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The study objective was to assess the potential benefits of using genomic tools in organic plant breeding programs to enhance selection efficiency. A diversity panel of 247 spring naked barley accessions was characterized under Irish organic conditions over 3 years. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed on 19 traits related to agronomy, phenology, diseases, and grain quality, using the information on 50 K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP). Four models (EMMA, G model, BLINK, 3VMrMLM) were applied to 5 types of Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUP): within-year, mean, aggregated within-year). 1653 Marker-Trait-Associations (MTA) were identified, with 259 discovered in at least two analyses. 3VMrMLM was the best-performing model with significant MTA together explaining the largest proportion of the additive variance for most traits and BLUP types (from 1.4 to 50%). This study proposed a methodology to prioritize main effect MTA from different models' outputs, using multi-marker regression analyses with markers fitted as fixed or random factors. 36 QTL, considered major, explained more than 5% of the trait variance on each BLUP type. A candidate gene or known QTL was found for 18 of them, with 13 discovered with 3VMrMLM. Multi-model GWAS was useful for validating additional QTL, including 8 only discovered with BLINK or G model, thus allowing a broader understanding of the traits' genetic architecture. In addition, results highlighted a correlation between the trait value and the number of favorable major QTL exhibited by accessions. We suggest inputting this number in a multi-trait index for a more efficient Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) of accessions best balancing multiple quantitative traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the present quantitative and qualitative study, to compare the new variety of naked barley with other cereals (durum wheat, commun wheat, coated barley). Regarding the richness in phytonutrients including mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins condensed in a hydroponic culture. Methods: The experiment was conducted in Laboratory of Life Sciences and Techniques, Souk Ahras University in Algeria during 2019-2022. The antioxidant power was tested according to the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results obtained from the quantitative study of methanolic extracts show that varieties rich in tannins and flavonoids have a significant antioxidant activity than a variety rich only in total polyphenols. Qualitative studies based on HPLC of these compounds allow us to visualize phenolic traces of our extracts, this analysis showed that our extracts mainly contain flavonoids of the flavone and flavonol type, potentially interesting for their biological properties. Result: The results reported the existence of a very highly significant difference (P<0.001) between IC50 of the new variety Chaiir Ennabi (Naked Barley) compared to ascorbic acid, which shows a lower antioxidant activity of this variety. Barley variety Barbarous (coated barley) had the highest antioxidant activities and the highest contents of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of four organic N (compost) + nano-N treatments (Control, Organic N, Nano-N, and Organic N+Nano-N) and four levels of mineral N fertilizer (0, fifteen, thirty, and forty five kg N/fed) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components, as well as nutritive value of naked barley, field experiments two were carried out in Moshtohor Tokh, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt, during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. With three replications, the experiment was designed utilizing a split plot layout RCBD. Four levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer were apportioned at random throughout the sub plots, while the four nitrogen organic and nano treatments were assigned to the main plots. The subplot's area measured 3.5 × 3 m, or 10.5 m2 (1/400 fed). The following were the primary findings: With the exception of the harvest index in the first and second seasons, the organic N+nano-N treatment produced the highest values of all the features examined. In contrast to the other levels, forty five N/fed level produced the maximum values for all examined features and increased noticeably in both seasons. In terms of the interaction effect, there were significant differences in plant height in the second season, spike weight in both seasons, and No. spikelets/spike, No. grains/spike and grain yield/fed in the first season between the levels of organic N + Nano-N and mineral N fertilizer. We may conclude that, under the given conditions of this experiment, the height yield productivity was created by applied organic N+nano-N and fertilized with 50 or 75 kg N fed-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Baeksoojeongchal’, a new naked waxy barley cultivar was developed from a cross between ‘Jinmichapssal’ and ‘Radiant’ at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2019. ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ is a white, waxy naked barley cultivar with a low browning reaction owing to the low levels of proanthocyanidin. Regional yield trials were conducted for ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ as the breeding line, ‘Jeonju135’ at four different regions between 2017 and 2019. The average heading date of ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ in the paddy field was April 20, which was a day later than that of ‘Saechal’. Maturing date of ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ in the paddy field was May 26, which was 2 days later than that of ‘Saechal’. It has a short culm length of 75 cm and a short spike length of 4.3 cm, with 48 grains per spike and a 1,000-grain weight of 29.5 g. Compared to ‘Saechal’, ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ shows weaker winter withering and has better tolerance to lodging. The incidence of BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) in ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ was similar to that in ‘Saechal’; in addition, it was susceptible to powdery mildew. The grain quality characteristics of ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ indicated a similar protein content (9.6%) and a lower proanthocyanidin content (0.011%) and whiteness (42.0) compared to that in ‘Saechal’. The average yield was 505 kg/10a in the paddy field, which was 7% higher than that of ‘Saechal’. ‘Baeksoojeongchal’ is the naked waxy barley cultivar with the most whiteness and low proanthocyanidin content; therefore this could contribute to the promotion of barley consumption, by avoiding reduction in consumer preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EARLY MATURITY 8 (EAM8) gene of barley is homologous to the EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) gene in Arabidopsis, as loss-of-function mutations in this circadian clock gene promote rapid flowering. A previous study demonstrated that the early flowering phenotype of a hulless barley, Lalu, was due to allele eam8.l carrying an alternative splicing mutation in intron 3 that led to intron retention. In the present study, we verified that eam8.l encoded a truncated protein. Although EAM8 was expressed at a higher level in Lalu than in other barley lines with a longer growth period, it did not negatively regulate flowering time. This result further proved that the eam8.l protein was nonfunctional in regulating flowering in barley. The early flowering phenotype of Lalu plants was strongly dependent on the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA). The eam8.l mutation stopped the suppression of GA biosynthesis, and Lalu accumulated excessive GA, especially in leaves. This was achieved through the upregulated expression of genes in the GA pathway, including GA20ox2, LFY1, SOC1, PAP2, and FPF3. The mutation of the EAM8 gene also abolished the inhibition of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like (FT1) gene expression at night. During the night, expression levels of the FT1 gene were higher than those during the day in Lalu. However, the GA-dependent pathway and FT1 gene mechanism are two independent pathways that promote flowering in Lalu. Alleles of EAM8, therefore, demonstrated an important breeding value in barley, which is probably effective in many other day-length-sensitive crop plants as well; thus, they could be used to tune adaptation in different geographic regions and climatic conditions, a critical issue in times of global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the physicochemical and gelatinization properties of naked barley, tetrastichum barley, and waxy barley. Compared to tetrastichum barley and waxy barley, naked barley had shorter and rounder grains with a 1.43 length/ width ratio. Tetrastichum barley had lower crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content and higher amylose content compared to naked barley and waxy barley. The L, a, b color values of waxy barley were significantly higher than those of naked barley and tetrastichum barley. The water absorption index (WAI) and the water soluble index (WSI) were highest in waxy barley. The X-ray diffraction pattern was type A in all samples, and the peak intensity was highest in waxy barley. The maximum viscosity, cooling viscosity, breakdown, and setback of amylogram properties were the highest in tetrastichum barley. The thermal properties through the differential scanning calorimeter showed that the waxy barley had higher values of the onset, peak, conclusion temperature and enthalpy (?H). In conclusion, the variety of barley influenced the physicochemical and gelatinization properties, which could be important factors in the manufacture of processed foods. These results would thus useful inputs for the manufacturing of these foods using barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hordeum vulgare 'Heukbochal', a naked waxy barley cultivar with a high anthocyanin content and black lemma has been developed from a cross between 'Ginssalbori/Changyongjaelae' and 'Ginssalbori' by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It is a winter-type barley with a vernalization degree of Ⅳ, lax panicle with loose-type spike density, and long awn type. The average heading date of 'Heukbochal' is April 19th, which is the same as that of the control cultivar 'Saechalssalbori'. It has a long culm of 79 cm and a long spike length of 7.0 cm, with 54 grains per spike and a 1000-grain weight of 30.4 g. Although compared with 'Saechalssalbori', 'Heukbochal' shows weaker winter hardiness, it is characterized by better resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus. The grains of 'Heukbochal' showed a similar protein content (10.4%) to 'Saechalssalbori' but a lower beta-glucan content (5%) than that of 'Saechalssalbori'. Furthermore, the grains of 'Heukbochal' have an anthocyanin content of 0.116±0.005 mg/bran g, which is 1.9 times higher than that of 'Heuknuri' (0.062±0.007 mg/bran g), another non-waxy naked barley cultivar with a black lemma. Additionally, its average grain yield is 4.02 ton/ha in paddy fields, which is 5% lower than that of 'Saechalssalbori'. 'Heukbochal' is the first developed naked waxy barley cultivar with a high anthocyanin content and black lemma; therefore, we anticipate its cultivation in Korea (Registration No. 8194). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their important nutrition and health potential, the interest in einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) wheat, as well as naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) species is increasing. The study examined the agricultural properties related to three einkorn wheats, three emmer wheats and two naked barleys, one bread wheat and one hulled barley in spring sowing under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Depending on irrigated and rainfed agriculture conditions, the vegetative period of genotypes varied between 59.3-71.7 and 58.2-71.0 days, grain filling period varied between 29.8-38.0 and 26.7-33.8 days, plant height varied between 79.6-105.2 and 79.1-99.0 cm, the number of spike per square-meter varied between 533.3-682.5 and 457.5-573.3, the number of grains per spike varied between 16.1-22.6 and 13.6-20.0, the 1000-kernel weight varied between 31.2-54.6 g and 28.0-47.6 g, the grain yield varied between 2410-4099 kg ha-1 and 1716-2660 kg ha-1, and the crude protein content varied between 10.1-13.5% and 10.4-14.8%, respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained from Tokak 157/37 barley cultivar, while the highest crude protein contents were obtained from einkorn genotypes. The number of spike per square-meter, the number of grains per spike, the 1000 kernel weight and the grain yield decreased by 14.6%, 9.4%, 8.7%, and 26.2% respectively, while the crude protein content increased by 8.2% under rain-fed agriculture conditions. It was determined that Özen and Yalın barley varieties could not be an alternative to Tokak 157/37 barley cultivar due to low grain yield and protein content. Einkorn cv. Çatalyazı and emmer wheat cv. Çağlayan in irrigated conditions, and all the einkorn and emmer genotypes in rain-fed conditions were superior to Kırik wheat genotype in terms of grain yield. The genotypes of the einkorn had a significantly higher grain protein content compared to the Kırik and emmer genotypes. It is possible to note that Çatalyazı and Çağlayan genotypes are promising cereals in Erzurum region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hulled barley has been extensively cultivated in Algeria. While naked barley was neglected in terms of research and genetic improvement. But it is now receiving renewed interest due to the potential health and agronomic benefits. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance of naked and hulled barley landraces collected from main production areas in the East of Algeria. Methods: The field experiments were conducted under rain-fed conditions, in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons, in semi-arid zone of eastern Algeria. Both populations of plants were characterized agronomically, taking into account for nine quantitative traits. Result: Hulled barley cultivars outperformed the naked barley and from the results of Principal Component Analysis, it was found that the most important variables for the classification of barley cultivars are high grain yield, high straw yield and high biological yield. Hulled barley varieties showed the best yield performance, contrary to naked barley, which showed the poorer yield performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The naked caryopsis character in barley is a domestication-associated trait defined by loss-of-function of the NUD gene. The functional NUD gene encodes an Apetala 2/Ethylene-Response Factor (AP2/ERF) controlling the formation of a cementing layer between pericarp and both lemma and palea. The downstream genes regulated by the NUD transcription factor and molecular mechanism of a cementing layer formation are still not sufficiently described. A naturally occurring 17-kb deletion in the nud locus is associated with the emergence of naked barley. Naked barley has been traditionally used for food and nowadays is considered as a dietary component for functional nutrition. Results: In the present study, we demonstrate that targeted knockout of the NUD gene using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease leads to the phenotype conversion from hulled to naked barley. Using in vivo pre-testing systems, highly effective guide RNAs targeting the first exon of the NUD gene were selected. Expression cassettes harboring the cas9 and guide RNA genes were used to transform barley cv. Golden Promise via Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. The recessive naked grain phenotype was observed in 57% of primary transformants, which indicates a frequent occurrence of homozygous or biallelic mutations. T-DNA-free homozygous lines with independently generated mutations in the NUD gene were obtained in the T1 generation. At homozygous state, all obtained mutations including one- and two-amino acid losses with the translational reading frame being retained invariably caused the naked grain phenotype. Conclusions: The hulled and naked barley isogenic lines generated are a perfect experimental model for further studies on pleiotropic consequences of nud mutations on overall plant performance under particular consideration of yield-determining traits. Due to the high β-glucan content of its grains, naked barley is considered as being of particular dietary value. The possibility to convert hulled into naked barley cultivars by targeted mutagenesis allows breeders to extend the potential utilization of barley by the provision of functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Aisikexiaer Cemetery, located in the Hami Basin of Xinjiang, northwest China, has been dated to around 2700 to 2400 BP. The arid conditions of the Hami region allow for the preservation through desiccation of a large amount of botanical materials, with 14 different taxa identified by systematic archaeobotanical study. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste) was the only cereal type identified. Barley may be cultivated in the oases around the cemetery and threshed to obtain grains for foodstuff. Broken stems of barley were by-products of threshing and possibly consumed as binder for wall construction. Woody plants mainly include Populus euphratica, Tamarix sp. and Salix sp. Timbers of P. euphratica were the most important wooden materials for local inhabitants, used in the construction of tombs and fabrication of wooden articles. The remaining wild herbaceous plants are dominated by Aristida grandiglumis. Culms of A. grandiglumis may have been specially collected for livestock fodder and used as filling material of roof thatch on tomb. Stems of Phragmites australis were used in mat weaving. The diversity of plant remains, and their uses give insight into the adaptive strategies of the South Aisikexiaer population to arid environment in the Hami Basin during the early Iron Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Nulichal” was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2010. The initial cross was conducted in 2000, and an elite line (HB15305-B-B-31-2) was selected in 2005. Subsequently, preliminary yield and advanced yield trials have designated it as “Iksan 95.” It showed good agronomic performance in regional yield trials from 2008 to 2010 and was released as “Nulichal,” with resistance against the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and high yields with a waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturation dates of “Nulichal” were April 24 and May 30, respectively in paddy fields, which were 1 day later than those of the check cultivar “Saechalssalbori.” It had culm and spike lengths of 82 and 4.0 cm, respectively. It showed 774 spikes/m2, 63 grains/spike, 25.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 793 g of test weight. “Nulichal” showed higher levels of resistance to BaYMV than the naturally occurring Iksan (type Ⅲ strain), Naju (type Ⅰ), and Jinju (type Ⅱ). The expansion rate was higher than that of “Saechalssalbori” and its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were lower than those of “Saechalssalbori.” Its average pearled grain yield in the regional yield trial was 4.00 MT/ha in paddy fields, which was 10% higher than that of the check cultivar. The combined availability of “Nulichal” was improved by its increased culm length compared with that of “Hinchalssal.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer interest in nutrition and health has increased, for other food and industrial applications, including for barley. ‘Huknuri’ is a new naked non-waxy barley cultivar with black lemma. It was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2011. The initial cross was carried out in 2002, and an elite line (HB16225-B-B-9) was selected in 2006. Since then, through preliminary yield and advanced yield trials, it was designated as ‘Iksan 100’. It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials from 2009 to 2011 and was released as ‘Huknuri’, possessing high anthocyanin content and black lemma with a non-waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturing dates of ‘Huknuri’ were April 23 and May 29 in paddy fields, which were one day earlier and the same as those of the check cultivar ‘Saessalbori’, respectively. It had a culm and spike length of 87 and 5.0 cm, respectively. It showed 601 spikes per m2, 61 grains per spike, 29.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 780 g of test weight. ‘Huknuri’ showed better resistance to Barley yellow mosaic virus and higher water absorption and expansion rates than those of the check cultivar. Its average pearled grain yield in the regional yield trial was 3.44 MT/ha in upland, and 3.56 MT/ha in paddy fields, which were 5% lower and 1% higher than those of the check cultivar, respectively. The anthocyanin content was 180 μg/g, which was higher than that of the check cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although oryzanol in rice bran is one of the most utilised steryl ferulates (SFs, ferulic acid/coumaric acid esters of phytosterol/triterpene alcohol), SFs are also present in other cereals. Thus, we herein report the SF profiles present in various cereals, pseudo-cereals and millets using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The SF contents of whole foxtail millet, whole proso millet, and whole barnyard millet were 28.9, 0.2, and 4.8 mg-oryzanol equivalent/100 g, respectively, indicating that the SF content in whole foxtail millet was about 80% of oryzanol in brown rice. Using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation method combined with mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), the SF components from several millets and cereals were identified. It revealed that SFs of whole foxtail millet was composed of stigmastanyl ferulate (73%), stigmastanyl coumarate (10%), and others (17%). Furthermore, SF compositions of whole barnyard millet and naked barley were firstly determined and they were considerably different from those of other cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted aiming to examine the antiviral activity of adlay tea and its components against influenza viruses. We further aimed to clarify the mechanism by which these components regulate virus replication. RESULTS: Adlay tea at a concentration suitable for drinking inhibited the multiplication of influenza viruses. Moreover, our results suggest that individual components of the tea had antiviral activities against the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus. Adlay tea inhibited multiplication of the H1N1, H3N2 and B types of influenza virus, including oseltamivir‐resistant viruses. In addition, adlay tea inhibited influenza infection during the periods of virus adsorption to the cell and virus replication. Adlay tea did not suppress hemagglutination inhibition or cell fusion, although it slightly inhibited virus binding to Malin Darby canine kidney cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the antiviral compounds included in adlay tea were ingredients other than polyphenols and that there were several types of effective compounds in adlay tea inhibiting several steps of viral replication. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrate that adlay tea had antiviral effects against influenza viruses. Our findings with respect to adlay tea suggest that the polyphenols might have a small influence on its antiviral activity and that other ingredients might have more influence. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium is a common fungal disease in grains that reduces the yield of barley and wheat. In this study, a near infrared reflectance spectroscopic technique was used with a statistical prediction model to rapidly and non-destructively discriminate grain samples contaminated with Fusarium. Reflectance spectra were acquired from hulled barley, naked barley, and wheat samples contaminated with Fusarium using near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy with a wavelength range of 1175-2170 nm. After measurement, the samples were cultured in a medium to discriminate contaminated samples. A partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) prediction model was developed using the acquired reflectance spectra and the culture results. The correct classification rate (CCR) of Fusarium for the hulled barley, naked barley, and wheat samples developed using raw spectra was 98% or higher. The accuracy of discrimination prediction improved when second and third-order derivative pretreatments were applied. The grains contaminated with Fusarium could be rapidly discriminated using spectroscopy technology and a PLS-DA discrimination model, and the potential of the non-destructive discrimination method could be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted at Mosul University-college of Agriculture and Forestry during the seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, Seven of naked barley entries introduced from ICARDA in addition to the locally grown variety Rihane-3 were grown under the rain fed conditions. The characters studied were: number of days to 50 % flowering, maturity date, plant height, spike length, number of grains/ spike, number of tillers/ plant, number of spikes/ m2 , biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and 100-grain weight. Highly significant differences between entries were found for : number of days to 50 % flowering, maturity date, number of grains/ spike, and grain yield/ plant. The variance spike length was high for significant at 5%. The result recoated highly significant difference were found for characters: number of days to 50 % flowering, maturity date, number of tillers/ plant, number of spikes/ m2 , number of grains/ spike, and grain yield. The interaction between entries and years were highly significant different for characters: number of days to 50 % flowering, maturity date, spike length, number of grains/ spike, grain yield/ plant. While significant at 5% for 100-grain weight. Heritability values in broad-sense were high for characters grain yield/ plant. The expected genetic advance in season 2010-2011high for: number of tillers/ plant, number of grains/ spike and medium for plant height, spike length, number of spikes/ m2, grain yield harvest index and 100-grain weight. Values of phenotypic and genetic coefficient variances were high for number of grains/ spike in 2010-2011 season . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited use of barley for food is mostly due to undesirable color and unfamiliar flavor of barley based food products. So, preventing the browning is very important in order to increase the consumption of barley. ‘Yeongbaekchal'is a new naked waxy barley cultivar which is not get discolored. It was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2013. It was derived from the cross between‘Radiant'which is a proanthocyanidin free and ‘Saechalssal' which has characteristics of winter hardness, lodging tolerance, waxy endosperm and good cooking. The initial cross was done in 2006 and the selected line, ‘Iksan116'(HB16953-B-B-7), had no proanthocyanidin and showed good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2012 to 2013. Heading and maturing date of ‘Yeongbaekchal' were 3days late than those of ‘Saechalssal'. It had 90 cm of culm length and 5.0 cm of spike length. It showed 840 spikes per m2, 63 grains per spike, 25.1 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 831 g of test weight. ‘Yeongbaekchal' showed better resistance to BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) and similar water absorption rate and expansion rate with the check cultivar. Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.42 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 5% lower than that of the check cultivar. It showed a little discoloration during the storage after cooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the effect of Fusarium graminearum infection on field-grown naked barley ( Hordeum vulgare nudum ). The ears were inoculated with F. graminearum spores during anthesis. In the course of ripening, grains in five phenological growth stages of naked barley from milk ripe to plant death were sampled. The albumin and globulin proteins of inoculated grains and untreated (control) grains were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Forty-five spots composing of proteins that were changed in abundance due to F. graminearum infection were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. Various proteins showing altered expression pattern after Fusarium infection were linked to stress response such as plant signal transduction pathways, fungal defense and oxidative burst. More proteins changed during early grain ripening stages than during later ripening stages. Protease inhibitors occurred at increased abundancy during milk ripe stage. A thaumatin-like protein accumulated at plant death stage. Proteins linked to nitrogen metabolism and protein biosynthesis were mainly reduced, whereas those linked to carbon metabolism were predominantly increased in infected grains. Biological significance Fusarium graminearum infection can lead to significant contamination of grains with mycotoxins. With this 2D-based proteomics study we give an insight into plant–pathogen interactions between the non-model plant naked barley and the fungus F. graminearum during five stages of grain development. Over the multiple developmental stages we observed specific patterns of changes induced by the fungus: the primary plant metabolism and inhibition of fungal protease were predominantly affected during early grain development stages. During the entire grain development we found an induced accumulation of thaumatin-like proteins due to the fungal infection indicating their fundamental role for naked barley defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naked barley products used in bread making gain popularity as a source of both soluble and insoluble fractions of dietary fibre, especially β-glucans. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different naked barley flour share in rye bread formulations and dough preparation methods (Single-phase and Detmold sourdough) on non-starch polysaccharides content and solubility and antioxidant properties of products at different processing stage. Naked barley incorporation to rye contributed to the increase in dietary fibre content with higher soluble fraction share, highly enriched products in β-glucan and increased antioxidant activity of products. It also contains high amounts of arabinoxylans, but less soluble than those from rye. A Single Phase method of rye bread production resulted in higher β-glucan concentration in products and their antioxidant activity, compared to Detmold method products. The nutritional quality of bread is highly influenced by the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is globally one of the major obstacles limits crop productivity. In recent years, the use of recirculated water systems in barley production has increased due to the shortage in irrigation water. The effect of irrigation using saline water on barley growth/yield and soil characteristics was investigated in the present study. A lysimeter experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute at Sakha Research Station, during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons to study the effect of some saline water treatments ECw (control, 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 ds m-1) on yield and its components of ten hull-less barley genotypes; Giza 129, Giza 130, Giza 131, Giza 135 and Giza 136 (cultivars) and five promising lines (line 1, line 2, line 3, line 4 and line 5). Results showed significant effect of irrigation with saline water on yield and its components as well as soil properties. Increasing salinity of irrigation water significantly reduced spike length, number of spikes m-1 and grain yield plor-1. Also, significant differences were recorded among the ten genotypes of hull-less barley, where the highest biological and grain yields, and harvest index were obtained from Giza 136, Giza131 and line 3, respectively, while the lowest values were obtained from line 5. Moreover, soil chemical properties were also changed where ECe, pH and soluble salts, especially soluble sodium and chloride were increased with increasing ECw treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important biological substances consumed in insufficient quantity is fibre that is often deficient in the diet. In general, dietary fibre is edible part of plants, or similar carbohydrates, that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Nowadays, there are many sources of fibre available for bakery indust ry, whether through addition of non -traditional bread cereals or through isolated form as additives. Except to supposed increase the nutritional value of bakery products with added fiber and raw materials containing fiber is necessary to think about their technological quality and rheological properties of dough. The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the effect of the addition of selected polysaccharides (inulin, Potex - potato fiber) and non-bakery crops (naked barley, malt) containing significant polysaccharides used in the mixture with wheat flour type T-650 in different ratios on the basis of farinographic evaluations. Based on the results of rheological measurements we found out that quality of dough was deteriorating proportionally to the amount of used additives. On the other hand, positively could be considered the increase of water absorption with addition of Potex and naked barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of (1-3)(1-4)-β-d-glucans in the kernels of three high-glucan lines of naked barley (STH 4561, STH 4671 and STH 4676), a low-glucan line (STH 4572), and two low-glucan comparative cultivars (naked – Rastik, and hulled – Stratus). The content of (1-3)(1-4)-β-d-glucans assayed with the enzymatic method varied within the range from 4.04 to 5.71% dry matter basis. Microspectrophotometric analysis revealed significant differentiation in the structure of the kernels and in the distribution of (1-3)(1-4)-β-d-glucans; it also indicated a necessity of applying such processing methods as are appropriate to the distribution of functional components. The distribution of functional components in the high-glucan lines of naked barley makes them ideal for utilization both in the milling technology and in the production of grits and flakes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Naked barleys are less yielding than the hulled ones while the reason for this difference has not been definitely clarified. To investigate the effect of the nud gene on yield, a barley doubled haploid (DH, Proctor x Nudinka) population was initially tested in three environments and a QTL study was run on the entire population as well as on two nud/NUD DH subpopulations. Among the agronomic traits studied, a QTL effect was found at nud locus on chromosome 7H only for yield and thousand grain weight (TGW), while a second QTL was found on 6H, although contributed by the naked parent. Other QTLs for TGW were identified on 2H, 3H and 5H. Most QTLs found in the entire population were confirmed by the study on the two groups. No interaction was observed between QTLs. To provide a more accurate evaluation of the effects of the nud gene upon grain yield, its components and other agronomic traits, sixteen naked advanced backcross (AB) BC5F2 lines in the hulled background of cultivar Arda were prepared and evaluated in a replicated yield trial for two years. The only differences found between AB lines and Arda in grain yield and TGW were due to hull weight (11.97% of kernel weight). No differences were observed in other traits such as grains/m², grains per spike, plant height, heading date and mildew resistance. In conclusion, we think to have clarified that the effect of the nud gene on yield is due to hulls, and we did not find any pleiotropic effect of nud on other traits. This suggests, together with the finding of a QTL contributed by the naked parent, that there is a great potential to improve naked barley up to the yield levels of hulled barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonized fruits and seeds from 17 Linearbandkeramik (LBK) sites in central Belgium are discussed. The number of cultivated plants is rather limited, and two cultivated cereals (maybe three with barley), two pulses and two oil plants have been identified. These results agree with those from other LBK sites. The uniformity of plant assemblages within the western LBK territory shows few variations at the regional and inter-regional levels. Gathering evidence seems to be more important west of central Belgium, but it has to be further investigated. Concerning cultivated plants, emmer is dominant west of the river Rhine whereas einkorn seems to have been preferred east of it. Naked barley could have been introduced to the western part of the LBK territory and indicates Mediterranean influence. Opium poppy seeds discovered in LBK sites confirm these influences, but poppy could have been cultivated for the first time by LBK people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The expansion of volume (the puffing index) of naked barley was investigated at various operating conditions of the puffing process. The purpose was to optimise the manufacture of expanded grains of the naked barley cultivars that have exceptional nutritional value for humans. The influence of the following parameters on the puffing index was investigated: the mass and the moisture content of the charge of the puffing barrel, pressure and temperature during the puffing process, the cultivar of barley, pre-processing of the grain (grinding and polishing), adding water into the barrel and the sensory quality of the product. A regression equation was established for the calculation of the puffing index as a function of the operating parameters. The puffing index is influenced especially by the operating temperature and pressure. There was no influence found of mass of the charge, the cultivar of barley, the degree of grinding of barley, washing of the grains and adding water on the puffing index. The puffing index is not the sole indicator of the quality of the expanded product. It is necessary to take into account the sensory evaluation. A quality expanded naked barley was obtained at the operating temperature of 550°C and pressure from 0.9 to 1.0MPa with the moisture content of the charge around 16.5%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The naked/hulled kernel trait is controlled in barley by a single gene called nud, on chromosome 7H. The first aim of this work was use bulked segregant analysis to find, new PCR-based markers linked to nud for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A new SCAR marker (sJ14) was developed, which is useful for introgressing the naked trait. This, and three other SCARs, were placed on the ‘Proctor’ × ‘Nudinka’ map to detail a 0.9-cM fragment tagging nud. In order to evaluate the haplotypes around the nud locus, a phenotypically differentiated collection of naked/hulled genotypes was characterized by means of the above markers. Eight different marker haplotypes were found in the breeding germplasm, and a new allele for the marker sKT7 was found. The same barley collection has been surveyed for resistance/susceptibility to leaf stripe ( Pyrenophora graminea), in order to investigate any possible association between this and other traits. The naked/hulled seed trait was not associated with resistance/susceptibility to the fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hulled or naked caryopsis character of barley is an important agronomic trait because of the direct link to its use. A single recessive gene, nud, located on the long arm of chromosome 7H, controls the naked caryopsis character. Previously, linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) bands from bulked segregant analysis were screened, and the nud gene was mapped in a population of 151 F2 plants. In the present study, the aim was to construct a high-resolution map of the nud gene towards its positional cloning. Two AFLP bands were converted into sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers (sKT5 and sKT9), and a previously reported SCAR marker sKT3 was improved for more reliable detection of polymorphism. A total of 2380 segregants derived from five cross-combinations were analysed, and the nud gene was flanked by sKT3 and sKT9, at the 0.6-cM proximal and the 0.06-cM distal side, respectively. The SCAR markers developed in this study should be useful for marker-assisted selection in naked barley breeding employing crosses between naked and hulled accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hulled or naked caryopsis character of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important trait for edibility and to follow its domestication process. A single recessive gene, nud, controls the naked caryopsis character, and is located on the long arm of chromosome 7H. To develop a fine map around the nud locus efficiently, the HEGS (High Efficiency Genome Scanning) electrophoresis system was combined with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). From bulked segregant analysis of 1,894 primer combinations, 12 AFLP fragments were selected as linked markers. For mapping, an F2 population of 151 individuals derived from a cross between Kobinkatagi (naked type) and Triumph (hulled type) was used. Seven AFLP markers were localized near the nud region. A fine map was developed with one-order higher resolution than before, along with the seven anchor markers. Among the seven linked AFLP markers (KT1–7), KT1, KT2 and KT6 were co-dominant, and the former two were detected for their single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the same length of fragments after electrophoresis with the non-denaturing gels of HEGS. The nud locus has co-segregated with KT3 and KT7, and was flanked by KT2 and KT4, at the 0.3-cM proximal and the 1.2-cM distal side, respectively. Four of these AFLP markers were converted into sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, one of which was a dominant marker co-segregating with the nud gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the oldest known domesticated crops and the fourth most widely grown cereal crop in the world. Barley has three principal end-uses: feed, food, and malt. Each end-use of barley requires different characteristics, but hull adherence and beta-glucan content are important for each of the three classes. Naked (hull-less) barley, which threshes freely from the hull, makes up a very small percentage of overall barley production and is mainly grown for food end-uses. However, naked barley shows potential as a crop that can be used for multiple end-uses. This review will describe the progression of naked barley in the US as well as ongoing research at Oregon State University. With the genetic resources from around the world that are available in germplasm repositories and continued research on end-use quality, advances can be made to create a new frontier of naked barley for multiple end-uses that will benefit growers, processors, and consumers. [Display omitted] • Naked currently makes up a very small percentage of overall barley production. • Naked barley shows potential as a crop that can be used for multiple end-uses. • This paper describes the progress of naked barley in the US and ongoing research. • Advances can be made to create new naked barley varieties for multiple end-uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll content in plant leaves is an essential indicator of the growth condition and the fertilization management effect of naked barley crops. The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values strongly correlate with leaf chlorophyll contents. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can provide an efficient way to retrieve SPAD values on a relatively large scale with a high temporal resolution. But the UAV mounted with high-cost multispectral or hyperspectral sensors may be a tremendous economic burden for smallholder farmers. To overcome this shortcoming, we investigated the potential of UAV mounted with a commercial digital camera for estimating the SPAD values of naked barley leaves. We related 21 color-based vegetation indices (VIs) calculated from UAV images acquired from two flight heights (6.0 m and 50.0 m above ground level) in four different growth stages with SPAD values. Our results indicated that vegetation extraction and naked barley ears mask could improve the correlation between image-calculated vegetation indices and SPAD values. The VIs of 'L*,' 'b*,' 'G − B' and '2G − R − B' showed significant correlations with SPAD values of naked barley leaves at both flight heights. The validation of the regression model showed that the index of 'G-B' could be regarded as the most robust vegetation index for predicting the SPAD values of naked barley leaves for different images and different flight heights. Our study demonstrated that the UAV mounted with a commercial camera has great potentiality in retrieving SPAD values of naked barley leaves under unstable photography conditions. It is significant for farmers to take advantage of the cheap measurement system to monitor crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Germination changed the phenolic compounds in naked barley. • The content of phenolic compounds increased as germination prolonged to 36 h. • Infrared drying had greater phenolic compounds retention than hot air drying. • Phenolic compounds in raw and treated barley differentiated by PLS-DA. Naked barley grains were germinated at 25 °C for 12, 24, and 36 h, followed by infrared or hot air drying. Effects of germination and drying treatments on the composition and content of phenolic compounds in naked barley were investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The results revealed that germination of naked barley induced significant changes in the profile of phenolic compounds depending on germination period. Also, the content of phenolic compounds significantly increased (P < 0.05) as the germination prolonged to up to 36 h. Furthermore, significantly greater retention of phenolic compounds was found after the infrared drying of germinated naked barley than that found after hot air drying. Phenolic compounds of the raw and germinated/dried naked barley samples could be differentiated independently by partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). The obtained results suggest that germination and infrared drying are promising processing methods for producing germinated naked barley rich in flavonoids with potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]