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The N-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), comprising residues 1–83, contains three segments prone to aggregation: residues 14–22, 53–58, and 67–72. We previously demonstrated that residues 14–22 are critical in apoA-I fibril formation while residues 53–58 entropically drove the nucleation process. Here, we investigated the impact of amyloidogenic mutations (Δ60–71/VT, Δ70–72, and F71Y) located around residues 67–72 on fibril formation by the apoA-I 1–83 fragment. Thioflavin T fluorescence assay demonstrated that the Δ60–71/VT mutation significantly enhances both nucleation and fibril elongation rates, whereas the Δ70–72 and F71Y mutations had minimal effects. Circular dichroism measurements and microscopic observations revealed that all variant fragments formed straight fibrils, transitioning from random coils to β-sheet structures. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that primary nucleation is the dominant step in fibril formation, with fibril elongation reaching saturation at high protein concentrations. Thermodynamically, both nucleation and fibril elongation were enthalpically and entropically unfavorable in all apoA-I 1–83 variants, in which the entropic barrier of nucleation was almost eliminated for the Δ60–71/VT variant. Taken together, our results suggest the presence of new aggregation-prone segment in the Δ60–71/VT variant that promotes nucleation through entropic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into amyloid fibrils is closely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Familial mutations or posttranslational truncations in α-syn are known as risk factor for PD. Here, we examined the effects of the PD-related A30P or A53T point mutation and C-terminal 123–140 or 104–140 truncation on the aggregating property of α-syn based on the kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Thioflavin T fluorescence measurements indicated that A53T, Δ123‒140, and Δ104–140 variants aggregated faster than WT α-syn, in which the A53T mutation markedly increases nucleation rate whereas the Δ123‒140 or Δ104‒140 truncation significantly increases both nucleation and fibril elongation rates. Ultracentrifugation and western blotting analyses demonstrated that these mutations or truncations promote the conversion of monomer to aggregated forms of α-syn. Analysis of the dependence of aggregation reaction of α-syn variants on the monomer concentration suggested that the A53T mutation enhances conversion of monomers to amyloid nuclei whereas the C-terminal truncations, especially the Δ104–140, enhance autocatalytic aggregation on existing fibrils. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the kinetics of nucleation and fibril elongation of α-syn variants indicated that both nucleation and fibril elongation of WT α-syn are enthalpically and entropically unfavorable. Interestingly, the unfavorable activation enthalpy of nucleation greatly decreases for the A53T and becomes reversed in sign for the C-terminally truncated variants. Taken together, our results indicate that the A53T mutation and the C-terminal truncation enhance α-syn aggregation by reducing unfavorable activation enthalpy of nucleation, and the C-terminal truncation further triggers the autocatalytic fibril elongation on the fibril surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a regulator of lipid metabolism, cholesterol transport, and the clearance and aggregation of amyloid β in the brain. The three human apoE isoforms apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 only differ in one or two residues. Nevertheless, the functions highly depend on the isoform types and lipidated states. Here, we generated novel anti‐apoE monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and obtained an apoE4‐selective mAb whose epitope is within residues 110–117. ELISA and bio‐layer interferometry measurements demonstrated that the dissociation constants of mAbs are within the nanomolar range. Using the generated antibodies, we successfully constructed sandwich ELISA systems, which can detect all apoE isoforms or selectively detect apoE4. These results suggest the usability of the generated anti‐apoE mAbs for selective detection of apoE isoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]