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The objective of this article is to give an account of the production of cacao in the Girón governorate and its circulation in the internal market of New Granada, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The aim is to reconstruct the commodity chain of cacao, with the different necessary links for the creation of this commodity. The different phases necessary for the cultivation and preparation of cacao are described, as well as the necessary social and commercial relationships between merchants and farmers that allowed for both the financing and circulation of the crops. For the development of this work, testaments, and debt and payment records registered in the Girón notarial archive were reviewed, as well as the alcabala record books of the city and the trade guides located in the Nation's General Archive. The comparison of notarial and fiscal sources allows for an account of the necessary relationships between local merchants and farmers, the magnitude of the cacao trade, and its importance within the local economy at the end of the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of Brazil, South Korea and Mexico, in 2005 and 2015, the importance of the domestic market and its link with the export sector is studied. The methodology used is based on the input-output analysis, in particular the definition of Important Coefficients. The results support the hypothesis that promoting internally oriented activities offers great potential to boost economic development, due to the direct and indirect contribution they have to the generation of added value and employment; likewise, their form of linkage with the exporting sectors has repercussions on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing Mexico's productive structure in the 1980s and 2013, this paper explores whether promoting the domestic market may complement the dynamism of the external sector and achieve a process of sustained growth and development for an economy highly integrated into the international market. The methodology applied is an extension of the input-output model and network analysis; in particular, the concept of vertically integrated sectors is a major feature to reach conclusions. The results show that stimulating the domestic market can be a complementary strategy for promoting the export sector to boost growth and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brexit and the election of Donald Trump are a symptom of the political crisis of globalization and neoliberalism. The secret of capitalism was in entrepreneurs who combined economic liberalism and individualism with nationalism and national solidarity around the domestic market. With multinational corporations, entrepreneurs have been replaced by rentiers, whose incomes do not derive from the domestic market, but from abroad, and national solidarity has been broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analiza el nivel de los salarios mínimos reales de México, en el marco de una política económica que ha promovido la competitividad internacional, a partir de muy bajos costos de la mano de obra. Esta forma de procurar el crecimiento económico ha sido el primer obstáculo para convencer a la iniciativa privada (ip), sobre la importancia de transitar a un modelo basado primordialmente en el reforzamiento del mercado interno. Con dicho modelo no sólo se alcanzarían beneficios sociales largamente postergados, sino que sería un paso lógico en el proceso de desarrollo del país, como muestra la experiencia de las economías actualmente desarrolladas y algunas emergentes, que en su mayoría han seguido un patrón similar al de la así llamada curva de Kuznets. Empero, México se encuentra lejos del punto de inflexión de dicho esquema, que marca la diferencia entre una economía en proceso de desarrollo, concentradora del ingreso, y una desarrollada, con equidad en la distribución del ingreso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a historical analysis of the dairy value chain operation in Chile between 1975 and 2005. It uses information from different data sources, studies and reports on that period. Its aim is to demonstrate that the generation of a competitive sector, open to international competition, and even exporting, is not the result of the actions of free-market forces but the result of public policy, in a way that is both flexible and persistent in time. The methodology used is based on an analysis of the transformation of the dairy value chain production structure in Chile using the available economic data sources for the period mentioned above and applying the analytical categories of agri-food theory. The main results of this investigation show that the survival of milk production in Chile is due to the combination of a series of agronomic facts —such as the obstacles to the productive reconversion of a portion of the south of the country— and a set of policy decisions that went from originally dogmatic ideas to much more pragmatic and flexible approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]