the child" in such feminist critiques. I suggest there is a tendency to posit neoliberal antipoverty initiatives as benign for or even of benefit to children. The unintended consequences are to position impoverished women against impoverished children and to naturalize childhood at the same time as contesting motherhood. In troubling the family in this way, I argue for the productivity of complementing feminist critiques with critically oriented childhood scholarship to better understand the operations and impacts of neoliberal antipoverty initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to trouble the concept of "family" for young people who have been in out-of-home care, by reflecting on the continuing significance (and troubles) of family relationships beyond childhood. The analysis draws on two cross-national studies in Europe: Beyond Contact, which examined policies and systems for work with families of children in care, and Against All Odds?, a qualitative longitudinal study of young adults who have been in care. Policy discourses that reify and instrumentalize the concept of family—for example, through the language of "contact," "reunification," and "permanence"—neglect the complex temporality of "family" for young people who have been in care, negotiated and practiced across time and in multiple (and changing) care contexts, and forming part of complex, dynamic and relational identities, and understandings of "belonging" for young adults who have been in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the methodological complexities of producing emotionally-sensed knowledge about responses to family deaths in urban Senegal. Through engaging in ‘uncomfortable reflexivity’, we critically explore the multiple positionings of the research team comprised of UK, Senegalese and Burkinabé researchers and those of participants in Senegal and interrogate our own cultural assumptions. We explore the emotional labour of the research process from an ethic of care perspective and reflect on how our multiple positionings and emotions influence the production and interpretation of the data, particularly exemplified through our differing responses to diverse meanings of ‘family’ and religious refrains. We show how our approach of ‘uncomfortable reflexivity’ helps to reveal the work of emotions in research, thereby producing ‘emotionally sensed knowledge’ about responses to death and contributing to the cross-cultural study of emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reflects on the profound complexities of translating and interpreting ‘grief’, and emotions and responses to death more broadly, in multilingual, cross-cultural contexts. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in urban Senegal, West Africa, we discuss the exchange of meanings surrounding grief and death through language, including the process of translation, in its broadest sense, between multiple languages (Wolof, French, English). Our experiences demonstrate the crucial importance of involving interpreters and field researchers throughout the research process, to gain fundamental insight into the cultural nuances of indigenous languages and how these are translated and potentially re-framed in the process. We reflect on our iterative process of discussing emerging interpretations with participants in follow-up workshops and with our interpreter. This approach helped shed light on language use surrounding ‘grief’ and how this is bound up with wider socio-cultural norms which make particular emotions surrounding death and experiences/meanings of death and bereavement possible and ‘speak-able’. Our research calls for greater recognition in death and bereavement studies of the cultural specificity of conceptual frameworks developed in minority European socio-linguistic contexts and demonstrates the need for greater engagement with theoretical, empirical and methodological insights gained in diverse cultural contexts in the Majority world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aotearoa New Zealand is a country of just under 5 million people with a diverse population, the main ethnic groups being of European descent and Maori. There are well-developed public and private healthcare systems. As in other countries, Aotearoa New Zealand has closed the large institutions and developed community-based services for people with intellectual disability. Aotearoa New Zealand has specific legislation for people with intellectual disability presenting to the criminal justice system and has unusually and explicitly excluded people with intellectual disability from mental health legislation since 1992. Partly as a result, most health professional training schemes have little focus on issues for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Therefore, one of the main challenges over the coming decade will be to ensure there is a sufficient workforce of psychiatrists and other professionals who have the training and expertise to work with people with intellectual disability requiring mental health and forensic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages with the question of how theorisation of the social construction of childhood can be applied across cultural contexts, taking China and Britain as examples. The paper draws on collaborative dialogue between scholars from the People's Republic of China and Britain, and literatures from both Anglophone and Mandarin sources. It takes forward emergent work on theorising childhood from diverse global perspectives by focusing on the institutionalisation of childhood in these countries, with particular reference to language, conceptualisation and legal frameworks relating to chronological age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with a range of psychiatric disorders. However, making an accurate diagnosis is challenging. It is important to follow a robust and informed process in the assessment of psychopathology that is centred on the individual and their neurodevelopmental difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to provide clinicians with an evidence-based approach to the assessment process for adults with ASD presenting with a possible co-occurrent psychiatric disorder. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the recent literature was undertaken focusing on key papers that describe the assessment of mental health problems in adults with ASD. Findings – The presentation of psychiatric symptoms is influenced by the underlying developmental disorder and it is often quite different from the one of the general population. Thus, it is essential to undertake a comprehensive psychopathological assessment including a diagnostic assessment of ASD. There is a very small evidence base on the use of diagnostic tools in the assessment of adults with ASD. Originality/value – This is a practice review paper applying recent evidence from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore contested meanings around care and relationality through the under-explored case of caring after death, throwing the relational significance of 'bodies' into sharp relief. While the dominant social imaginary and forms of knowledge pro-duction in many affluent western societies take death to signify an absolute loss of the other in the demise of their physical body, important implications follow from recog-nising that embodied relational experience can continue after death. Drawing on a model of embodied relational care encompassing a 'me', a 'you' and an 'us', we argue that after death 'me' and 'us' remain (though changed) while crucial dimensions of 'you' persist too. In unravelling the binary divide between living and dead bodies, other related dichotomies of mind/body, self/other, internal/external, and nature/ social are also called into question, extending debates concerning relationality and openness between living bodies. Through an exploration of autobiographical accounts and empirical research, we argue that embodied relationality expresses how connectedness is lived out after death in material practices and felt experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ireland has become a multicultural society in just over a decade, with non-Irish nationals comprising 12% of the population. The challenge for nurses working in the Irish healthcare system is to provide culturally appropriate care to this diverse population. This paper reports on a qualitative descriptive study exploring nurses' experiences of communicating with people from diverse cultures, and focuses on language barriers and the use of interpreters. The findings indicate that communicating with people who do not share the same first language is challenging, in particular the participants (nurses) were concerned about their ability to make a comprehensive assessment that ultimately forms the basis for quality care provision. The use of interpreters can inform the assessment process, but there are challenges in accessing and utilising these services. Further continuing education is required to promote culturally appropriate care. There is a need for increased discussion between nurses and interpreters to maximise communication with patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central concern of this paper is that there has been a move within British sociology to subsume (or sometimes, even replace) the concept of 'family' within ideas about personal life, intimacy and kinship. It calls attention to what will be lost sight of by this conceptual move: an understanding of the collective whole beyond the aggregation of individuals; the creation of lacunae that will be (partially) filled by other disciplines; and engagement with policy developments and professional practices that focus on 'family' as a core, institutionalized, idea. While repudiating the necessity (and indeed, pointing out the dangers) of providing any definitive answer to definitions of 'family', the paper calls for critical reflection on the implications of these conceptual moves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little information on the mental health needs of adults with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Such evidence is much needed for the development of more effective mental health services for this group. The aim of this study is to compare adults with ID and ASD receiving specialist mental health services with participants without ASD. Data were collected from the anonymized case records of a clinic-based population in South East London. Health and social functioning were measured using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for people with Learning Disability (HoNOS-LD). A review of case records identified 371 service users in receipt of specialist mental health care who were eligible for the study. There were 117 people (32% of the sample) with a clinical diagnosis of ID and ASD. Participants with ASD were younger, more likely to be male, less likely to live independently and had more severe ID than those without ASD. Furthermore, those with ID and ASD were less likely to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder but had significantly higher scores on the HoNOS-LD (indicating lower health and social functioning) than those without ASD. A significant proportion of adults with ID who are in receipt of specialist mental health services also have a clinical diagnosis of ASD. This group has different mental health needs compared with those without ASD. The authors note the need for a more personalized approach to service delivery with a focus on improving social functioning and behavioral impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a qualitative study in which people with intellectual disabilities (learning disabilities in the UK) living in residential homes were asked to describe family life and loss. Interviews with eight such individuals revealed the significance of their family lives, and how their grief at the loss of a parent is compounded by disruptions in familial networks and living arrangements. In such situations, this article concludes that personal plans should include the opportunity for people with an intellectual disability to express their grief to help them cope with their bereavement and loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a qualitative study in which people with intellectual disabilities (learning disabilities in the UK) living in residential homes were asked to describe family life and loss. Interviews with eight such individuals revealed the significance of their family lives, and how their grief at the loss of a parent is compounded by disruptions in familial networks and living arrangements. In such situations, this article concludes that personal plans should include the opportunity for people with an intellectual disability to express their grief to help them cope with their bereavement and loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the notion of 'family' to consider how it may be understood in people's everyday lives. Certain recurrent and powerful motifs are apparent, notably themes of togetherness and belonging, in the context of a unit that the person can be 'part of'. At the same time, there may be important variations in the meanings given to individuality and family, evoking differing understandings of the self and personhood. I consider these ideas further through globally relevant but variable cultural themes of autonomy and relationality, suggesting the term 'social person' as a heuristic device to distinguish the sense of 'close-knit selves' that may be involved in some understandings of personhood. I argue that this version of personhood may be powerfully expressed through 'family' meanings, with a significance which can be at least provisionally mapped along lines of inequality and disadvantage within and between societies around the world. These forms of connectedness may be hard to grasp through those theoretical and methodological frameworks which emphasize the (relational) individual. I argue that, in affluent English speaking societies,1 there may be little alternative to the language of 'family' for expressing such forms of relationality and connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oenococcus oeni, a member of the lactic acid bacteria, is one of a limited number of microorganisms that not only survive, but actively proliferate in wine. It is also unusual as, unlike the majority of bacteria present in wine, it is beneficial to wine quality rather than causing spoilage. These benefits are realised primarily through catalysing malolactic fermentation, but also through imparting other positive sensory properties. However, many of these industrially-important secondary attributes have been shown to be strain-dependent and their genetic basis it yet to be determined. Results: In order to investigate the scale and scope of genetic variation in O. oeni, we have performed whole-genome sequencing on eleven strains of this bacterium, bringing the total number of strains for which genome sequences are available to fourteen. While any single strain of O. oeni was shown to contain around 1800 protein-coding genes, in-depth comparative annotation based on genomic synteny and protein orthology identified over 2800 orthologous open reading frames that comprise the pan genome of this species, and less than 1200 genes that make up the conserved genomic core present in all of the strains. The expansion of the pan genome relative to the coding potential of individual strains was shown to be due to the varied presence and location of multiple distinct bacteriophage sequences and also in various metabolic functions with potential impacts on the industrial performance of this species, including cell wall exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, sugar transport and utilisation and amino acid biosynthesis. Conclusions: By providing a large cohort of sequenced strains, this study provides a broad insight into the genetic variation present within O. oeni. This data is vital to understanding and harnessing the phenotypic variation present in this economically-important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oenococcus kitaharae is only the second member of the genus Oenococcus to be identified and is the closest relative of the industrially important wine bacterium Oenococcus oeni. To provide insight into this new species, the genome of the type strain of O. kitaharae, DSM 17330, was sequenced. Comparison of the sequenced genomes of both species show that the genome of O. kitaharae DSM 17330 contains many genes with predicted functions in cellular defence (bacteriocins, antimicrobials, restriction-modification systems and a CRISPR locus) which are lacking in O. oeni. The two genomes also appear to differentially encode several metabolic pathways associated with amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate utilization and which have direct phenotypic consequences. This would indicate that the two species have evolved different survival techniques to suit their particular environmental niches. O. oeni has adapted to survive in the harsh, but predictable, environment of wine that provides very few competitive species. However O. kitaharae appears to have adapted to a growth environment in which biological competition provides a significant selective pressure by accumulating biological defence molecules, such as bacteriocins and restriction-modification systems, throughout its genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report highlights the complex factors in prescribing psychotropic medication for people with intellectual disability with significant co-morbid physical and mental health problems. The case study is of a young man with a mitochondrial disorder, secondary sensory impairments, mild intellectual disability, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder who developed a psychotic illness. The report focuses on the use of psychotropic medication in this man and discusses the issues regarding psychotropic medication that need to be considered with service users and their carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore whether people with intellectual disability from ethnic minority groups have higher rates of mental health problems and access different care pathways than their White counterparts. Clinical and socio-demographic data were collected for 806 consecutive new referrals to a specialist mental health service for people with intellectual disabilities in South London. Referrals were grouped according to their ethnic origin. The analyses showed that there was an over-representation of referrals from ethnic minority groups with diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. In addition, Black participants were more likely to have an autistic spectrum disorder. Referrals of ethnic minority groups were considerably younger than White referrals, and less likely to be in supported residences. The results are discussed in the context of cultural and familial factors in particular ethnic groups that may play an important role in accessing and using mental health services. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between challenging behavior and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) (N =124) as compared to adults with ID only (N =562). All participants were first time referrals to specialist mental health services and were living in community settings. Clinical diagnoses were based on ICD-10 criteria and presence of challenging behavior was assessed with the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS-B). The analyses showed that ASD diagnosis was significantly associated with male gender, younger age and lower level of ID. Challenging behavior was about four times more likely in adults with ASD as compared to non-ASD adults. In those with challenging behavior, there were significant differences in co-morbid psychopathology between ASD and non-ASD adults. However, after controlling for level of ID, gender and age, there was no association between co-morbid psychopathology and presence of challenging behavior. Overall, the results suggest that presence of challenging behavior is independent from co-morbid psychopathology in adults with ID and ASD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Experience of significant bereavement is reported by the majority of young people in contemporary western societies, but it receives little attention from mainstream services or academics, and this marginality is paralleled in young people's everyday bereavement experiences. Existing academic and professional work concerned with children and young people's experiences of bereavement largely centres on cognitive understandings of death, and individual intra-psychic processes and responses in the context of relevant 'developmental tasks'. And yet some writers suggest that the key feature of young people's experiences of bereavement is their relative powerlessness, rather than any particularities of cognition or affective responses. At the same time, the meanings that young people themselves attribute to their experiences may be crucial to any explanations of 'risk' for negative 'outcomes' that may be associated with bereavement. Furthermore, as exemplified by new case studies discussed in the paper, it is clear that young people are active agents in their family and peer group contexts. This article offers a discussion of bereavement in the context of 'youth' as a relational and institutionalised social status, and explores some theoretical issues potentially raised by the themes of death and bereavement in the context of youth studies generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom management presents a serious challenge in most schools, but especially in schools on a Navajo Reservation that have been traditionally academically low-performing schools. There appears to be a mismatch between the attitudes, skills, and behaviors Navajo children bring with them to school and the expectations schools have for their behavior. This becomes especially evident at the middle-school level as peer pressure reaches its zenith, often leading to off-task behavior that can impact instructional effectiveness and have long-term effects on student success in life. This article explores the cultural context of a Navajo middle school and the managerial interventions applied by faculty, staff, and administrators who employed a rigorous inquiry process to identify the specific challenges before jumping to solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of interviews from related individuals has become increasingly common in social research. This is particularly apparent in the area of family sociology, which has previously been criticized for relying on research of family lives based solely on interviews with mothers. Obtaining such accounts can raise postmodern ontological and epistemological themes of multiple perspectives and multiple realities, but there has been little explicit discussion of how to tackle the analysis of such related interviews. This paper explores approaches to the analysis of interviews with nine individuals drawn from three case study 'families'. An ideal typical categorization of possible approaches is developed, based on the cross-cutting themes of (1) degree of similarity/divergence, and (2) an objectivist/ interpretationist ontology. The powerful role of the researcher's 'bird's eye view' is highlighted, involving the active interpretation of both disagreements and agreements between related interviews. A major feature of these approaches is the complexity of the data generated and the time involved in the analysis. Such analytic choices yield different forms of knowledge and lead us to 'see' varying patterns and themes according to the focus we take, whether we reveal the possibility of 'family cultures', the relevance of standpoint differences around gender and generation, or wider structural issues of class and ethnicity. Within individual accounts we can see how these different aspects are interwoven in particular histories. How we represent such complexities and tensions between related accounts is a further choice, which may depend upon the audience and purposes involved. Even where we choose to weave the threads into one apparently coherent overall story, we argue for openess and reflexivity concerning the difficult analytic choices that underlie such a production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the integration of probability concepts in mathematics for elementary students in the United States. Introduction on the attribute set; Probability involving two attributes; Advantage of student on curriculum integration.

In a recent article in Sociology, Joe Bailey maps out some important recent developments in sociological theorising, which he represents as 'the private'. In this he seeks to use 'the private' for one particular sociological purpose, but may be in danger of obscuring other purposes that may also be important. In his discussions he largely neglects the considerable body of feminist literature around public and private, drawing very heavily instead on recent writings by some prominent male sociological theorists. Most significantly, he subsumes family life within his category of intimacy, but this may obliterate some ideas about 'families'. Furthermore, parent-child relationships are about a great deal more than intimacy, not least because there are real issues of power involved. Our own concerns with the concepts of public and private have been to illuminate different ways of being that are associated with different sorts of social spaces. We outline four main tensions that may become overlaid to create extensive differences in ways of being, including a tension around differing understandings of the individual. In particular, we point out the significance of childhood and children in these tensions around public and private social spaces, and their associated practices and orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family lives are an area where people's moral identities are crucially at stake. Yet the significance of dependent children to the work needed to sustain morally adequate adult identities is largely overlooked. Furthermore, the particular situation of divorce or separation and repartnering where children are involved is fundamentally relevant to current sociological debates about the changing nature of marriage and family life. Notions of the pursuit of self-development and couple intimacy clash and create tensions with notions of duty or responsibility to children's needs. Drawing on a study of parents and step-parents, we consider how interviewees' moral understandings were fundamentally shaped by social constructions of the Child and the Adult. Importantly, the presence of dependent children led to an overall key moral imperative concerning the requirement for responsible adults to put the needs of children first. There were, however, strong gender dimensions in the ways in which this moral imperative was played out, and in some tensions with an alternative, but secondary, moral ethic of care of self. We discuss the significance of the Child/Adult construction in relation to theories about the nature of contemporary family obligations and of contemporary morality more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) may present as neuropsychiatric problems as well as impairments of motor, cognitive, social and communication functioning. This study describes the introduction of a specialist service with expertise in NDD into an existing court mental health liaison and diversion service to determine if the service would impact on the health needs or disposal outcomes of defendants.Methods: We examined referrals of defendants with NDD disorders over 30-months at a London Magistrates' Court. The pre-existing Court Mental Health (CMH) service was enhanced to provide additional expertise and hereafter referred to as the CMH + NDD Service. Baseline data including gender, ethnicity, remands and the rates of mental disorders was collected from the CMH Service using the existing minimum mental health service dataset. This was compared with data collected from the CMH + NDD Service.Results: We found the following rates of NDD 9.5 % (n = 43) for the CMH service, and 9.5 % (n = 79) for the CMH + NDD service. Although overall the rates were the same the number of defendants with a single NDD diagnosis was increased in the CMH + NDD service with ADHD 10 %, ASD and ID 4% higher, the rates of comorbid NDD decreased in the CMH + NDD service compared to baseline. Specific disorders such as depression were recorded at higher rates for NDD defendants in both phases, however, this did not reach significance. In contrast, schizophrenia and delusional disorders, alcohol and substance use were observed at much higher in the non-NDD defendants during both phases of the study. The rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia and delusional disorders increased for the NDD group within the CMH + NDD service. Following the first court appearance, there was a 10 % reduction in custodial remands for defendants with NDD who were seen by the CMH + NDD service (34.2 %, n = 25 in the CMH + NDD service vs 43.8 %, n = 14 in the CMH service).Conclusion: The study found it is possible to successfully integrate practitioners with expertise of NDD into existing liaison and diversion services. This service enhancement demonstrated modest evidence of service effectiveness, including an increase in the detection of comorbid mental illness and a reduction in custodial remands for defendants with NDD. Further work needs to be completed to examine how this model can be rolled out across multiple courts and in particular, a cost-benefit analysis is required to understand whether an approach involving a cluster of Courts, as opposed to a single site is the most effective approach for this group of defendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper acknowledges that decolonising white-led UK bereavement services is an ambitious endeavour, addressing the arrogance and inequities embedded in the Whiteness of coloniality/modernity. Specialised ‘bereavement support services’ (BSS) may in themselves represent an anachronism of a modernity whose core narrative of control and progress through rational scientific knowledge is profoundly challenged by death. In this paper, we address theoretical considerations, arguing that there can be no universal theory of ‘grief’ based in Western scientific models. Instead, we propose radically innovative openness to diverse understandings of the meanings and authoritative ‘knowledge’ of death, situating ‘bereavement’ and its aftermath in the spatial/historic/political power dynamics of intergenerational histories. Contemporary ‘bereavement’ theory, we argue, must understand how experiences of lives and deaths for minoritised and oppressed groups are bound up in complex ways with trans-generational heritage, including a pluriverse of ways of being in the world, and past and continuing traumas. We suggest that progress in practice and bereavement support requires less need for prescribed action and, instead, greater consideration and open-ended exploration of how white-led organisations can approach decolonising work, and what key principles and values may be appropriate. Writing personally, we offer individual contributions reflecting our experiences of seeking to ’decolonise’ bereavement support in various contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the efficacy of the Accelerated Schools Projects which aims to restructure schools with high concentrations of students in at-risk situations by utilizing school site decision-making guided by action research. Participation of teachers in research and decision making processes; Adoption of the action research; Significance of collaborative inquiry in the schools.

Background: Prevalence studies among prisoners have found rates of 1-4% for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autistic traits. However, little is known about those prisoners with high levels of autistic traits.Aim: This aim of this study was to compare the mental health characteristics of prisoners with autistic traits with neurotypical prisoners not screening positive for neurodevelopmental disorders.Method: The study recruited 240 male prisoners from a London prison and screened for autism spectrum disorder using the Autism Quotient (AQ) 20 and 10, and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess for depression, anxiety, self-harm behavior and suicide.Results: Screening using the AQ identified 46 prisoners with significant autistic traits, with 12 meeting the diagnostic threshold for ASD using the ADOS. Those screening positive with autistic traits were significantly more likely to have thought about self-harm and suicide in the past month than neurotypical prisoners and have a comorbid mental disorder. They were also significantly more likely to report having attempted suicide during their lifetime compared to neurotypical peers at a rate of 64.9 % compared to 11.6 % for the neurotypical prisoners.Conclusion: Prisoners with elevated levels of autistic traits were more likely to report self-harm, suicidal thoughts and were more vulnerable to a range of mental disorders than neurotypical prisoners. There is a need for more evidence on the experience of autistic prisoners to inform how pathways should work to improve health outcomes through increased awareness and access to screening and subsequent diagnosis which currently prisons are currently not set up for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Feminist ethic of care; informal care; family relations; time-space practices; death and bereavement; ubuntu; Senegal west africa; ética feminista del cuidado; cuidado informal; relaciones familiares; prácticas espacio-temporales; muerte y duelo; Senegal; África Occidental; Éthique féministe du care; care informel; relations familiales; pratiques spatiotemporelles; mort et deuil; Sénégal Afrique occidentale EN Feminist ethic of care informal care family relations time-space practices death and bereavement ubuntu Senegal west africa ES ética feminista del cuidado cuidado informal relaciones familiares prácticas espacio-temporales muerte y duelo Senegal África Occidental FR Éthique féministe du care care informel relations familiales pratiques spatiotemporelles mort et deuil Sénégal Afrique occidentale 1174 1192 19 10/12/22 20221001 NES 221001 Introduction After her father's death, Diami (then aged 14) moved from Kaolack to Dakar to earn money to help her mother and siblings. Here, our discussion of caringscapes focuses on the role of time-space relationships in care practices and the importance of interactions between care practices and the social and physical infrastructures of care. While we do not set out to provide anything so ambitious as a "geohistory" of care practices in Senegal, we describe local geographies of care practices and explore how these are entangled with particular conceptions of how and by whom care should be done. Gendered inequalities in family care practices in South Africa have prompted some to note that Ubuntu's encouragement of communal care responsibilities through recognition of human interdependencies still supports a patriarchal division of care work (Gouws & Van Zyl, [15]). [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT Aim Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To determine the barriers, facilitators and effectiveness of using an intergenerational café to enable intergenerational learning.Implementation science using the ‘Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research’ framework.Ethical approval for this research was granted by the University of Limerick. Online intergenerational cafés were held with older people and student nurses. Original data were collected through surveys and facilitator reflections. Participants were invited post‐café to participate in the study. Student nurses (n = 50) and older people (n = 49) participated in an anonymous online survey, and facilitators (n = 7) took part in a peer focus group on planning and co‐ordinating the cafés. Post hoc ‘CFIR’ analysis comprised secondary data analysis through mapping descriptive statistics and thematically analysed data to codebooks derived from CFIR domains and constructs.Barriers and facilitators to café implementation were identified. Organisational factors are important for effective implementation. More students felt that the purpose, topics and running of the café were clear and organised. In contrast, more older people wanted additional time in the discussion groups. Technical difficulties (e.g., computer, logging on) were identified by some as a barrier to participation. Overall, having a clear purpose and topics along with an online approach facilitated implementation. All participants supported the café innovation as a way of increasing intergenerational learning. Facilitators worked effectively as a team to ensure the smooth running of the cafés. The analysis helped determine the effectiveness of the intervention.These cafés facilitated mutual learning and understanding and were well received by participants.Intergenerational cafés can support intergenerational learning.Intergenerational cafés facilitated intergenerational learning.SRQR/EQUATOR.There was no patient/public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this re-launch of the journal Bereavement, we explore the question, 'Do we need to decolonise bereavement studies?' We do not offer definitive answers, but rather seek to open up conversations. We briefly explore some of the main debates and explanations of what 'decolonising' means. In its broader understandings, this entails questions about the nature of the knowledge that underpins claims to 'expertise', since knowledge inevitably reflects the socio-historic position and biography of those who produce it. This raises uncomfortable issues about the 'universality' of that knowledge, and how to understand what is shared between human beings, including how to understand experiences of pain and suffering. In addressing the nature of 'bereavement studies', we first consider complexities of language and translation, before observing the heavy domination of the 'psy' disciplines in the affluent 'Minority World' (Punch, 2016), oriented towards individualised, medicalised and interventionist perspectives. We indicate work that seeks to challenge these limitations, including the decolonising of psychiatry itself. We argue the need for such decolonising approaches to go beyond cross-cultural work originating in the affluent 'Minority World', beyond interdisciplinarity, and beyond crucial work on equality, diversity and inclusivity. Bereavement, as a field of study and a set of practices, needs to take account of the legacies of complex colonial histories of exploitation and harm that continue to shape the world in general, and in particular, the aftermath of death in the continuing lives of the living. We conclude with some implications for 'bereavement' practice, from a UK perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (hereafter referred to as autism) is characterised by difficulties with (i) social communication, social interaction, and (ii) restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours. Estimates of autism prevalence within the criminal justice system (CJS) vary considerably, but there is evidence to suggest that the condition can be missed or misidentified within this population. Autism has implications for an individual's journey through the CJS, from police questioning and engagement in court proceedings through to risk assessment, formulation, therapeutic approaches, engagement with support services, and long-term social and legal outcomes. Methods: This consensus based on professional opinion with input from lived experience aims to provide general principles for consideration by United Kingdom (UK) CJS personnel when working with autistic individuals, focusing on autistic offenders and those suspected of offences. Principles may be transferable to countries beyond the UK. Multidisciplinary professionals and two service users were approached for their input to address the effective identification and support strategies for autistic individuals within the CJS. Results: The authors provide a consensus statement including recommendations on the general principles of effective identification, and support strategies for autistic individuals across different levels of the CJS. Conclusion: Greater attention needs to be given to this population as they navigate the CJS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics related to mental health which include working with people with intellectual disabilities with regards to violence, the referrals made by an intellectual disability team to one community mental health facility in South East England, and a case of an individual with mild intellectual disabilities and partial trisomy.