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Este estudio tiene por objeto medir los efectos de la participación en las cadenas globales de valor sobre la productividad total de los factores de la economía brasileña utilizando modelos de paneles dinámicos heterogéneos y métodos que permiten diagnosticar efectos a corto y largo plazo. El estudio innova en dos aspectos: se estima el impacto de las cadenas globales de valor en la productividad total de los factores sectorial brasileña, desagregando los indicadores de participación en cadenas simples y complejas desarrollados por Wang y otros (2017), y se usa una metodología inédita en el análisis entre participación en las cadenas globales de valor y productividad total de los factores sectorial brasileña. A largo plazo, esta participación parece generar ganancias de productividad con cualquier indicador considerado. Además, los mayores efectos a largo plazo se producen cuando las actividades se desarrollan en cadenas complejas. Se encuentran efectos positivos en 15 de los 31 sectores analizados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The Brazilian municipalities show a huge disparity in income level. The GDP per capita difference between the richest and the poorest municipalities is about 190 times, according to IBGE (2000) database. This paper aims to analyze the impacts of Brazilian municipalities institutional quality on their levels of per capita income. Design/methodology/approach – Institutionalist theory provides a plausible explanation for the gap among municipalities income level. Many empirical studies based on cross-country data have found a high correlation between institutional quality and the level of economic development, but there is little research concerning the extreme inequality within the national territory and its relationship with institutional quality. The theory suggests that the institutions matter for the level of economic development because of their effects on political power distribution, generation of economic opportunities, innovation, human capital accumulation, and so on. Findings – Overall, an increase by one point in the average quality of the institutions is able to increase the average GDP per capita around 20 percent. This means that each point of increase in the quality of the municipality institutions is able to increase the municipality GDP per capita by R$1,000 (around US$600). Originality/value – This is an important research that sheds light to the importance of institutional quality at local level and its influence over growth in a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural changes and labor market in Brazil. In the present article, we attempt to identify the sources of the changes in the labor schooling level in the three main sectors of the Brazilian economy: manufacturing, services and agriculture. It was verified that, despite the changes in the product and employment among sectors, mainly in the 1990s, the relative demands for qualified workers has not experimented significant changes. Moreover, in the periods in which schooling has increased more, the workers' wage has decreased more. This fact suggests that the increase in labor qualification was mainly due to the increase of this factor supply. The structural changes had contributed, in general, in a marginal and negative way to labor force level of qualification demand in all the three sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describe la teoría del crecimiento impulsado por la demanda y se aporta evidencia de la existencia de un modelo semejante en la economía brasileña. A partir de la metodología desarrollada por Atesoglu (2002), se realizaron pruebas econométricas para corroborar la hipótesis de que la economía brasileña se basa en el crecimiento promovido por la demanda. Los resultados indican que prácticamente el 85% de la tasa de crecimiento del pib real en el período 1990-2005 se explica por variables de la demanda, principalmente las exportaciones y el consumo público. Dado que la actual crisis fiscal elimina la posibilidad de expansión fiscal, la única opción para el Brasil es adoptar un modelo de crecimiento impulsado por las exportaciones. En este artículo se demuestra también que el mantenimiento de un tipo de cambio real (TCR) devaluado es un factor importante para el incremento de las exportaciones en países en desarrollo como el Brasil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian economy pulled by the aggregate demand. This article aims to present the demand-led growth theory and some empirical evidences for a demand-led growth regime in Brazil. First of all, we will do a brief review of the theory of demand led-growth, based in the seminal work of Kaldor (1988), for whom long-run growth is determined by the growth rate of consumption expenditures and the growth rate of exports. Based in the empirical methodology developed by Atesoglu (2002), we run some econometric tests for the hypothesis of demand-led growth for Brazilian economy. The results of such tests shown that near of 85% of GDP growth in Brazil in the period 1991-2005 is explained by variables at the demand side of the economy. Besides that, based in the methodology developed by Ledesma and Thirwall (2002), we shown that natural rate of growth for Brazilian economy is endogenous, increasing during boom times. This means that appears to be no restrictions in the supply side of the economy for a faster growth of Brazilian economy. Finally, we argue that a necessary condition for a sustained growth of Brazilian economy is the adoption of a export-led growth model. For such it is necessary to put an end on the actual over-valuation of real exchange rate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes crime indicators in municipalities of São Paulo and their evolution between 2010 and 2019, given the importance of the topic for the level of social well-being. The study is justified both by the broadness of the available data and by their quality compared to other units of the federation. The results show a relevant drop in different crime indicators among the regions that form the state. Additionally, correlations are drawn with the expected signal between variables usually emphasized in the literature as important crime rate determinators, including income inequality, population and level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering figures from the Brazilian national basic education assessment system (Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica, SAEB), the present study maps the performance evolution of both 5th and 9th basic education grade students and high school 3rd graders over the different regions that form the State of São Paulo from 2007 to 2017. The evolution of both SAEB and ENEM (the Brazilian national assessment exam for high school students) scores for high school 3rd graders from 2017 to 2019 is also analyzed. The results show a positive evolution of SAEB scores from 2007 to 2017 among different grades and a positive evolution for high school 3rd graders from 2017 to 2019, but with discrepant results among regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]