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One of the classifications of atmospheric circulation types applied in Poland is the typology proposed by Lityński (1969). Circulation types were designated based on three classes in each of three indices (zonal Ws, meridional Wp, and cyclonicity index Cp). Indices Ws and Wp were developed based on differences in atmospheric pressure over the area of 40°-65°N and 0°-35vE. A total of 27 types were designated. Calendars of the types in reference to the period 1951-1999 were published. Lack of information on particular stages of development of the calendars seems to preclude unequivocal interpretation in their use. It is not clear what reference period was considered in the development of the calendars. An example is provided that a change in the reference period causes the shift of 5% of days to another class. The name of the type does not always concern the direction of air advection. For example, in January, the middle class „0" zonal index is characterised by air advection from the west. In such a situation, the type called „S" in practice describes inflow of air from direction „SW". An example is also provided of a situation where the same value of the Wp index was qualified in June to class „S", and in November to class „N". Examples of analyses are also presented with the application of daily values of Wp and Ws concerning air temperature, snow cover, and UTCI index. Attention is drawn to the need of high degree of caution in the interpretation of research concerning multi-annual periods where results of reanalyses were used as source data. It is pointed out that the annual courses of circulation indices Wp and Ws may be approximated when the determination of air density considered the same temperature in reference to all days in a year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the development of multifaceted research on snow cover conducted by Polish researchers in various parts of the world since the end of the 19th century up to the modern times. The paper describes Polish studies on physical and chemical properties of snow cover, its long-term changes, relationships between snow cover and climate, impact of snow cover on environmental conditions and human activity. This work is also an attempt to show the contribution of Polish snow-related research to the international achievements in this fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the definitions of strong and very strong thermal waves have been introduced. The deviations of mean daily temperature from the long-term average of the air temperature by 2 and 3 standard deviations for three consecutive days were applied as criteria for thermal waves. The study was conducted for Lublin (1952-2010). In the analyzed period there were 54 strong cold waves and 24 strong warm waves. Strong cold waves often appeared in the first half of the analyzed period. An increase in the incidence of strong warm waves was noted in the XXI century. The criteria for a very strong warm wave were met by 4 cold waves and 1 warm wave. Strong cold waves occurred from 16 September to 7 June, and the strong warm waves - from 17 March to 17 November. Additionally, we analyzed the course of air temperature during a particularly hot summer in 2015 when 4 severe warm waves occurred. A very strong warm wave did not occur during that summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to determine in a comprehensive manner the impact of selected weather factors on the human body is biothermal-meteorological classification of weather. In this paper the typology by K. Błażejczyk was used. On the basis of this typology there were 169 different states of weather separated occurring in the years 1976-2010 on IMGW synoptic station in Lublin-Radawiec. In this period the type which occurred with the highest frequency was cold weather. That frequency reached on average 33% during the year, with maximum in November and February (over 45% of days). The type comfortable weather occurred in 11% of days during the year, with maximum during autumn (October, 23%) and spring (April, 22%). Very hot weather, with highest values of thermal sensations has occurred with frequency of 23% in the analyzed years. It was noted since May to September, mainly in July and August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frost waves are included to extreme weather phenomena - similarly as other phenomena of the type - constituting a threat for human health and life, as well as negatively affecting the natural environment. Frost wave is defined as a sequence of at least three consecutive days with minimum daily air temperature equal or lower than -15°C (Wibig et al. 2009). The aim of this paper is to examine the thermal conditions in the Lublin Region during particularly cold January of 2017. The adopted source materials were results of measurements of minimum and maximum daily air temperature and term values of air temperatures with a 1-hour time step from field meteorological stations of the Department of Hydrology and Climatology of the University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska (UMCS) located in the Lublin Region (Celejów, Leśniowice, Rybczewice, Wola Wereszczyńska, Guciów), as well as meteorological stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute IMGW-PIB (Siedlce, Terespol, Lublin-Radawiec, Włodawa, Sandomierz, Zamość, Kozienice). Frost wave in the Lublin Region was from 5 to 11 January. However, at the majority of stations (excluding the station in Terespol) on 9 January, the minimum daily air temperature was higher than -15°C. During this phenomenon, the lowest air temperature was recorded on 7 January in Guciów, and its value reached -25.3°C. The cause of this frost wave was the inflow of Arctic air from the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]