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Interpersonal synchrony serves as a subtle, yet powerful bonding mechanism in social interactions. Problematically, the term 'synchrony' has been used to label a variety of distinct aspects of interpersonal coordination, such as postural similarities or movement activity entrainment. Accordingly, different algorithms have been suggested to quantify interpersonal synchrony. Yet, it remains unknown whether the different measures of synchrony represent correlated features of the same perceivable core phenomenon. The current study addresses this by comparing the suitability of a set of algorithms with respect to their association with observers' judgments of dyadic synchrony and leader-followership. One-hundred fifteen observers viewed computer animations of characters portraying the movements of real dyads who performed a repetitive motor task with instruction to move in unison. Animations were based on full-body motion capture data synchronously collected for both partners during the joint exercise. Results showed most synchrony measures significantly correlated with (a) perceived synchrony and (b) the perceived level of balance of leading/following by each dyad member. Phase synchrony and Pearson correlations were associated most strongly with the observer ratings. This might be typical for intentional, structured forms synchrony such as ritualized group activities. It remains open if these findings also apply to spontaneous forms of synchrony as, for instance, occurring in free-running conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is a growing concern as it can lead to lifelong health problems that carry over into adulthood. A substantial contributing factor to obesity is the physical activity (PA) habits that are formed in early childhood, as these habits tend to sustain throughout adulthood. To aid children in forming healthy PA habits, we designed a mixed reality system called the Virtual Fitness Buddy ecosystem, in which children can interact with a virtual pet agent. As a child exercises, their pet becomes slimmer, faster, and able to play more games with them. Our initial deployment of this project showed promise but was only designed for a short-term intervention lasting three days. More recently, we have scaled it from a pilot grade study to a 9-month intervention comprised of 422 children. Ultimately, our goal is to scale this project to be a nationwide primary prevention program to encourage moderate to vigorous PA in children. This article explores the challenges and lessons learned during the design and deployment of this system at scale in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative and combined effectiveness of verbal versus nonverbal techniques in eliciting rapport during interviews is unknown. The effectiveness of one verbal and one nonverbal behavioral technique presumed to be associated with rapport-building were compared to determine if either or both could influence participants to disclose more personal information. In an experiment, an interviewer performed one of four conditions with participants: verbal commonalities, mirrored body postures, a combination of both, or neither (control). Results indicated that participants were more willing to discuss personal, or "closed" topics when verbal commonalities were used alone, versus in conjunction with nonverbal mirroring. The simple effect of mirroring trended in the predicted direction but was not significantly different from the control group. Practical and research-based implications for rapport-building in interviews are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on two studies of the library reference service quality in Pennsylvania State University Libraries, conducted using the Wisconsin-Ohio Reference Evaluation Program (WOREP) survey. The authors say that 1980's developed WOREP is still a relevant reference tool. The authors say that the result of the second WOREP study showed the positive effects that could be achieved by focusing on the best reference practices. The authors say that while the training sessions were vital for developing knowledge base of public sector staff, the WOREP results demonstrated that behavioral techniques were crucial in promoting reference success. Several charts on the studies result are also provided.

Trust toward outgroup members is generally lower than it is toward ingroup members. Behavioral synchrony with virtual outgroup characters has been identified as a means of improving attitudes toward racial outgroup members, but this effect has not been tested for outgroup trust. We tested the effect of synchrony with an ingroup/outgroup virtual agent on a behavioral measure of outgroup trust. An experiment used an online economic game to obtain pretest and posttest measures of trust. In between these measures, participants played a dance video game on Xbox Kinect. They were randomly assigned to either an ingroup or outgroup agent (black or white) partner. Game score served as a continuous measure of synchrony with the agent. Regression analysis revealed that agent race moderated synchrony's effect on change in outgroup trust. Increased synchrony with an outgroup agent led to increased outgroup trust. Conversely, increased synchrony with an ingroup agent led to decreased outgroup trust. Findings are discussed with respect to implications for using virtual interactions to build outgroup trust in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggested that real-world lies are detected through hard evidence, such as physical evidence or a direct confession, and not via nonverbal clues. However, we argue that discovering a lie is a process, and nonverbal clues are an important source of information that can induce suspicion, which then triggers the search for hard evidence. We replicated an original study suggesting the irrelevance of nonverbal clues, but experimentally manipulated the wording of the critical question as ‘discovering’ a lie versus ‘suspecting’ a lie. A second study was conducted that further manipulated the phrasing to ask about ‘events’ versus ‘clues’ that led one to detect the lie. Results of both studies showed that those asked about suspecting a lie cited nonverbal behaviors significantly more often than those asked about discovering a lie. Thus, in contrast to previous research, these findings suggest the importance of behavioral clues (e.g. verbal and nonverbal behavior), specifically in the early stage of lie detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Chicago Public Library employed a brand of casual candid censorship embraced by its peers. In 1910 the Chicago Tribune favorably reported on a so-called "Book Inferno" in the library; a metaphorical pit where works of questionable merit were hidden from immature readers. Patrons, especially juveniles, needed to convince a librarian of their honorable intentions before being granted access to works in the Inferno. By 1936, the same institution issued a forceful Intellectual Freedom statement that affirmed the right, and the obligation, of the library to provide access to books on any subject of interest to its readers, including controversial works. An examination of the treatment accorded controversial works in the Chicago Public Library in the decades preceding the 1936 Intellectual Freedom statement reveals both continuity and change in attitudes towards censorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff from roadways on which road salt (NaCl) has been applied for driving safety in winter can form a saline water layer at the bottom of a lake, pond, reservoir, or river impoundment. Natural vertical mixing of lentic surface water bodies can be hindered by the presence of a benthic saline layer and thereby affect lake water quality and ecology. To study the formation and disappearance of the saline layer, temperature and specific conductance profiles were measured intermittently over two years (2007, 2008) and at high frequency during one year (2009) in an urban lake of the northern temperate region (Tanners Lake, Oakdale, Minnesota). Erosion of the saline layer in the spring occurred only in year 2007. In years 2008 and 2009, the saline layer persisted throughout the summer only to be removed during fall turnover when thermal stratification was at a minimum. In all three years, salinity dominated density stratification after ice-out, but was quickly overtaken by temperature stratification as the epilimnion warmed. The deterministic, unsteady dynamic one-dimensional (1D) lake temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) model MINLAKE was modified by including vertical salinity gradients, and it was used to simulate summer stratification and mixing dynamics in Tanners Lake. The daily adjustment of the hypolimnetic eddy diffusion as a function of lake number was an important component in the developed model. This addition allowed mixing in the hypolimnion to be stronger in the fall and spring when the lake stratification was weaker than in the summer after thermal stratification formed. Model results of dissolved oxygen in the water column demonstrated that the saline benthic layer can prevent dissolved oxygen from reaching lake sediments. The adverse consequences of dissolved oxygen depletion on phosphorus recycling from the sediments, benthic microbial communities, and fish habitat are well known. Overall, the results show how salinity from road salt applications can influence water quality and natural mixing in urban lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of the U.S. Great Depression on the Chicago Public Library (CPL) in Chicago, Illinois. According to the author, the Depression precipitated significant changes in internal and external library relations. Particular focus is given to the efforts of chief librarian Carl B. Roden to reform U.S. public libraries and to initiate adult education programs at the CPL. It is suggested that the effects of Roden's outreach programs, including the development of a local history collection and a series of community discussion forums, have had lasting significance to the community and illustrate the larger historical transformation of libraries from book repositories to community centers. Other topics include fiction, book purchasing, and library patrons.

Land-use regression models (LUR) estimate outdoor air pollution at high spatial resolution. Previous LURs have generally focused on individual cities. Here, we present an LUR for year-2006 ground-level NO2 concentrations throughout the contiguous United States. Our approach employs ground- and satellite-based NO2 measurements, and geographic characteristics such as population density, land-use (based on satellite data), and distance to major and minor roads. The results provide reliable estimates of ambient NO2 air pollution as measured by the U.S. EPA (R² = 0.78; bias = 22%) at a spatial resolution (30 m) that is capable of capturing within-urban and near-roadway gradients in NO2. We explore several aspects of temporal (time-of-day; day-of-week; season) and spatial (urban versus rural; U.S. region) variability in the model. Results are robust to spatial autocorrelation, to selection of an alternative input data set, and to minor perturbations in input data (using 90% of the data to predict the remaining 10%). The modeled population-weighted (unweighted) mean outdoor concentration in the United States is 10.7 (4.8) ppb. Our approach could be implemented in other areas of the world given sufficient road network and pollutant monitoring data. To facilitate future use and evaluation of the results, concentration estimates for the 8 million U.S. Census blocks in the contiguous United States are publicly available via the Supporting Information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 317,000 tonnes of road salt (NaCl) are applied annually for road deicing in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) of Minnesota. Although road salt is applied to increase driving safety, this practice influences environmental water quality. Thirteen lakes in the TCMA were studied over 46 months to determine if and how they respond to the seasonal applications of road salt. Sodium and chloride concentrations in these lakes were 10 and 25 times higher, respectively, than in other non-urban lakes in the region. Seasonal salinity/chloride cycles in the lakes were correlated with road salt applications: High concentrations in the winter and spring, especially near the bottom of the lakes, were followed by lower concentrations in the summer and fall due to flushing of the lakes by rainfall runoff. The seasonal salt storage/flushing rates for individual lakes were derived from volume-weighted average chloride concentration time series. The rate ranged from 9 to 55% of a lake''s minimum salt content. In some of the lakes studied salt concentrations were high enough to stop spring turnover preventing oxygen from reaching the benthic sediments. Concentrations above the sediments were also high enough to induce convective mixing of the saline water into the sediment pore water. A regional analysis of historical water quality records of 38 lakes in the TCMA showed increases in lake salinity from 1984 to 2005 that were highly correlated with the amount of rock salt purchased by the State of Minnesota. Chloride concentrations in individual lakes were positively correlated with the percent of impervious surfaces in the watershed and inversely with lake volume. Taken together, the results show a continuing degradation of the water quality of urban lakes due to application of NaCl in their watersheds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This presentation by Eric Novotny discussed the results of a usability study conducted at the Pennsylvania Statc University Libraries. Novices and experienced searchers were recruited to discover how Net Generation library users search the online catalog. Findings of the investigation revealed that library users have been greatly impacted by Internet search behaviors. The session provided insights into how libraries can design user-centered online systems to meet the Web-savvy users' expectations, dot: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Stream flow records (up to the year 2002) from 36 USGS gauging stations in five major river basins of Minnesota were studied. Seven annual stream flow statistics were extracted and analyzed: mean annual flow, 7-day low flow in winter, 7-day low flow in summer, peak flow due to snow melt runoff, peak flow due to rainfall as well as high and extreme flow days (number of days with flow rates greater than the mean plus one or two standard deviations, respectively). The Mann–Kendal non-parametric test was used to detect significant trends over time windows from 90 to 10 years in combination with the Trend Free Pre-Whitening (TFPW) method for correcting time series data for serial correlation. Streamflows in the state of Minnesota have varied over the period of record. Trends differed significantly from one river basin to another, and became more accentuated for shorter time windows. Periodicity was detected in the trends for the Red River of the North, the Mississippi River, and the Minnesota River basins for six of the statistics studied. Periods were on the order of 13–15 and 25 years, and the amplitudes were particularly strong after 1980. Peak flow due to snowmelt, typically the highest flow in each year, appears to be the only streamflow statistic that has not changed at a significant rate. Peak flows due to rainfall events in the summer are increasing, as well as the number of days with higher flows (high flow days). Increases in low flow (base flow) in summer and in winter have been significant. Wetter summers and more frequent snow melt events due to warmer winters are the likely cause. Stream flows in Minnesota reflect observed changes in precipitation with increases in mean annual precipitation, a larger number of intense rainfall events, more days with precipitation and earlier and more frequent snowmelt events. For water resources management the results suggest that the threat of snowmelt flooding has not increased, but floods due to rainfall events are more likely. Higher summer and winter base flows may benefit water quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on the effectiveness of instructions in online cataloging of library resources, which was undertaken at Pennsylvania State University in 2004. Participants of the study were eight first-year students who were given library instructions to use the online catalog. Results were compared to the results of a previous study conducted in 2002 and the analysis showed little differences on how the online catalog was used. The study demonstrated the positive effect of instruction on the search behavior of the user.

This article acts as an introduction to digital collections that can be used to locate images relating to American history. A discussion of the use of search engines, image databases, subscription services, local online catalogs, and print indexes to images is presented. Technology has changed the way in which historians view and search for historical images from the past. Several features of search engines are compared. Summaries of databases that provide access to historical images are listed. Some institutions have shared their information in an effort to decentralize collections of historical images. Some strategies are suggested for locating images in print resources. Also included is contact information for visual organizations and discussion groups.

A protocol analysis study was undertaken to explore how a Web-savvy generation of library users searches the online catalog. Eighteen users, including experienced and novice searchers, were recruited. Participants agreed to be recorded and to express their thoughts aloud while searching. Analysis of these data has revealed several distinct trends. Most notable among these trends has been the impact of Internet search engines on user expectations. Given the influence of the Web, these assumptions are likely common throughout higher education. This research reveals where bottlenecks occur and provides insights into how libraries can design systems that help users around trouble spots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study on the role of U.S. libraries in the Americanization process. Changes in the focus of public librarians; Services to immigrant communities; Delivery system of the Chicago Public Library in Illinois.

Focuses on the overview of chief methodologies available for conducting assessment of electronic services. Analysis of the ways electronic reference services being implemented and used; Criteria for evaluating reference services; Suggestion on the way reference services can be applied to online service environment.

Focuses on the impact of learning theory on the course of learning for adults. Factors that affect learning; Recommendations and guidelines for applying study of learning to reference service and library instruction.

The article examines the response of the Chicago Public Library to the financial challenges faced during the Great Depression in the U.S. during the 1930s. The effects of increased unemployment on library use, demands on library hours, and library staffing are discussed and the effect of budget cuts on library priorities is explored. The impact of reduced book budgets on circulation, appeals to the public for financial support, and dependence on state aid are also discussed. Comparisons between the effect of the Depression and the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 on U.S. public libraries are explored.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including research on electric references from a variety of authors including Andrew Briedenbaugh, Buff Hirko, Ruth Vondracek, Lauren Miranda, and Melissa Gross.

This section provides information on bibliographies in history published in 2003 and 2004 which were considered outstanding by the Reference and User Services Association History Section Bibliography and Indexes Committee. The volume Black Populism in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography, by Anthony J. Adam and Gerald H. Gaither, describes resources documenting African Americans' participation in the populist movement. While the depth of treatment suggests a scholarly audience, the annotations help make the work accessible. The book The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography, by Judith A. Boughter, is a comprehensive bibliography on the Pawnee, which cites monographs, theses, scholarly and popular journal articles, as well as government documents and other sources. Extensive annotations are included. There is also a list of archival collections. The book A Bibliography of the First World War in the Far East and Southeast Asia, by Justin Corfield, aims to fill in the gaps for an aspect of World War I which has to a large extent, been overlooked, or has taken second place to the action in Europe and the Middle East. Included are nearly fifteen hundred references to books, magazine and journal articles, newspaper reports, manuscripts, and unpublished theses and dissertations, including some materials in Western European and Asian languages, in addition to English.

Previous research distinguishing terrorist groups has employed categorical schemes that are (1) ideologically broad and ambiguous (e.g., right‐wing versus left‐wing) or (2) focused on single‐issues (e.g., guns, abortion). Broad schemes often fail to clearly distinguish groups' motivations, and single‐issue schemes provide no coherent theoretical structure for understanding terrorist behavior. To address these limitations, we applied the conceptual framework of moral foundations theory (MFT) to derive a content‐analytic scheme identifying universal instincts we term "moral motivations." We then applied this scheme to classify descriptions found in the Profiles of Perpetrators of Terrorism in the United States, an open‐sourced dataset providing information on terrorist organizations that committed violence on U.S. soil. Analyses examined how terrorist‐group activities are associated with specific moral motivations in order to distinguish dominant motives among different groups. Results showed that extremist right‐wing, religious, and ethno‐nationalist/separatist ideologies were associated with the binding motivations of loyalty, authority, and purity. Extremist left‐wing and single‐issue ideologies were associated with the individualizing motivations of care and fairness. These findings are discussed regarding the value of using MFT's motivations to distinguish terrorist groups and how describing their moral motivations might advance efforts to curtail their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) estimates from the Fitbit Flex 2 were compared to those from the ActiGraph GT9X Link in 123 elementary school children. Steps and intensity-specific estimates of PA and 3-month PA change were calculated using two different ActiGraph cut-points (Evenson and Romanzini). Fitbit estimates were 35% higher for steps compared to the ActiGraph. Fitbit and ActiGraph intensity-specific estimates were closest for sedentary and light PA, while estimates of moderate and vigorous PA varied substantially depending upon the ActiGraph cut-points used. Spearman correlations between device estimates were higher for steps (rs =.70) than for moderate (rs =.54 to.55) or vigorous (rs =.29 to.48) PA. There was low concordance between devices in assessing PA changes over time. Agreement between Fitbit Flex 2 and ActiGraph estimates may depend upon the cut-points used to classify PA intensity. However, there is fair to good agreement between devices in ranking children's steps and MVPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2016 election, Pennsylvania was viewed as a crucial state not only for the presidential race, but also for a Senate seat, seats in the House of Representatives, and for state-specific positions. In response to the attention placed on Pennsylvania during the election, Penn State University Libraries undertook a project to document the discourse that occurred online. The resulting project, "Pennsylvania Perspectives on the 2016 U.S. Election," collected websites and Twitter data in order to document the people, voices, moments, and prominent issues in Pennsylvania. In this practice paper, we describe the project background, scope, collection methodology, lessons learned, and best practices that we discovered, in the hopes that it will inspire others to undertake similar projects to document important societal events at local, state, national, and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface for the September 2006 issue of the "Reference Librarian" is presented.

Previous research demonstrated that exposure to news of the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France increased the salience of moral intuitions associated with respect for authority and purity in a sample of U.S. participants. The present study attempted to replicate this finding with news of domestic terrorism by examining the effect of exposure to news of the 2017 Las Vegas, Nevada music festival shooting. Approximately three weeks before the Las Vegas shooting occurred, participants (N = 195) drawn from a population similar to the original study completed a survey measuring their moral intuition salience. Four days after the event, participants (N = 162) read either news coverage of the shooting or a control story and once again completed a survey measuring their moral intuition salience. Our results replicated previous findings from research on the Paris terrorist attacks. Exposure to news of the Las Vegas terrorist attack increased the salience of respect for authority and purity. We discuss how our findings are in line with logic suggesting that news of a terrorist attacks can threaten audiences' perceptions of societal safety, strengthen the need for societal cohesion, and increase the salience of binding moral intuitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content analyses examining the values expressed in popular music have been predominantly ad hoc, limited to antisocial themes, and lacking a comprehensive theoretical coding scheme. We applied a content analytic scheme based in the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) to examine altruistic and egoistic values in popular music over 60 years. Findings show (a) more frequent representation of egoistic than altruistic motivations, and (b) the profusion of egoistic motivations focused mostly on romantic (in adult-targeted music) but also platonic (in child-targeted music) relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature suggests that affective disposition theory (ADT) has difficulty explaining the appeal of protagonists that sometimes do bad things. We addressed this issue by integrating logic from attribution theory with ADT. Three studies examined whether causal factors identified in attribution theory's covariation model (consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency) affected internal/external attributions (for a character's harmful behavior) to shape liking for characters seen inflicting extreme harm. In Study 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 experiment varied (high vs low) the perceptions of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency associated with a protagonist's harmful acts to examine their effect on liking for a well-known hero. In a 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 experiment using an unknown character, Studies 2 and 3 added to Study 1's design by varying character type (imperfect hero, morally equivocal character, villain). Findings indicate narrative cues serve as antecedent factors that prompt either internal or external attributions for a protagonist's harmful behavior. Internal attributions negatively predict character liking, whereas external attributions are positive predictors. Findings suggest that writers, when they want viewers to like characters, may use attribution theory principles to signal that external factors caused the character's harmful acts. We discuss this belief as an alternative to models that explain the appeal of protagonists who behave immorally, reasoning that initially-activated character schema can bias audiences in favor of a protagonist and minimize the importance of moral judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) highlights the central influence of innate moral instincts (or intuitions) in media use. Recent experimental research on the MIME found that moral intuitions that are chronically accessible in video gamers are likely to influence players to uphold related moral principles in the game. This study replicated and extended this research to examine the influence of both chronic and temporary accessibility of moral intuitions. Discussion focuses on the prospect that while chronic accessibility should be a better predictor of behavior in most cases, there are proximal in-game instances where environmental cues temporarily increase the accessibility of other moral intuitions. This suggests that (a) players do not necessarily disengage their morals during gameplay, and that moral intuitions influence their in-game decisions, and that (b) this influence is not fixed, but can be continuously modulated by game design features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common wisdom holds that graphic media violence leads to antisocial outcomes. This common wisdom is reflected in the Society for Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics. However, theory and research regarding moral emotions’ ability to increase moral sensitivity suggests that this type of negative content may be capable of yielding prosocial responses. This article describes this logic and tests its predictions in two experimental studies utilizing news footage of a mass execution conducted by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Results corroborate claims that graphic media violence can serve as a moral motivator. Higher levels of graphic violence led to stronger anger and disgust responses, which in turn predicted higher levels of (a) moral sensitivity, (b) desires for anti-ISIS interventions (including military and humanitarian efforts), and (c) eudaimonic motivations (i.e., seeking meaning in life). Important to note, no increases in negative attitudes toward Arab Muslims were observed. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using logic suggested by the model of intuitive morality and exemplars, we examined the impact of exposure to terrorist attack news coverage on the salience of moral intuitions and prosocial behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to watch news of the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks or a control news story. Afterward, we measured the salience of five moral intuitions (sensitivity to care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity) and the participants’ prejudice (i.e., the lack of intentions to help outgroup members). Results showed that exposure to terrorist attack news (a) increased the salience of respect for authority and subsequently (b) reduced prosocial behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. Closer inspection revealed that authority salience mediated the effect of terrorist news exposure on these behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. In a second study using the same design as in the first study, we ensured that the ingroup and the outgroup addressed in the first study were indeed perceived differently on dimensions of ingroup membership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]