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Titanium dioxide quantum dots (TiO2-QDs), synthesized using a microwave-assisted method, represent a significant advancement in photocatalysis, particularly in the treatment of environmental pollutants. This study focuses on TiO2- QDs synthesized at 200°C for a duration of 5 minutes, using titanium butoxide as a precursor. Characterization through TEM, XRD, PL, and UV-Vis-DRS analyses revealed uniform quantum dots with an average size of 5.28 nm, a bandgap energy of 3.22 eV, and a crystalline anatase phase, indicative of high photocatalytic activity. Notably, these TiO2-QDs demonstrated exceptional performance in degrading methylene blue (MB) in water, achieving a remarkable treatment efficiency of 97.6% in 120 min, significantly outperforming both conventional titanium dioxide nanoparticles and commercial titanium dioxide materials. The reaction conditions were evaluated based on factors such as catalyst dose, initial MB concentration, and pH. The results indicate that optimal degradation efficiency of MB was achieved at a pH of 7, with a catalyst dose of 0.15 g/L and at a low MB concentration. The efficiency slightly decreased to 94.5% after five reuse cycles, emphasizing its significant reusability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, mesoporous FAU zeolites with pores in the range of 3–4 nm were successfully synthesized by acid leaching method using several organic acids. Zeolite samples were treated with six organic acids (acetic, oxalic, succinic, adipic, malic, and D-tartaric acid) in microwave-assisted acid leaching to investigate the influence of specific acids on formation of mesostructured zeolite ability to evaluate their influence on mesostructure formation and potential applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that all synthesized samples retained the initial crystalline structure. The nitrogen physisorption curves indicated that all samples possess mesoporous structures. According to TEM results, the proposed mechanism of the method was due to acid diffusion and corrosion from the external to internal structure leading to the formation of the mesoscale pores. The adsorption capacity was investigated with methylene blue (MB), and the results varied according to the acid used but were generally much higher than untreated zeolite X. These findings suggest that the one-step microwave-assisted acid leaching method holds significant potential for practical applications due to its efficiency and simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The possible growth mechanism of the formation of inorganic–organic CdSe(en) 0.5 is described. • Porous CdSe photoanode developed via a microwave-assisted and hydrothermal method on Cd foil. • The optimized CdSe-6H photoanode shows a photocurrent density of 7.4 mA cm−2 (0 V vs Ag/AgCl) with 274 μmol cm−2/3 h hydrogen gas evolution. • The porous structure effectively enhances the photoelectrochemical properties of CdSe photoanode. In this study, inorganic–organic hybrid CdSe(en) 0.5 nanosheet (NS) was developed on Cd foil via the microwave-assisted (MW) method with different MW irradiation cycles. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of the mother material was improved through a second hydrothermal method with different time variations (3, 6, and 12 h at 160 °C). After the second hydrothermal, organic moieties were removed, and a porous photoanode was obtained. The optimized CdSe-6H photoanode showed a photocurrent density of 7.4 mA cm−2 (0 V vs Ag/AgCl) with 272 μmol cm−2/3h hydrogen gas evolution under one sun illumination. The enhanced PEC performance was attributed to the topotactic transformation, improved light absorbance, enhanced charge separation, and improved surface area. This work offers a rational approach for building inorganic–organic electrodes through the MW method and porous photoanode for PEC hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide is an effective solid lubricant, but it suffers from oxidation and moisture absorption issues, resulting in insufficient wear resistance and a shortened lifespan. This study introduces an innovative approach, integrating graphitic carbon nitride with molybdenum disulfide via advanced microwave‐assisted synthesis, offering precise control over synthesis parameters. The research assesses the tribological performance, comparing it with conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The study extensively investigates the morphology, microstructure, and tribology of a g‐C3N4/MoS2 nanocomposite created through novel microwave (g‐C3N4/MoS2‐MW) and hydrothermal techniques (g‐C3N4/MoS2‐HT). MoS2 exhibits a flower‐like structure, while graphitic carbon nitride has a layered structure, as confirmed by elemental analysis via energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction identifies g‐C3N4 peaks at 13.0° (100) and 27.5° (002) and hexagonal MoS2 peaks at 14° (002), 32.7° (100), 35.8° (102), and 58.3° (110). The Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum reveals peaks at 1237.4 and 808 cm−1 (aromatic and triazine ring breathing modes in g‐C3N4), 1407.1 and 1638.9 cm−1 (C=N and C−C heterocyclic structures), and 3432 cm−1 (vibrations due to −NH and −OH). The coefficients of friction for microwave‐assisted and traditional hydrothermal synthesized nanocomposites are 0.22 and 0.34, respectively. The wear depths are 98 microns and 141 microns, with a wear scar diameter of 2.87 mm for g‐C3N4/MoS2‐MW and 3.45 mm for g‐C3N4/MoS2‐HT, indicating superior lubrication with the microwave‐assisted coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, visible-light copper bismuth oxide (CuBi2O4) photocatalyst were synthesized via coprecipitation (CuBi2O4-C) and microwave-assisted methods (CuBi2O4-M). The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of pure tetragonal, along with band gaps of 2.9 eV in both samples. The microwave-assisted method produced flower-like CuBi2O4 microspheres, which had a larger BET surface area and demonstrated the highest photocatalytic performance, approximately 83.4 % in the decolorization of malachite green (MG) dye under visible light. Therefore, the research suggested a facile strategy for the fast synthesis of CuBi2O4 microspheres under mild reaction conditions. The use of microwave heat treatment is a faster and more efficient way to photocatalyst materials, while also being cost-effective and energy-saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of nitrogen-doped photoluminescent carbon dots (N-doped CDs) with a proper quantum yield was prepared through microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid and urea as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The obtained N-doped CDs were fully characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction pattern. The average size of the synthesized N-doped CDs was determined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis was approximately 7 nm and the interlayer distance was 0.29 nm, which was consistent with the results obtained by X-ray diffraction. The optical characteristics of the samples were determined by UV-Vis and photoluminescent spectroscopy. The aqueous solution of N-doped CDs showed a multicolor emission wavelength, in the range of 350 to 650 nm, dependent on the nitrogen-doped percentage. With increasing the nitrogen percentage, the emission spectra, depending on the excitation wavelength, have one or two peaks in the green and blue regions, which can be considered in applications such as special bioimaging and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[2.2]-Paracyclophane derivatives have been promising platforms for applications in biology and materials science. To access pure derivatives thereof, a safe and non-toxic synthetic method for 4- n -propyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane is developed via a microwave-assisted and NH2NH2/KOH reduction route. We introduce microwave-assisted acylation for a synthesis that successfully improves the yield and reduces the reaction time. Notably, an exploration of the length and number of the alkyl chains on the [2.2]-paracyclophane ring did not significantly affect the outcome of this reaction. We synthesized 4- n -butyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane and 4,12-dipropyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane via our protocol with high yields. The regioselectivity of the second electrophilic substitution on 4- n -propyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane occurs at the para position of the less substituted phenyl ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile approach to synthesise V2O5 nanoflowers are adopted through the microwave-assisted method. The as-prepared V2O5 was characterised by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy analyses. The X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic crystal structure of V2O5 nanoflowers with an average crystallite size of 20 nm. FTIR results showed the V-O-V stretching mode vibration at 442 cm−1. The above material has studied as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) at C/10 rate and the results showed, V2O5 nanoflowers delivered the specific capacity of 241 mAh g−1 than the commercial V2O5 of 98 mAh g−1 at 1.5–4.0 V apart from this, better cycle stability over 100 charge-discharge cycles and reasonable discharge capacities obtained at high C-rates. These results suggest enhancement of LIB capacity due to high surface area and good porosity of mesoporous V2O5 nanoflowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural rubber (NR)-based composites or hybrid products obtained from NR and several nano-materials are of interest due to their wide range of applications. However, they are easily contaminated with bacteria or fungi that can affect human health, especially those used in food container and on human skin. Herein, we present the composite sheets of NR latex and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with exceptionally high antibacterial activities. AgNPs were firstly synthesized by a facile, rapid, and green microwave-assisted method using curcumin as a biomaterial reductant and stabilizer. Then, natural rubbers loaded with AgNPs (NR/Ag) composite sheets were prepared via a simple direct latex mixing-casting process of NR latex and various contents of AgNPs. The result demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs had a spherical-like shape of 12.25±3.13 nm. All the prepared NR/Ag composite sheets exhibited high performance in antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the antibacterial activities were dependent on the loaded AgNPs content. In this study, it is anticipated that these rapid, simple, green, and effective methods can suitably be scaled up for large-scale preparation of the stabilized AgNPs colloid and NR/Ag composite products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenylation Astragalus polysaccharides (Se-APS) was fabricated by an optimized microwave-assisted method. Their physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities and selenium (Se) release rate under gastrointestinal conditions were determined. Se-APS with the highest Se content (18.8 mg/g) was prepared in 0.4 % nitric acid, under the microwave conditions of 90 min and 80 °C. FTIR and XPS spectra indicated that Se was bound to the polysaccharide chain in the form of O-Se-O and O-H···Se, and most of Se+4 was reduced to Se0. Meanwhile, the micromorphology of Se-APS became clusters, loose and porous, which decreased its hydrodynamic particle size and negative surface charges. Besides, Se-APS displayed strong scavenging capacities towards ABTS and superoxide anion free radicals than Na 2 SeO 3 , and showed higher Se release rate (12.52 ± 0.31 %) under intestinal fluid comparing with gastric fluid (3.14 ± 0.38 %) during 8 h in vitro digestion. The results provided efficient preparation method references for selenylation polysaccharides, and broaden the application fields of APS. [Display omitted] • The selenylation modification of APS by a microwave-assisted method was achieved. • The Se content under optimum Se-APS preparation condition was 18.8 mg/g. • The valence state of Se in Se-APS was composed of +4 and 0. • Se-APS had good ABTS and superoxide anion free radical scavenging capacities. • Se-APS had higher Se release rate (12.52 ± 0.31 %) under intestinal fluid in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites comprising nitrogen-doped TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide (N/TiO2/rGO), with different rGO loading qualities, were prepared by a cost-effective microwave-assisted synthesis method. The synthesized materials were broadly characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Anatase was the only crystalline phase observed for all synthesized materials. The rGO loading did not affect the morphological properties, but it positively influenced the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite materials, especially at low rGO loading. Photocatalysts were evaluated via the degradation of specific organic micropollutant (OMP) pharmaceuticals: ciprofloxacin (CIP), diclofenac (DCF), and salicylic acid (SA), under different radiation sources: ultraviolet A (UVA), solar light simulator (SLS), blue visible light (BVL) and cold visible light (CVL). CIP and SA were removed effectively via the synergy of adsorption and photocatalysis, while DCF degradation was achieved solely by photocatalysis. After implementing scavenger agents, photocatalytic degradation processes mainly depended on the specific pollutant type, while irradiation sources barely defined the photocatalytic mechanism. On the other hand, changes in irradiation intensity significantly influenced the photolysis process, while photocatalysis was slightly affected, indicating that irradiation spectra are more relevant than intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have successfully synthesized multi-layer graphene oxide and graphene oxide based magnetic nanocomposite (M/GO) by microwave-assisted modified Hummers' method for removal of toxic lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions from aqueous solution. The X-ray diffraction spectra of synthesized graphene oxide and M/GO confirm increased interlayer spacing along c-axis. Raman spectra revealed the good quality of synthesized GO and M/GO. The wrinkles were seen in the SEM images of synthesized graphene oxide. The presence of conjugated double bond (C C) and carbonyl (C O) were confirmed by using the UV–Vis spectroscopic spectra. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed high (126 m2/g) surface area M/GO composite which accounts for large number of active binding sites for the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The adsorption studies revealed that Pb2+ ions were efficiently adsorbed on GO sheets. Interestingly, M/GO showed better adsorption for cadmium ions. Addition of stock solution of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions to M/GO solution, removal of M/GO containing Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions using Neodymium magnet. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twenty-first century has been witnessing much development in the technological aspect, particularly in optoelectronic device. In this continuation, we have prepared V2O5@WO3 nanocomposites for dielectric application. The proposed titled composites were prepared by a simple and cost-effective microwave-assisted wet chemical method. Subsequently, as-prepared composites were investigated by various characterization techniques. The structural and morphological analysis showed aggregated grain and rapid grain growth. The presence of functional group and elemental analysis were studied. The thermal analysis showed the thermal stability of as-prepared material. The dielectric studies demonstrated excellent dielectric behaviour with respect to temperature and frequency which would meet the required quality for optoelectronics application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles/S, N co-doped carbon nanotube composites were prepared by a microwave-assisted method with low cost, low energy consumption and easy commercialization. Through the strategies of nanosizing, heteroatom doping, and compounding with advanced carbon materials, the inherent disadvantages of poor electronic conductivity and low ion diffusion rate of transition metal oxides are improved, and the volume expansion of ZnFe 2 O 4 during cycling is slowed down by using carbon nanotubes with high specific surface and high mechanical strength as the material support skeleton, which enhances the cycling stability of the material. At a current density of 0.1 A g−1, the specific capacity of 716.23 mAh g−1 was maintained after 100 charge/discharge cycles. The charge/discharge cycle at a high current of 2 A g−1 still has a specific capacity of 309.90 mAh g−1. • Carbon nanotubes provide a nucleation site for Znfe 2 o 4 and reduce its size. • Carbon nanotubes reduce material agglomeration and improve cycle stability. • The introduction of S and N atoms creates more defects and active sites. • ZnFe2O4/SNCNT maintain a reversible capacity of 716.23 mAh g-1 after 140 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes-titanium dioxide (MWCNTs-TiO2) nanocomposites were synthesized via microwave-assisted synthesis and conventional hydrothermal method, comprising of well-crystallized anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with different MWCNTs contents. TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the rapid thermal decomposition of tetra-butyl titanium (Ti(OC4H9)4) in the presence of acid treated MWCNTs, were attached on the surface of MWCNTs by means of chemical bonds under microwave irradiation. The addition of MWCNTs did not influence the structure of anatase TiO2. The photocatalytic performance evaluation of composite materials was conducted under UV and visible light using methyl orange (MO) as a typical pollutant. The enhancement in photocatalytic efficiency of nanocomposites was clearly observed by the presence of MWCNTs, which could contribute to improve the adsorption of MO dye, absorption of more light and also obstruct the photogenerated electron-hole pair's recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered hydrazinium titanate (LHT-9) has been synthesized by reflux and microwave routes and evaluated for its potential application for sequestration of radionuclides from nuclear waste. Synthesized materials have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and uptake of radionuclides. The LHT-9 obtained by the microwave route appears more ordered than that obtained using the reflux process. However, both are comprised of TiO6 octahedra. Post loading of species such as Sr, the octahedral ordering within the layers remains intact. Considering the uptake behaviour and the possibility of scale-up, LHT-9 synthesis using the microwave route may provide advantages in nuclear waste treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of metallic and carbon components offers tremendous advantages in the development of advanced composites for electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) applications. Herein, hollow (NiCo) x /(MnO) y /C microspheres (MSs) possessing hierarchically porous structures were successfully synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted method followed by a carbonization step. The EMWA performance of the (NiCo) x /(MnO) y /C MSs in the K-band region could be tuned and optimized by adjusting the NiCo/Mn molar ratio, with a NiCo/Mn ratio of 1:1 affording the best EMWA performance. The NiCo/MnO/C MSs exhibited a minimum reflection loss value of -32.3 dB (at 21.4 GHz) and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL ≤ −10 dB) of 8.33 GHz (from 18.17-26.5 GHz) at a thickness of only 1.0 mm in the K band. The excellent EMWA performance of the (NiCo) x /(MnO) y /C MSs composites can be attributed to a strong EMW attenuation capacity and good impedance matching, which arise through the synergistic action of the components (NiCo alloy, MnO and C) and hierarchical pores. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of different size and shape silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased considerably in recent years due to several commercial and biological applications. Here, rod‐shaped AgNPs (SNRs) were prepared using the microwave‐assisted method and characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The present study aims to investigate the cyto–genotoxic effect of various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 µM) of SNRs using Allium cepa model. As a result, concentration‐dependent cyto–genotoxic effect of SNRs was observed through a decrease in the mitotic index, and an increase in the chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome break, disturbed metaphase, and anaphase bridge. To check the impact of Ag+ ions, 15 µM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared and tested in all the assays. Furthermore, cell viability and different reactive oxygen species assays were performed to test the cytotoxicity evaluation of SNRs. The authors found that in all the tested assays, SNRs at high concentrations (15 µM) and AgNO3 (15 µM) were observed to cause maximal damage to the roots. Therefore, the current study implies that the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SNRs were dependent on the concentration of SNRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of precursor solution pH on phase, morphology and optical properties of BiOIO3 was investigated in this research. The products were synthesized in the solutions with the pH of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 by a 360 W microwave (2.45 GHz) at 5 min/cycle for 12 cycles (60 min) and were well characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. According to the analytical results, pure BiOIO3 nanoplates were synthesized at the pH of 2 and 3 and were transformed into pure Bi2O3 nanoparticles at the pH of 6. The photocatalytic activities of products were studied through the degradation of rhodamine B solutions under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized BiOIO3 nanoplates with band gap energy of 2.90 eV synthesized at the pH of 3 have the highest decolorization efficiency of 97.9% and pseudo-first-order degradation rate of 0.0442 min−1 within 60 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NiFe 2 O 4 -CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites (NF-CF NCs) were synthesized by microwave-assisted method. • NF-CF NCs were characterized by structural, morphological and optical studies. • NF-CF NCs showed promising photocatalytic activity against Rose Bengal and Methylene blue dyes under visible light irradiation. • Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production was tested in the presence NF-CF NCs. Microwave radiation assisted method is emerged as a promising method due to its environmental friendliness, less time and no need toxic or harsh reagents. Herein, we report the synthesis of a NiFe 2 O 4 -CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites by microwave radiation assisted method and its characterisation using various methods. X-ray Diffractogram (XRD) studied revealed the spinel cubic structure of the NiFe 2 O 4 -CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites having an average crystallite size of 34 nm. Tetrahedral (594 cm−1) and octahedral (397 cm−1) sites of NiFe 2 O 4 -CoFe 2 O 4 are identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as it is having the typical vibrational frequencies. UV–Visible diffuse reflectance (UV–Vis DRS) spectrum indicated that optical bandgap is less for nanocomposites compared to individual components. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the spherical nature of the nanocomposites. The photocatalytic degradation study of microwave-assisted NiFe 2 O 4 -CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites is investigated under visible light irradiation against the Rose Bengal and Methylene blue dyes. The developed nanocomposites exhibited enhanced photoelectrochemical hydrogen due to higher charge separation and faster charge transfer at the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was eco-friendly and reduced with microwave-assisted method to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Two components of nanocomposite of rGO and Ruthenium oxide (RuO 2) (rGO/RuO 2) and a ternary components of nanocomposite of rGO, RuO 2 and polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) (rGO/RuO 2 /PVK) were synthesized via in-situ polymerization technique. These nanocomposite materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated transmission reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), thermal-gravimetric (TGA-DTA) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface analysis. Supercapacitor device performances were taken by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) used as two electrode configuration. The highest specific capacitance (C sp) was obtained as C sp = 2698 F/g at 2 mV/s for rGO/RuO 2 /PVK nanocomposite at initial feed ratio of [rGO] o /[RuO 2 ] o /[9-VK] o = 1:1:5. Besides, the highest energy and power density values were obtained as E = 17.711 Wh/kg and P = 2684.36 W/kg for rGO/RuO 2 nanocomposite. Ragone plots were drawn to observe energy and power density of supercapacitor devices. Stability tests were examined by CV method for 1000 cycle. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The highest specific capacitance was obtained for rGO/RuO 2 /PVK nanocomposite. • LR 1 (QR 2 (CR 3)) circuit model evaluation was performed for rGO/RuO 2 /PVK nanocomposite. • Supercapacitor device performances were applied for rGO/RuO 2 /PVK nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • BiF 3 /BiOBr with higher photodegradation ability was synthesized by a fast and stable microwave-assisted method. • The O 2 − and h+ were the main active species in the oxidation of RhB. • Improvement of photocatalytic activity was owed to high photoelectron-hole separation efficiency. Abstract Novel BiF 3 /BiOBr heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared from a fast and stable microwave-assisted method, and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of BiF 3 /BiOBr heterojunctions under light irradiation was significantly higher than pure BiOBr or BiF 3 , and was maximized at the Br:F molar ratio of 1:1, as the targeted 20 mg/L Rhodamine B (RhB) solution was completely degraded within 40 min. This was mainly because the unique BiF 3 /BiOBr heterojunction formed during photocatalytic degradation accelerated the photoelectron and hole separation, effectively enhanced the quantum efficiency, and thereby strengthened the photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Ni-rich layered oxide (NLO) cathode materials play a key role in developing high-energy-density lithium ion battery (LIB) for wide scale deployment of clean transportation technologies. However, surface reconstruction from a layered structure to a mixed spinel/rock-salt structure during charge/discharge cycles is related to the severe voltage decay and capacity fading of the stoichiometric NLO cathode materials, thus thwarting the practical implementation. Herein, we report a heterostructured NLO cathode that tackles the structural degradation and related voltage decay problems. The efficient internal "incore" volumetric heating by direct coupling of microwave energy induces formation of Ni, Co-rich core and Al-rich shell. As a result of the encapsulation of the atomically ordered NiAl 2 O 4 after heat treatment, the solid/electrolyte interphase and surface structure of NLO cathode remains stable. By applying this NiAl 2 O 4 /NLO heterostructured material as a cathode, we demonstrate its robustness in suppressing the voltage decay (0.8% after 100 cycles) during high-voltage cell operation. Rather than the typical modifications, our work explores a more efficient structure engineering process for applications in nano-/micro-manufacturing transition-metal based electrode materials and sheds light on developing high-performance LIB in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the microwave-assisted method. XRD, FTIR, FESEM with EDS, TEM, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence were used for the characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles. XRD exhibits cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 12 nm. FESEM and TEM images confirm the nanoparticles with an average particle size of 35 nm. From FTIR results, the characteristic vibrational band (Zr-O) is observed at 735 cm−1. The optical bandgap of the microwave-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles is found to be 4.42 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum of ZrO2 nanoparticles showed blue, green and orange emissions. The photocatalytic degradation study of ZrO2 nanoparticles was investigated against the Methylene Blue (MB) and Rose Bengal (RB) dyes under UV light irradiation. Microwave-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles showed an excellent photocatalytic activity (MB and RB dye) monitored by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity (disc diffusion method) of microwave-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles was studied against foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, microwave-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles will be applicable to wastewater remediation and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Cu/Fe-AO-PAN fiber was prepared by a facile and rapid microwave-assisted method. • The fiber showed nearly 100% of PNP removal rate under visible light irradiation. • The fiber exhibited good pH tolerance, photocatalytic activity and stability. Abstract A visible-light responsive Cu-Fe bimetallic amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile (denoted by Cu/Fe-AO-PAN) fiber was prepared using a facile and rapid microwave-assisted synthesis method. Several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were adopted to characterize the morphology, structure, thermal and optical properties of the Cu/Fe-AO-PAN fiber. The results indicated that Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions were successfully coordinated with AO-PAN without causing distinct damage to the fiber and that chelation with metal ions extended the light absorption into the visible-light region. P-nitrophenol (PNP) was used to investigate the photocatalytic performance of the Cu/Fe-AO-PAN fiber in a photo-Fenton system under visible light irradiation. Various parameters that affected PNP removal were discussed, including the microwave heating temperature, irradiation time, Cu/Fe molar ratio, and photo-Fenton reaction conditions, such as the pH, H 2 O 2 concentration and fiber dosage. Under the optimal conditions, a PNP removal rate of approximately 100% was achieved within 150 min under visible light irradiation. The bimetallic Cu/Fe-AO-PAN exhibited improved pH tolerance, photocatalytic performance and stability compared to the monometallic Fe-AO-PAN fiber. In addition, a mechanism for PNP degradation induced by the Cu/Fe-AO-PAN fiber in the photo-Fenton system under visible light irradiation was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, an eco-friendly and convenient microwave-assisted synthesis technique was applied in the entire experiment course. The first obtained graphene-Ni composite possess an unsatisfactory microwave absorption capacity due to unbalanced matching nature. Then a sulfurization process was tried at different temperatures to convert Ni into NiS/Ni 3 S 2 , and an innovative graphene-NiS/Ni 3 S 2 composite with a hierarchical architecture was fabricated under the condition of microwave irradiation. The investigation into microwave absorbing performances manifests that the absorption property of graphene-Ni can be obviously improved by sulfurization method. The results show, compared with graphene-Ni, the hierarchical-architecture graphene-NiS/Ni 3 S 2 composites generated at 150 ℃ (S-150) possess excellent absorbing ability with a maximum RL as strong as − 55.1 dB at 6.0 GHz with a thickness of 2.7 mm, and the effective bandwidth covers 8.6 GHz from 2.8 to 11.4 GHz with thickness varies in 1.5–4.5 mm range. The enhanced performances for S-150 mainly derive from the synergy of superior impedance matching character, high attenuation, dielectric loss and plenteous interface polarizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are being recognized as a promising solution for sustainable energy generation and wastewater treatment. Despite their potential, MFCs face certain challenges that must be overcome, such as the problem of low power output caused by inefficient extracellular electron transfer (EET). In this study, we develop a nanoporous CoC x /Co@CC composite anode using microwave-assisted and high-temperature calcination methods to enhance EET efficiency and bacterial adhesion in MFCs. Compared with pure carbon cloth (CC) anodes, MFCs with CoC x /Co@CC anodes exhibit a 1.24-fold increase in power density, with a maximum output of 2693 mW m−2. The improved performance can be attributed to the lower charge transfer resistance (R ct) and higher redox activity of the CoC x /Co@CC anode. Cobalt's multiple valence states enhance its ability to transfer electrons between microorganisms and electrodes, ultimately increasing the overall redox activity. The CoC x /Co@CC anode also promotes the growth and enrichment of exoelectrogens, with Geobacter being enriched up to 75 % at the anode, compared with 46 % at the CC electrode. These findings demonstrate the potential of CoC x /Co@CC anodes for improving the EET efficiency of MFCs, which can have significant implications for sustainable energy and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of lanthanide tetrakis complexes C n mim[Ln(tta) 4 ] where Ln3+: Eu3+ and Gd3+, C n mim: imidazolium-based counterions (n from 3 to 8) and tta: thenoyltrifluoroacetonate were synthesized by a one-pot method. The C n mim[Ln(tta) 4 ] complexes are thermostable up to 210 °C and present an isomorphic-like character for the complexes with n = 5, 6, and 7. The phosphorescence spectral profile of the C n mim[Gd(tta) 4 ] complexes showed intense emission broadbands, in which the barycenters are slightly shifted to energies from the 18,950 to 18,450 cm−1 range. The C n mim[Eu(tta) 4 ] complexes in solutions of the corresponding [C n mim]Br ionic liquids show similar emission spectral profiles as their corresponding in the solid state, indicating that the coordination polyhedron does not undergo a significant variation when the chemical environment is changed. Relatively high values of the intensity parameter Ω 2 in both media are presented. The Ω 4 values of the complexes in solutions of ionic liquids are also similar, reinforcing that there are small changes in the polyhedral coordination from the solid state to the ionic liquid solution. The series presents high intrinsic emission quantum efficiencies, 90 % ≥ Q E u E u ≥ 53 %. In addition, theoretical calculations on the intramolecular energy transfer (IET) reveal the participation of the 7F 0 →5D 1 and 7F 1 →5G 2 transitions for the IET via S 1 while the IET via T 1 state is dominated by the 7F 0 →5D 1 and 7F 1 →5D 0 transitions. Therefore, due to their high luminescent features, these Eu3+ tetrakis complexes are potential candidates to be applied as optical markers in the solid-state or even in ionic liquid solutions. • Lanthanide tetrakis complexes with imidazolium as counterions are stable and have high thermal stability. • A shift in the T 1 state was found in the [C n mim][Gd(tta) 4 ] series (n = 3 to 8). • Intramolecular energy transfer rates from T 1 to Eu3+ were calculated and show different behaviors according to the shift in the T 1 state. • The Eu3+ tetrakis complexes have high intrinsic emission quantum efficiencies in both solid-state and ionic liquid solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sustainable method is employed to remove polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles (PASHs) from fuels by using a series of high surface area nanoporous adsorbents synthesized from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The hypercrosslinking of PAHs has been used to synthesize high surface area (SA BET of 620–1565 m2 g−1) nanoporous polymeric materials via a microwave assisted method. The adsorbent poly-naph (highest SA BET , i.e., 1565 m2 g−1) display best performance for desulphurization of fuels from batch to fixed bed column mode. In batch mode, the adsorption capacity of 12.1 (up to 9 ppm sulphur) and 8.9 mgS g−1 (up to 43 ppm sulphur), has been estimated for model (100 ppm sulphur) and real fuels (110 ppm sulphur), respectively. Furthermore, from ultra-low sulphur model (10 ppm sulphur) and real fuel (9 ppm sulphur), the adsorption capacity of 16.1 (up to 0.3 ppm sulphur) and 10 mgS g−1 (up to 3 ppm sulphur) has been estimated. In fixed-bed column mode, the high concentrated model and real fuel have been desulphurized to final concentration of 1 and 12 ppm, respectively. While, at low concentrations, the final concentration of 100 ppb and 1 ppm is achieved for model and real fuels, respectively. The adsorption mechanism revealed that π-electron density in the polymeric framework plays prominent role in the adsorption process apart from high surface area. This approach to control carcinogenic aromatic pollutants like PAHs and PASHs can be sustained over time through technological advancement, financial assistance and governmental regulation. [Display omitted] • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants are used to develop adsorbents. • A rapid microwave assisted 60 min synthesis is used. • Desulphurization of fuel at high (∼100 ppm) and low (∼10 ppm) sulphur concentration. • Batch to fixed-bed column mode desulphurization of model and real fuels. • Polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles are removed by developed adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO, CdO nanomaterial were utilized for the degradation of Alizarin Red dye photocatalytically under visible light illumination. Zno photocatalyst was prepared by the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 160 °C and CdO synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method at a temperature of 140 °C.Synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV–vis spectroscopy and PL. The photocatalytic degradation of Alizarin Red (AR) dye was carried out utilizing prepared photocatalyst irradiated with 60 W Tungsten light source with the fixed dose of catalyst on standard AR dye and studied its Kinetic analysis of photodegradation on Alizarin Red dye and conclude the efficiency of ZnO and CdO nano photocatalyst at the same condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, CdO, NiO, and CdO-NiO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. XRD detected cubic structures with average crystallite sizes of 45 nm for CdO, 25 nm for NiO, and 30 nm for CdO-NiO. The band gap was estimated based on the ultraviolet–visible spectra. The near band edge emission was determined according to the luminescence spectrum. The antibacterial activities were tested against seven foodborne pathogens and the zones of inhibition with the Gram-negative bacterium Bacillus subtilis measured as 30 mm with CdO, 20 mm NiO, and 27 mm with CdO-NiO. The death of the bacterial cells was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscope analysis. Cytotoxicity assays indicated the non-toxic effects of the NCs on normal healthy red blood cells. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the CdO, NiO, and CdO-NiO NCs were examined using the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line based on 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays with normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NH3T3) under identical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the report, microwave-assisted and hydrothermal methods were adopted respectively to produce nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) using ginkgo fruits as the sole carbon source without additional surface passivation agents. The differences between these two N-CDs were compared in luminescence properties, particle sizes and morphologies. The TEM images showed that both microwave-assisted N-CDs (M-N-CDs) and hydrothermal N-CDs (H-N-CDs) were well dispersed, and the morphology of H-N-CDs was more uniform. The fluorescence results indicated the H-N-CDs possessed better fluorescence emission characteristic. Thus, the H-N-CDs with better luminescence properties were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Also, the stability and cytotoxicity of H-N-CDs synthesized by ginkgo fruits as the fluorescent probes were studied. Eventually, the H-N-CDs were applied in cell imaging using HeLa cells and KYSE410 cells as the cell models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new coordination polymer {[Zn(μ 3 -ppda)(H 2 O)(μ-bpa)Zn(μ-ppda)(μ-bpa)]·4H 2 O} n ( 1 ) (ppda = 1,4-phenylenediacetate, bpa = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) has been synthesized by microwave-assisted reaction and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffractions. The asymmetric unit of 1 consists of two Zn(II) ions, two bpa ligands, two ppda ligands, one coordinated and four non-coordinated water molecules. In 1 , ppda 2− anions are linked the adjacent Zn(II) centers to generate 1D double-stranded chains. These chains are connected into 2D sheets by the bridging bpa ligands. Atomically detailed modeling was performed to compute single and binary component adsorption isotherms of H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 in complex 1 . Results showed that 1 exhibits a high adsorption selectivity towards CO 2 due to its high affinity for CO 2 . Results of this study will be helpful to guide the microwave-assisted reaction of coordination polymers to design promising adsorbents for gas storage and gas separation applications. The luminescent property of 1 and the selective removal of dyes in 1 have been also discussed. Results showed that 1 can be a potential candidate for luminescence applications and can selectively adsorb methylene blue (MB) dye molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivates have attracted great interest as a new kind of electrode material for energy storage devices, mainly due to their designable framework structures, abundant pore structures, adjustable pore and particle sizes. In this work, porous CuO/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were obtained through the pyrolysis of Cu-based MOFs/graphene oxide under microwave irradiation, and investigated as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). CuO/RGO composites exhibit a maximum specific capacity of 466.6 mA h g −1 after 50 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 . Even at a high current density of 2 A g −1 , a capacity of 347.6 mA h g −1 is still maintained with stable cycling. The superior electrochemical performance, which is better than those of CuO-based electrodes reported previously, makes the CuO/RGO composites to be applied promisingly as anodes for high-performance SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microwave-assisted green synthesis has been used to prepare TiO 2 /rGO-NS composite. • The as-prepared nanomaterials offered a high electrochemical surface area. • TiO 2 /rGO-NS composite shows less charging time and high current density. • The as-prepare material delivers better capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at 10 Ag−1. • The synthesized material can be used in supercapacitor electrodes. The present study deals with synthesizing rGO nanosheets and TiO 2 nanoparticles by a green method using aloe vera and gram seeds, respectively, while a simple microwave-assisted approach has been used to prepare the TiO 2 /rGO nanosheets composite. The as-prepared materials were investigated via different analytical techniques such as SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The TiO 2 /rGO-NS composite showed a sheet-like nature and was deposited on a carbon cloth substrate using Nafion binder and used as the working electrode (cathode). The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared materials were studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The TiO 2 /rGO-NS composite fabricated on the carbon cloth substrate shows a relatively higher specific capacitance with lower charge transfer resistance. The TiO 2 /rGO-NS composite coated carbon cloth cathode shows a maximum specific capacitance (599.9 Fg−1) and energy density (83.31 Whkg−1) at a current density of 1 Ag−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sb 2 O 3 /reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were prepared through a facile microwave-assisted reduction of graphite oxide in SbCl 3 precursor solution, and investigated as anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The experimental results show that a maximum specific capacity of 503 mA h g −1 is achieved after 50 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 by optimizing the RGO content in the composites and an excellent rate performance is also obtained due to the synergistic effect between Sb 2 O 3 and RGO. The high capacity, superior rate capability and excellent cycling performance of Sb 2 O 3 /RGO composites demonstrate their excellent sodium-ion storage ability and show their great potential as electrode materials for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulfide nanoflower/reduced graphene oxide (CuS/rGO) composite is synthesized using Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , thiourea (Tu) and graphene oxide (GO) powers as the precursor by an ultrafast microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The electrochemical performances of CuS/rGO composite as anode material of Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are studied both in ether-based (LiTFSI in DOL/DME) and carbonate-based electrolytes (LiPF 6 in EC/DMC). The results reveal that CuS/rGO composite exhibits excellent electrochemical Li-storage properties. The reversible capacity of 422 mA h g −1 and 390 mA h g −1 at a current density of 100 mA g −1 after 70 cycles is obtained in both electrolytes, respectively. Even after 200 charge-discharge cycles at 500 mA g −1 in ether-based electrolyte, the composite delivers a good discharge capacity of 390 mA h g −1 with high capacity retention ratio of 96.7%. The good electrochemical performances of CuS/rGO can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the CuS nanoflower and rGO. Briefly, the introduction of rGO can improve the electronic conductivity of the composite, effectively immobilize the CuS and inhibit the dissolution of the polysulfide intermediates generated during the charge-discharge process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates ethanol electrooxidation on Pt/C, Pt x Rh y /C, Pt-SnO 2 /C, and Pt x Rh y -SnO 2 /C catalysts synthesized by the Pechini and microwave-assisted polyol methods. The catalysts are characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The electrochemical properties of these electrode materials are examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments in acid medium. The products obtained during ethanol electrolysis are identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adsorbed intermediates are evaluated by an in situ reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy technique combined with cyclic voltammetry. Catalysts performance in a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is also assessed. The electrical performance of the electrocatalysts in a single DEFC at 80 °C decreases in the following order Pt 70 Rh 30 SnO 2 > Pt 80 Rh 20 SnO 2 > Pt 60 Rh 40 SnO 2 ∼ PtSnO 2 > Pt x Rh y ∼ Pt, showing that the presence of SnO 2 enhances the ability of Pt to catalyze ethanol electrooxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully designed and developed a new strategy for synthesizing an energetic material, poly(3,3ʹ-bisazidomethyl oxetane) (PBAMO), by microwave assistance, which dramatically shortened the reaction time and improved the safety of the synthetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnS nanoparticles embedded in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were prepared via a facile microwave-assisted method and applied as anode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The as-prepared composites exhibit excellent sodium storage properties. A maximum specific capacity of 481 mAh g −1 at the specific current of 100 mA g −1 can be achieved after 50 cycles by optimizing the RGO content in the composites. The improved sodium-ion storage ability can be ascribed to the enhanced specific surface area and increased electric conductivity due to the introduction of RGO and the decreased size of ZnS particles which can shorten the pathway of sodium-ion diffusion and facilitate the reversible Na + diffusion kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered nickel sulfide (NS)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites are prepared via a simple microwave-assisted method and subsequent annealing in N 2 /H 2 atmosphere. A detailed array of characterization tools are used to study their morphology, structure and electrochemical performance. It was found that these composites exhibit significantly improved sodium-ion storage ability as compared with pure NS under galvanostatic cycling at a specific current of 100 mA g −1 in a potential limitation of 0.005–3.0 V. Furthermore, the composite with the RGO content of 35 wt.% achieves a high maximum reversible specific capacity of about 391.6 mAh g −1 at a specific current of 100 mA g −1 after 50 cycles. These results prove that NS-RGO composites are highly promising when applied directly as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave assisted Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles were synthesized from five different solvents DMF, EG, EG + H 2 O, EDA + dil.HNO 3 and N 2 H 4 + H 2 O + Ethanol. The influence of solvents on purity of the compound was analysed by using X-ray diffraction patterns. The result indicates pure rhombohedral Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles formed for N 2 H 4 + H 2 O + Ethanol. The presence of vibrational bands in the range of 400–800 cm − 1 is confirmed the formation of Bi 2 Se 3 . The maximum optical absorption observed around 450 nm and the band gap values are found in the range of 1.5 eV–2.17 eV for all the solvents. The nanostructure of the Bi 2 Se 3 particles change with solvents. From the experimental results, the solvent N 2 H 4 + H 2 O + Ethanol produces pure nanosize Bi 2 Se 3 particles under the microwave assisted method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized Rosa canina -L fruits activated carbon (TEPFRCA) was synthesized by microwave-assisted method for the fast adsorption and rapid removal of Malachite green (MG) from the solvent phase. The morphological and anatomical characterization of developed adsorbent was carried out using various analytical techniques such as FT-IR and FE-SEM. The impact of various influential parameters such as contact time (1–60 min), initial metal ion concentration (25–65 mg/L), temperature (298–333 K), adsorbent dose (0.001–0.025 g) and initial pH (1–8) of the solution was carried out using a batch adsorption method. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data process follows pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics (R 2 > 0.99) and the maximum adsorption capacity for TEPFRCA was 333.3 mg/g at 298 K. The whole process of adsorption of MG dye on to the developed adsorbent i.e. TEPFRCA was found to be spontaneous and endothermic under standard conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an energy storage system, pseudocapacitors aim to combine the high power density with the high energy density, because their performance is mainly determined by surface reactions and structures. In this work, NiS nanoparticles are synthesized by microwave-assisted method and used as pseudocapacitor electrode. The NiS electro-active material demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance (845 F g −1 at current densities of 1 A g −1 ), low resistance and excellent cycling stability. To reveal the original reasons of the excellent performance, first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to provide atomic insight on how the electrolyte interacts with NiS nanoparticles electrode. According to the results, two sites are found energy suitable for absorbing hydroxyls on the Ni-terminal surface and have the electron transfer between hydroxyls and Ni atom, which reveals the position of the redox reaction. The density of the states of NiS (0 0 1) surface exhibits metallic, giving an explanation for low resistance and high rate capacitance. The NiS nanoparticles show their potential for pseudocapacitor materials and the atomic insight provides guidance for understanding and improving the performance of the NiS electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent coffee grounds, an abundant daily waste, were utilized to produce P, N co-doped C (PNDC) by a novel microwave-assisted method employing ammonium polyphosphate as the only other reactant. Different PNDCs (namely PNDC-1, PNDC-2 and PNDC-3) were synthesized by varying the ratio of spent coffee grounds to ammonium polyphosphate. The synthesized materials were found to contain spherically shaped particles as evidenced from scanning electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed PNDCs to contain P and N in addition to C and O. PNDC-3 was discovered to possess a surface area of 999.64 m 2 g −1 with the presence of micropores, mesopores and macropores. PNDCs exhibited high specific capacitance values in acid and alkaline conditions with PNDC-3 exhibiting the highest specific capacitance value of 286 F g −1 in 1 M H 2 SO 4 . Also, PNDC-2 was observed to be highly stable under acidic and alkaline conditions with continuous cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LaPO 4 nanopowders doped with 1, 2… 10, 11, 15 and 20 mol% Tb 3+ have been prepared by the microwave-assisted method. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images indicated that the nanopowders are composed of nanorods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the prepared nanorods exhibit hexagonal crystal structure and the diffraction peaks were shifted towards the higher 2 θ angle side with increasing Tb 3+ dopant concentration. Raman scattering measurement found out that some of scattering lines were shifted and broadened to higher wavenumber side with increasing Tb 3+ concentration. It is discovered that the photoluminescence (PL) of Tb 3+ ions results from the radiative intra-configurational f–f transitions that occur from the 5 D 4 exited state to the 7 F J ( J =0,1–6) ground states; the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) of Tb 3+ ions takes place from the 7 F 6 ground state to the 5 D J ( J =0,1–4), 5 L 10 , 5 G J ( J =2–4), 5 H J and 5 I J exited states. It was observed that the photoluminescence intensity reached a maximum in the samples doped with 15 mol% Tb 3+ . Double-exponential decay of the 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 emission was observed with lifetimes of ~5 ns and 6.35 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave-assisted methods have been frequently used in many processes owing to their numerous advantages such as performing fast, efficient and homogenous processes and reducing side reactions. In view of these benefits, in this study it was purposed to produce bone-like hydroxyapatite (HA) by inducing biomimetic process with microwave-irradiation. This is why, concentrated body fluid (SBF) i.e. 10×SBF-like solution was used and it was precipitated in different microwave powers i.e. 90 W, 360 W, 600 W, and 1200 W and in different exposure times. For comparison, precipitation process was also carried out at room temperature for 6 h and at 80 °C for 1 h. The obtained HA structures were characterized by appropriate instrumental techniques. As a result, microwave-induced precipitation at 600 W for 9 times 30 s was determined as the optimum condition for the production of HA which has similar properties to the cortical bone. At this condition, B-type HA with 9.22% (wt.) carbonate content, 1.61 Ca/P molar ratio and amorphous structure was obtained easily, rapidly and efficiently. So, this is the first time microwave technology has been used to precipitate HA from SBF solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdO–ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by microwave-assisted method and characterized by X-ray crystallography (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). It exhibits hexagonal cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 27 nm. From the UV–Vis spectra, the bandgap is estimated as 2.92 eV. The fluorescence spectrum shows a near band edge emission at 422 nm. In addition the antibacterial activity of CdO–ZnO nanocomposite was carried out in-vitro against two kinds of bacteria: gram negative bacteria (G −ve) i.e. Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae and gram positive bacteria (G +ve): Staphylococcus aureus , Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus spp. This study indicates the zone of inhibition of 40 mm has high antibacterial activity towards the gram positive bacterium S. aureus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4) is a low-cost material exhibiting excellent physicochemical and photocatalytic properties indicating its potential use for next-generation eco-friendly energy storage and photocatalytic degradation applications. In this study, Co 3 O 4 nanoarcs were synthesized using SBA-15 as a template by microwave-assisted method to form an S15/m-Co 3 O 4 product. Characterization was done by low and wide-angle X-Ray diffraction, and Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopic studies confirming the presence of S15/m-Co 3 O 4. Scanning Electron Microscope images proved the agglomerated nanotube and nanoarcs like the structure of SBA-15 and S15/m- Co 3 O 4 , respectively. Electrochemical studies included cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge, retention capacity, and electron impedance spectroscopy studies in a 3-electrode system. S15/m-Co 3 O 4 nanoarcs, as the electrode material, was revealed to have a specific capacity of 87.5 C/g in 1 M KOH solution. Upon running 1000 cycles, the material had excellent capacity retention of 87%. The S15/m-Co 3 O 4 product also underwent photocatalytic degradation studies. The Rhodamine R6G dye degradation by S15/m-Co 3 O 4 under UV irradiation exhibited a high degradation percentage of 97.7%, following the first-order kinetics. S15/m-Co 3 O 4 has proven to be biocompatible and can be used to enhance supercapacitors which are an ideal alternative to conventional batteries for energy storage applications. Thus, the data produced proves S15/m-Co 3 O 4 nanoarcs is an excellent electrode material for pseudocapacitive application and a catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of dye molecules. [Display omitted] • Microwave-assisted technique was used to construct S15/m-Co 3 O 4 nanoarcs employing SBA-15 as a template. • The EIS plot also demonstrated that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) is 33 Ω, which aids in a simple channel for charge transfer, hence boosting redox processes and ion transport. • It has great capacity retention of 87.5% over 1000 cycles, as well as long-term durability. • The degradation percentage of R6G dye was determined to be 97.7% after only 180 min which is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of dopamine (DA) levels, a critical neurotransmitter involved in motor function and blood pressure regulation, requires more sensitive and selective sensors over a dynamic concentration range. The immense need to build highly efficient catalysts has always been at the forefront of electrochemical detection research toward DA. Herein, we design and synthesis an iron carbides-based heterostructure composite (Fe/Fe 3 C@CNT) by the introduction of microwave-assisted method and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Remarkably, it took only about 1.5 min to completely the preparation process including the pyrolysis of ferrocene (iron sources) and the formation of Fe/Fe 3 C nanoparticles uniformly distributed on the CNTs. Due to the unique heterostructure, enhanced electrical conductivity and adequate dispersion of active sites, the fabricated sensors exhibit favorable selectivity and great sensing property, yielding a distinguishable and selective response to DA down to 15 nM with a good linearity scope of 0.050–40 μM. The developed Fe/Fe 3 C@CNT electrode was then successfully applied to monitor the DA level from the real samples, which holds considerable promise for electrochemical detection and biosensing applications. • The Fe/Fe 3 C nanoparticles uniformly attached on the CNTs by a fast microwave-assisted method. • The particular heterostructure can provide rich active sites and achieve efficient catalytic performance. • The Fe/Fe 3 C@CNT/GCE exhibits great electrochemical sensing toward dopamine because of effective exposure of active sites. • The novel electrochemical sensor has the potential to detect dopamine in real biological serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]