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The wiki has empowered collaborative writing in L2 classes during this decade. Previous studies investigated wiki writing processes, including students' contribution to wiki texts and patterns of interaction, but scarce is the research on the quality of wiki writing products in relation to peer interaction during writing processes. This article reports a case study that examined collaborative wiki writing texts, and explored the links between wiki-mediated interactions and wiki products when four small groups of ESL students performed a research proposal writing task in an English for Academic Purposes course. We examined the qualities of wiki group writing products by analyzing features of rhetorical structure, coherence, and accuracy, supplemented with the scores given by two raters. Based on previously reported results on group interactions (Li, 2014; Li & Kim, 2016), we also explored the connections between writing products and patterns of interaction in the wiki writing task environment. Results revealed that Group 1, which demonstrated a collective pattern, produced the research proposal of the highest writing quality, particularly in the areas of rhetorical structure and coherence, followed by Group 2 that exemplified an expert/novice pattern. Group 3 and Group 4 that exhibited a dominant/defensive pattern and a cooperating-in-parallel pattern respectively produced research proposals of relatively low quality. We explained the links between wiki interactions and products by drawing on scaffolding and co-ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines travel constraints experienced by Chinese outbound tourists. Four constraint factors are identified from visitor data collected in 2006: structural constraint, cultural constraint, information constraint, and knowledge constraint. Information constraint is identified as a factor unique to outbound tourists from China. Among the four constraint factors, structural constraint is the most dominant. Four clusters of visitors are therefore identified: culturally constrained, structurally constrained, absence of sufficient information, and knowledge constrained. The four clusters are distinct in terms of their destination loyalty. The characteristics of each segment are given, and the practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an inductive citation analysis to examine diffusion patterns and knowledge networks in the economic, geographical/environmental, and socio-cultural domains of tourism research. Articles typical of these specializations were selected from the latest issues of Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, and Tourism Management, to begin with the tracking of major sources of knowledge for research in a sub-domain. Citation data collection followed a theoretical sampling approach for a scrutiny of three 'generations' of intellectual connections. Analyses and sorting of subjects and coauthorship networks were facilitated by ATLAS.ti. Diffusion patterns are visualized through 'pointed and high' versus 'thick and flat' tree diagrams for these subdomains. The study also describes knowledge networks typically embedded in the coauthorship patterns of the major sources. While the study lends to discussions on intellectual connections, this set of inductively derived results should be read in caution of the research design, the behavior of citation, and the perspectives of the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses two gaps in the research on tourist revisit intention: the impact of the pre-visit psychological factor of travel motivation and its relationship with destination image. Path analysis is adopted to examine the relationships among destination image, travel motivation, and revisit intention in a rural tourism context. A causal relationship is detected between three motivation dimensions, two image dimensions, and revisit intention. All three motivational constructs (intellectual, escape, and belonging) exert a significant influence on the cognitive dimension of image, whereas only the motivation construct of escape is significantly related to the affective dimension of image. A causal relationship is also identified between the affective dimension of image and revisit intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the motivation of the attendees of a community-based festival in the rural Midwest of the United States. Six motivational factors are identified from the visitor data collected at the festival: escape, novelty, nostalgia and patriotism, event excitement, family togetherness, and socialization. Among them, escape was the most dominant motivation. Five clusters are identified, including family travelers, event enthusiasts, loyal festival goers, escapers, and social gathering lovers. The five clusters are distinct in terms of the respondents' perception of the festival and revisit intention. The characteristics of each segment are given, and the practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the characteristics of Pieris disjunct genus. It explores the interspecific relationships of the species through the use of nucleotide sequences of the internal and external transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. It suggests that the Pieris nana is different from all other species of the genus in the low and prostrate habit. It also found that pieris cubensis is related to the clade that contain swinhoei, floribunda, and phillyreifolia.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be a key contributor to the development of heart failure. Replacing injured mitochondria with healthy mitochondria to restore mitochondrial bioenergy in myocardium holds great promise for cardioprotection after infarction. This study aimed to investigate whether direct transplantation of exogenous mitochondria derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-mt) is beneficial and superior in protecting cardiac function in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) compared to mitochondria derived from skin fibroblast (FB-mt) and to explore the underlying mechanisms from their effects on the endothelial cells. The isolated MSC-mt presented intact mitochondrial morphology and activity, as determined by electron microscopy, JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential assay, and seahorse assay. Direct injection of MSC-mt into the peri-infarct region in a mouse MI model enhanced blood vessel density, inhibited cardiac remodeling and apoptosis, thus improving heart function compared with FB-mt group. The injected MSC-mt can be tracked in the endothelial cells. In vitro, the fluorescence signal of MSC-mt can be detected in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry after coculture. Compared to FB-mt, MSC-mt more effectively protected the HUVECs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. MSC-mt presented superior capacity in inducing tube formation, enhancing SCF secretion, ATP content and cell proliferation in HUVECs compared to FB-mt. Mechanistically, MSC-mt administration alleviated oxidative stress-induced endothelial senescence via activation of ERK pathway. These findings suggest that using MSCs as sources of mitochondria is feasible and that proangiogenesis could be the mechanism by which MSC-mt transplantation attenuates MI. MSC-mt transplantation might serve as a new therapeutic strategy for treating MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the individuals of Zelkova schneideriana, which were classified by age using the spatial autocorrelation method, to quantify spatial patterns of genetic variation within the population and to explore potential mechanisms that determine genetic variation in population. The spatial autocnrelation coefficient (r) at 13 distance classes was determined on the basis of both geographical distance and genetic distance matrix which was derived from co-dominant SSR data using GenAlEx software. The results showed that aU the individuals of Z. schneideriana exhibited significantly positive spatial genetic structure at distance lees than 40 m (the X-intercept was 53. 568), indicating that the average length of the smallest genetic patch for the same genotype clustering of the Z. schneideriana Mailing population was about 50 m. Limited seed dispersal is the man factor that leads to the spatial genetic variation within populations. The individuals in age Clus II showed significantly positive spatial genetic structure at distance lees than 30 m (the X-intercept was 47. 882), while the individuals in age CISSS I and age CISSS III showed no significant spatial genetic structure in any of the spatial distance cluses. Z. schneideriana is a long-lived perennial plant; the self-thinning resulted from the cohort competition between individuals in the growing procees may lead to this certain spatial structure in age Class III of Z. schneideriana population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of intron sequence amplified polymorphism (ISAP) in conjunction with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) was carried out to examine the genetic relationships among 14 Dioscorea polystachya cultivars and identify the most popular cultivar 'Tiegun'. Our results revealed that there is a high level of polymorphism among these cultivars. Furthermore, in this study, ISAP markers were consistent with the morphological characters of Dioscorea polystachya cultivars and previous hypotheses on the classification of these cultivars into 2 groups via leaf and tuber shapes have been confirmed. Based on morphological characters and molecular data, we show for the first time that D. doryphora might be a single species and another progenitor of these cultivars. An ISAP fragment specific to the 'Tiegun' cultivar was converted into a SCAR marker. This marker could be used to discriminate the 'Tiegun' cultivar from the other 13 cultivars. Overall, the results of our study provide the foundations for subsequent breeding programs or conservation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]