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Dysprosium doped Ni0.50Co0.50DyxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) was synthesized via auto combustion of nitrate citrate gel. The prepared composites were given microwave plasma treatment to improve their dielectric properties for constructing high-frequency devices. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the production of Dy-doped cubic spinel NiCo ferrites. The average crystallite size for the untreated magnetic composite was 32.10 nm, while for plasma-treated samples was 25.17 nm. A growth in lattice parameters and decreased porosity was observed in plasma-treated composites. VSM findings revealed a decrease in saturation magnetization from 54.15 to 36.75 emu/g with an increase in Dy3+ from 0.25 to 0.50%. Saturation magnetization again raised with increasing Dy3+ content from 0.50 to 0.75%. The lower Dy3+ concentration resulted in low saturation magnetization, while the high Dy3+ concentration showed high saturation magnetization of the composite. Temperature and frequency-dependent dielectric characteristics revealed bulbous enrichment in the dielectric constant and significant Q factor for plasma-treated samples. The perceived deviation in dielectric loss with frequency change is credited to the conduction phenomenon, which agrees with Koop's phenomenological theory. High dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, even at higher temperatures, enable the synthesized ferrites to be strong candidates for high-frequency devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective experimental study was conducted on 40 eyes of 40 patients with complicated uveitic cataracts to compare a single intraoperative intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) with oral steroids for inflammation control after cataract extraction. The IVTA group (19 eyes) received an intravitreal injection of 4 mg/0.1 ml triamcinolone acetonide intraoperatively, and the oral steroid group (19 eyes) received oral steroids peri-operatively. Two patients had to be excluded from the study because they underwent extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), instead of phacoemulsification. A statistically significant difference was observed in the anterior chamber cell and flare response between both groups initially, but by the last follow-up, this became insignificant. None of the patients in each group experienced a recurrence of uveitis nor developed cystoid macular edema. Five patients in the oral steroid group had IOP >21 mmHg post-operatively. A single injection of 4 mg IVTA has similar efficacy to peri-operative oral steroid administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the modified exponential approach is used to investigate the fractional order longitudinal wave equation in a magneto-elastic circular rod, which represents the nonlinear interplay between dispersion and longitudinal wave velocity depending on the rod's material and geometry. The time-fractional order is used in the standpoint of conformable derivative. Comprehensive and descriptive waveform solutions, including kink-shaped, bell-shaped, and bright bell-shaped solitons, are obtained. The produced soliton solutions are advanced, unique, developed, and crucial. To demonstrate the physical appearance of the obtained solutions, 2D, 3D, and contour graphs of some of the obtained solutions are plotted. The extracted solutions demonstrate the physical significance of the model and express the pressure and electrostatic potential for the longitudinal wave equation and can be used to elucidate more complicated nonlinear models of classical and fractional order. The obtained results are helpful in finding the amplitude of tsunami waves which is of great interest to researchers in the field of ocean engineering. If a tsunami extends across a large area, it becomes a manifestation of solitons. The comparison of the obtained solutions is also given in the form of remarks 1 and 2 which shows the novelty of our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM), the cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Cuq-ROFSs) are utilized to express membership and non-membership degrees in the form of interval values to efficiently cope with decision makers' (DMs') complex assessment values. To more efficiently capture DM evaluation results in the MAGDM procedure, we offer a novel tool called 2-tuple linguistic cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (2TLCuq-ROFS), which extends Cuq-ROFS by using 2-tuple linguistic (2TL) terms. 2TLCuq-ROFS effectively incorporates the advantages of 2TL and Cuq-ROFS, making them attractive and versatile for depicting attribute values in an uncertain and complex decision-making environment. To effectively aggregate the attribute values in the form of 2-tuple linguistic cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (2TLCuq-ROFNs), some Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operators and their weighted forms are presented in this paper. The weight information for attributes is unknown. Therefore, the criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) method is employed to determine the objective weight information. The purpose of this study is to incorporate a conventional multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) framework based on 2TLCuq-ROFNs because it addresses problematic and imprecise decision-making problems by calculating the distance among each alternative and the border approximation area by using 2TLCuq-ROFNs and MSM aggregation operators. First, some basic concepts associated with 2TLCuq-ROFNs and the CRITIC-MABAC procedure are briefly explained. Moreover, an evaluation framework based on the improved CRITIC-MABAC method is established. An explanatory case study related to the risk investment problem in Belt and Road is used to verify the validity and practicality of the designed evaluation framework. In conclusion, by utilizing the CRITIC-MABAC methodology based on proposed operators, we find that Λ 7 is the optimal alternative for risk investment. Furthermore, comparison analysis emphasizes the integrity and prominent features of the proposed methodology and provides various complementary perspectives for investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to investigate the heat transfer mechanism while considering the attributes of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and nonlinear thermal radiations in the three-dimensional steady incompressible flow of Carreau liquid on an extendable rotating disk. By using the similarity transformation, the governed equations were converted into the nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. The essential characteristics of various variables like Prandtl number, Lewis number, Carreau liquid parameter, Brownian motion, thermophoresis parameter, radiation parameter, Eckert number and Hartmann number on velocity, thermal, and concentration are discussed through graphs and tables. The presented investigation divulges that the thermal and mass transfer rates enhance when Brownian motion and thermophoresis processes extended and manifest as opposing features on the concentration field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Artificial Intelligence (AI) large language models (LLM) are tools capable of generating human‐like text responses to user queries across topics. The use of these language models in various medical contexts is currently being studied. However, the performance and content quality of these language models have not been evaluated in specific medical fields. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance of AI LLMs ChatGPT, Gemini and Copilot in providing information to parents about chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and compare the information accuracy and quality with that of a reference source. Methods: In this study, 40 frequently asked questions about CKD were identified. The accuracy and quality of the answers were evaluated with reference to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. The accuracy of the responses generated by LLMs was assessed using F1, precision and recall scores. The quality of the responses was evaluated using a five‐point global quality score (GQS). Results: ChatGPT and Gemini achieved high F1 scores of 0.89 and 1, respectively, in the diagnosis and lifestyle categories, demonstrating significant success in generating accurate responses. Furthermore, ChatGPT and Gemini were successful in generating accurate responses with high precision values in the diagnosis and lifestyle categories. In terms of recall values, all LLMs exhibited strong performance in the diagnosis, treatment and lifestyle categories. Average GQ scores for the responses generated were 3.46 ± 0.55, 1.93 ± 0.63 and 2.02 ± 0.69 for Gemini, ChatGPT 3.5 and Copilot, respectively. In all categories, Gemini performed better than ChatGPT and Copilot. Conclusion: Although LLMs provide parents with high‐accuracy information about CKD, their use is limited compared with that of a reference source. The limitations in the performance of LLMs can lead to misinformation and potential misinterpretations. Therefore, patients and parents should exercise caution when using these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do citizens and non-citizens perceive themselves as more politically influential in contexts with more immigrant-inclusive local enfranchisement policies? Despite long-standing debates about the unequal responsiveness in the political systems of many advanced democracies, we still know little about whether targeted public policies at the local level can alter perceptions of political representation among residents. Importantly, little attention has been paid to the potential intended and unintended consequences of local electoral policies on external efficacy and research designs that include non-citizen residents. In this paper, we argue and test whether local alien enfranchisement raises external efficacy among non-citizens as a highly effective marker of immigrant inclusivity. Next, considering the potential spill-over effects of alien enfranchisement on citizens, we examine whether such electoral expansion is associated with a perceived increase in competition for political influence and a subsequent decline in citizens' external efficacy. Empirically, we focus on the Swiss case and exploit local electoral institutions' sub-national and temporal variation using longitudinal data from the Swiss Household Panel from 1999 to 2014. The paper adds to earlier work by proposing local policy context regarding non-citizen enfranchisement as one of the predictors of external efficacy on the resident population. Our findings suggest that perceived political influence among non-citizens is higher in municipalities with inclusive enfranchisement. We find no evidence for citizens experiencing lower external efficacy when voting rights are extended, making alien enfranchisement potentially a valuable tool to improve political integration among immigrants in today's diverse democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate models (GCMs) are extensively used to calculate standardized drought indices. However, inaccuracies in GCM simulations and uncertainties inherent in the standardization methodology limit the precision of drought evaluations. The objective of this research is to remove bias in GCMs for improving drought monitoring and assessment. Consequently, this article proposes a new framework for drought index under the ensemble of GCMs—Multi‐Model Quantile Mapped Standardized Precipitation Index (MMQMSPI). In accordance of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the second stage derives a new index by assessing the feasibility of parametric and nonparametric models during standardization. In the application, we used 18 GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) data of precipitation across 32 grid points within the Tibetan Plateau region. The comparative findings reveal that the integration of KCGMD is the most suitable choice compared to other best‐fitted univariate distributions in both features of the proposed framework. In this research, we assess the implications of evaluating future patterns of drought for the years 2015–2100 using seven different time periods and three different future scenarios. Temporal behavior clearly shows monthly variations in the pattern of MMQMSPI, and these variations differ on each time scale, but a drastic change can be seen over the long term, i.e., extreme dry and wet conditions, with a higher probability in all scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has the highest rates of consanguinity in the world, with nearly two‐thirds marrying cousins. To understand this pattern, we adopt the theoretical framework of intensive and extensive kinship that allows us to predict correlates of consanguineous marriages and logically connect patterns in Pakistan with those in other regions. Using data from the Punjab Consanguinity Survey, we examine indicators of economic development, fertility, cultural norms, and marriage payments as potential correlates of cousin marriage. Consistent with the intensive kinship framework, we find that number of cousins, parental consanguinity, spousal proximity, and caste or clan endogamy are associated with higher likelihood of consanguinity. In contrast, the likelihood of cousin marriage decreases with extensive kinship indicators including husband's education, co‐education, and large wedding expenditures. For women, cousin marriages are often “marrying down” financially, keeping women's wealth in the family. Comparison of Pakistan to other countries highlights the importance of low levels of literacy and female education, high fertility, and rapid population growth. We conclude that high rates of cousin marriage persist in Pakistan due to slow economic development which maintains motivations for cooperation with kin, and high fertility rates which sustain the large numbers of cousins that enable high levels of consanguinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop an optimisation-based price bid generation mechanism for the sellers and buyers in a double-auction-aided peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading market. With consumers being prosumers through the continuous adoption of distributed energy resources, P2P energy trading models offer a paradigm shift in energy market operation. Thus, it is essential to develop market models and mechanisms that can maximise the incentives for participation in the P2P energy market. In this sense, the proposed approach focuses on maximising profit at the sellers, as well as maximising cost savings at the buyers. The bids generated from the proposed approach are integrated with three different market clearing mechanisms, and the corresponding market clearing prices are compared. A numerical analysis is performed on a real-life dataset from Ausgrid to demonstrate the bids generated from sellers/buyers, as well as the associated market clearing prices throughout different months of the year. It can be observed that the market clearing prices are lower when the solar generation is higher. The statistical analysis demonstrates that all three market clearing mechanisms can achieve a consistent market clearing price within a range of 5 cents/kWh for 50% of the time when trading takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design optimization of multilayer piezoelectric transducers is intended for efficient and practical usage of wideband transducers for fault diagnosis, biomedical, and underwater applications through adjusting layer thicknesses and volume fraction of piezoelectric material in each layer. In this context, we propose a parallel differential evolution (PDE) algorithm to mitigate the complexities of multivariate optimization as well as the computation time to achieve an optimized wideband transducer for the particular application. For lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN PT)- and PZT5h-based piezoelectric materials, the fitness function is formulated based on uniformity of mechanical pressure at the first three harmonics to achieve wide bandwidth in the required functional frequency range. It is carried out using a one-dimensional model (ODM), while input layer thicknesses and volume fractions of active material are evaluated using PDE. The simulation is performed on a parallel computing platform utilizing three different host machines to reduce computational time. Results of the proposed methodology for PDE are statistically represented in the form of minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of fitness value, while graphically represented in terms of speedup and time. It can be observed that the execution time for parallel DE decreases with the increasing number of cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used latent transition analysis to examine the stability and change in perceived threats in youth's primary social contexts—neighborhoods, schools, and families—and associations with emotional and behavioral problems when youth transitioned from childhood to adolescence. The sample included 8208 racially and ethnically diverse youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (47.4% female, Mage_Baseline = 9.83, Mage_Timepoint3 = 11.99). Results revealed that while perceived threats in youth's neighborhoods were considerably stable, perceived threats in youth's families fluctuated in relation to stressful life events. Further, subgroups of youth characterized by elevated perceived threat experiences in different contexts showed differential associations with emotional and behavioral problems. Overall, findings highlight the importance of considering the stability of perceived threats to direct appropriate interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the preferable route of hysterectomy by comparing the intra-operative and postoperative complications of non-descent vaginal hysterectomy with abdominal hysterectomy. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Madina Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Period: January 2022 to December 2022. Methods: Forty cases of each vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy were enrolled for study. Outcomes were measured by recording intra-operative and post-operative complications in both groups. Results: Time of surgery, postoperative pain, postoperative blood transfusion, wound infection, febrile morbidity and duration of hospital stay were significantly less (p value 0.0001) in the non-descent vaginal hysterectomy compared to abdominal hysterectomy. Conclusion: Non-descent vaginal hysterectomy is a safe and cost effective approach when compared to abdominal rout due to less intra and post operative morbidity particularly in settings where facilities and expertise for laparoscopic surgery are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the fatty acid (FA) compositions and proteins' molecular weight profiles (MWP) of eight macroalgae species collected from the Antalya and Çanakkale in Turkiye: three red (Liagora viscida, Laurencia obtusa, Palisada perforata), three brown (Stypopodium schimperi, Cladostephus spongiosus, Halopteris scoparia), and two green (Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Penicillus capitatus). The potential bioactivities of the FAs were evaluated by in silico studies, focusing on anti‐cholinesterase, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects. The predominant FA across all species was palmitic acid comprising over 50% of total FAs in most species. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was abundant in seven of the eight species. Significant variations in MWPs were observed among species, with values ranging from <2532 to >67 000 Da. Brown algae generally exhibited higher MWP levels compared to red and green algae which showed distinctive profiles. In silico studies revealed that DHA exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward lipoxygenase acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with −8.829, −10.636, and −7.984 kcal mol−1 docking scores, respectively. DHA demonstrated significant interactions with key residues, forming hydrogen bonds critical for enzymatic inhibition and potential therapeutic effects. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of DHA–protein complexes with low root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation values. This comprehensive analysis underscores the nutritional richness and potential bioactivity of macroalgae, particularly in terms of FA composition and protein profiles. The findings suggest that macroalgae, rich in DHA and other beneficial FAs, hold promise for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications, warranting further exploration into their therapeutic potential. Practical Applications: This study explores the fatty acid compositions and protein MWPs of eight macroalgae from Turkey's coasts. The findings suggest potential applications in aquaculture feeds and functional foods. Notably, DHA stands out for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, and cholinesterase inhibitor properties, making these macroalgae promising sources for obtaining DHA. The research supports practical applications in developing nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture practices, harnessing the bioactive potential of these marine resources for human health and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExamining the effects of varying transient magnetic fields and their orientations on boundary layers aids in understanding the flow in complex surface geometries, turbulence control, drag reduction, aircraft and ship design, groundwater management, and the study of construction and coastal engineering. The study introduces a novel dynamics of the boundary layer of a natural convective Jeffrey fluid flowing over an erect porous moving plate under the influence a non-uniform and transient magnetic field M˜ that grows exponentially over time with α as an accelerating parameter. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) were non-dimensionalized using similarity variables and then solved analytically using the perturbation technique. The impact of various thermosphysical properties including chemical reactions, thermal source, Jeffrey fluid parameter and plate permeability on the fluid flow were presented graphically utilizing finite difference approximation(FDA) technique in MATLAB ODE15s solver. The study highlighted a notable decrease in shear stress (skin friction) by introducing M˜ to the vertical plate results in the reduction of momentum boundary layer, accompanied by an increment in thermal boundary layer. Also, the results shows that increasing the magnitude of α leads to decrease the velocity and increase the temperature distribution curve. Additionally, the concentration profile was also found to decrease with stronger chemical reactions. Furthermore, key parameters like heat and mass flux were estimated and discussed through comparison tables. Understanding the effects of unsteady and externally applied increasing magnetic field M˜ on viscous fluid flow have potential applications in biomedical engineering, such as the design of magnetic drug delivery systems and the analysis of blood flow in human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe study investigated the effect of grief cognitions on grief and meaning reconstruction levels and explored how sociodemographic factors and loss-related variables relate to these outcomes, using a sample of 155 older bereaved spouses in Türkiye. The sample for the study, which used a relational screening model, consisted of 155 participants aged 60 and over from Çankaya district of Ankara. Data were collected using the socio-demographic information form, the grief cognition questionnaire, and the grief and meaning reconstruction inventory. Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the correlations between variables, and multiple and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to ascertain the predictors of the scales. The analysis revealed a negative correlation between grief cognitions and grief and meaning reconstruction levels. Expectedness of death and the time elapsed since the spouse’s death were predictors of both grief cognitions and levels of grief and meaning reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lot of research in terms of injuries and performance in football and nowadays aerobic capacity, spinal posture and mobility have been taken into consideration separately in terms of performance. Considering from a biomechanical perspective, we thought spinal curvature and mobility may affect aerobic performance and investigated the relationship between them. Do young soccer players' segmental spinal curvature and mobility affect their aerobic capacity and maximal exercise performance? Thirty-four young league players (mean age 16.56 ±1.11 years) were evaluated pre-season. Spinal assessments in the sagittal plane with a non-invasive, computer-assisted electromechanical device and aerobic capacity assessment with a cardiopulmonary exercise-testing device were applied. The relationship between spinal postural variables with aerobic capacity was done by Pearson correlation analysis, and simple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of spinal curvature and mobility on aerobic performance. Various parameters of aerobic performance were related to spinal curvature and mobility. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) were negatively correlated with thoracic angle (r=-0.343, p=0.047 and r=-0.344, p=0.046; respectively). Thoracic angle was also associated with tidal volume (VT) and VO2/HR (r=-0.347, p=0.044 and r=-0.348, p=0.044; respectively). Higher thoracic mobility caused to reach the anaerobic threshold (VAT) earlier (r=-0.368, p=0.032), at a lower speed (r=-0.367, p=0.033). In other segments, lumbar mobility was negatively correlated with VT at VAT (r=-0.346; p=0.045), while spinal inclination with HR at VAT (r=-0.387, p=0.024). Although it is within physiological ranges, increased spinal curvature and mobility are associated with a decrease in aerobic capacity in young soccer players. Spinal curvature and mobility especially in the thoracic region may affect the aerobic performance of a soccer player. The trainers should consider spinal alignment for not only the technical and tactical but also the general performance of the soccer player. • Spinal curvature and mobility affected the aerobic performance of a soccer player. • There was a negative correlation between aerobic capacity and thoracic spinal curvature. • The higher thoracic mobility caused to reach the anaerobic threshold earlier. • The higher thoracic mobility was associated with lower speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To be a stakeholder/validator/token holder is not so difficult in the Proof of Stake (POS)-based blockchain networks; that is why the number of validators is large in these networks. These validators play an essential part in the block creation process in the PoS-based blockchain network. Due to the large validators, the block creation time and communication message broadcasting overhead get increased in the network. Many consensus algorithms use different techniques to reduce the number of validators, such as Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithms, which select the set of delegators via stake transactions for the block creation process. In this paper, we propose S&SEM, a secure and speed-up election process to select the 'z' number of validators/delegators. The presented election process is based on a traditional voting style with multiple numbers of rounds. The presented election mechanism reduces the possibility of malicious activity in the voting process by introducing a special vote message and a round that checks duplicate votes. We did horizontal scaling in the network to speed up the election process. We designed an improved incentive mechanism for the fairness of the election process. The designed reward and penalty procedure controls the nodes' behaviors in the network. We simulate the S&SEM, and the result shows that the presented election process is faster and more secure to select delegators than the existing process used by DPOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holistic development of school-going students has gained momentum. Developing countries need to equip students with skills to thrive in the contemporary world, yet research on this topic in Pakistan is limited. This study, therefore, examines students’ non-cognitive skills (i.e., social capabilities and life skills) using a sequential mixed-methods approach. The sample was selected through multi-stage cluster sampling technique. The quantitative sample comprised students (n=263) from eight schools. The qualitative sample of students (n=16), teachers (n=8), and school leaders (n=4) was purposively selected. The results revealed that students are socially capable and possess basic life skills. However, schools do not explicitly prioritise the development of social capabilities and life skills. As a result, the holistic development of students is generally a neglected aspect in Pakistan. Moreover, educational structures and the school system strongly predict students’ non-cognitive skills. This study has implications for policy, practice, and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal synthesis of CuO/NiO composites was conducted using banana fruit biomass waste. In this study, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the crystalline properties, shape structure, and functional group characterization of CuO/NiO composites. The typical morphology of the prepared materials consisted of irregular nanoparticles arranged into clusters of less than 200 nanometers in size. In spite of this, the CuO/NiO composites showed monoclinic CuO and cubic NiO phases and were therefore successfully synthesized. It was observed that rotten banana fruit juice had a significant impact on the particle size and crystal quality of CuO/NiO composites. This was due to the presence of capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents in banana fruit juice. Under alkaline conditions, the CuO/NiO composites were found to be highly electro catalytically active toward the oxidation of urea. Sample 2, which was prepared by adding 1.2 g of CuO decorated with NiO, showed a linear increase in urea detection ranging from 0.1 mM to 17 mM, with a limit of detection of 0.004 mM. Furthermore, sample 2 of the CuO/NiO composite demonstrated exceptional stability, selectivity, and reproducibility. Consequently, sample 2 of CuO/NiO could effectively detect urea in spinach, lotus root, milk, and curd. The improved performance of sample 2 of the CuO/NiO composite can be attributed to its favorable surface properties, which contain enriched active sites and a rapid charge transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the detection of non-palpable undescended testis (NPUT) and to compare DW-MRI results with surgical findings. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at Dow Institute of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences. Karachi on a cohort of patients who underwent DW-MRI for suspected NPUT between 15th September, 2022 to 16th March, 2023. The study included 175 boys below the age of 16 years with history of clinically non-palpable testes. MRI scans were acquired using additional DWI sequence. Two radiology faculty of more than five years of experience independently evaluated the DW-MRI images for the presence or absence of testes in its normal anatomical position, abnormal location, side and size of testes. Results: Out of the 175 patients, DW-MRI successfully detected 128 (73.1%) non-palpable undescended testes. Statistical analysis in clinically detected cases of showed sensitivity of NPTU 0.8%, specificity of 92.5%, diagnostic accuracy 94.29%, positive predictive value 97.7%, and negative predictive value 84.1% for localizing undescended testes with Diffusion Weighted DW-MRI taking surgical findings as gold standard. Conclusion: DWI sequences complement the conventional MRI, increasing its sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy. By facilitating early and accurate diagnosis, DW-MRI has the potential to streamline patient management, reduce unnecessary surgical exploration, and ultimately improve the long-term reproductive health and quality of life for individuals with undescended testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Mn) in the muscle tissue of six commonly consumed fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Channa punctuate, and Puntius sophore) from the River Indus in the Mianwali district Pakistan. Samples were collected during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to assess the potential human health risks associated with these heavy metals. The levels of metals were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The results showed varying concentrations of heavy metals in the fish samples (mg/kg), ranging from 10.17-2.06 for Pb, 41.83-12.54 for Cu, 417.04-41.93 for Zn, 2.06-0.46 for Cr, 0.86-0.08 for Cd, 4.33-1.43 for Ni, and 50.16-8.74 for Mn. Notably, metal concentrations were generally higher during the pre-monsoon season, with Pb consistently exceeding standard limits in the muscle tissue of all fish species. ANOVA analysis revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations among different fish species. While the current consumption rate poses no significant health risks, ongoing monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in fish and their environmental sources is crucial to ensure consumer safety and sustainable aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Research indicates that perceived injustice significantly influences pain-related outcomes and is associated with delayed recovery in adults. This systematic review examines the relationship between perceived injustice and pain-related outcomes in children with pain conditions. Methods A search of published studies in English in PubMed, PsychInfo, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from database inception through December 2022 were performed. The search criteria focused on studies that measured perceived injustice and pain-related outcomes in children with pain conditions. Out of 56 articles screened, 8 met the inclusion criteria, providing data on 1240 children with pain conditions. Results The average age of participants across all studies was 14.12 years (SD = 2.25), with 68.2% being female. There was strong evidence that higher perceived injustice is associated with worse pain intensity, functional disability, mental health outcomes, and emotional, social, and school functioning. Conclusion The results of this study underscore how perceptions of injustice are associated various pain-related outcomes across different domains of children's lives. The findings highlight the need for screening and treatments targeting injustice appraisals in pediatric populations with pain conditions. The discussion addresses possible determinants and mechanisms of perceived injustice, along with implications for research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides an integrated 3D environment for living cells to communicate and display collective behaviors. In bottom‐up synthetic biology, several new types of synthetic prototissues (assemblies of synthetic protocells) are developed to mimic various aspects of cellular signaling. However, the spatiotemporal interplay between supporting matrix and protocells, which is critical for mimicking macroscopic responsiveness of multicellular organisms, has remained challenging to control. Herein, a modular strategy is reported to construct macroscopic prototissues with complex structures based on hierarchical assembly of matrix and polymeric protocells prepared by using CaCO3 sacrificial microparticle templates. Mechanical coordination between protocells and matrix allows for the transformation in response to both the presence and history of multiple stimuli. Taking advantage of the multi‐responsiveness, it further demonstrated an artificial form of metabolic behaviors where a digestive prototissue prey on a substrate‐containing prototissue by two‐way communication. Overall, the methodology presents a strategy to achieve mechanical and chemical communication in matrix containing, tissue‐like materials harboring the potential to reconstitute collective behaviors for bottom‐up synthetic biology and bioinspired engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perpetually intensifying soil contamination is an anthropogenic phenomena, which is a global environmental concern. An important tool for the evaluation of contamination levels and ecosystem health is the assessment of soil quality, which can be used to evaluate prospective ecological threats to both organisms and the environment. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil heavy metal pollution levels to assess the site quality of three wildlife parks in different climatic zones of Punjab, Pakistan, where several wild animals were housed for the purpose of conservation. A robust method for calculation, absolute deviation from median (median ± (2 × MAD)), was used to compute geochemical background value of each heavy metal. Single (geoaccumulation index – Igeo and enrichment factor – EF) and complex (pollution load index (PLI)) indices were used to recognize whether the detected heavy metals Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, Co, Mn and Ni levels in the soil are consequences of anthropogenic or natural sources. In comparison between sites, the heavy metal enrichment for Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn was recorded high at Jallo Forest and Wildlife Park succeeded by Murree Wildlife Park and Bahawalnagar Wildlife Park. Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr showed high EF values at Jallo Forest and Wildlife Park while Igeo values of Pb, Cr, Cd, Mn and Zn were greater at Murree Wildlife Park indicating high heavy metal geoaccumulation. The highest heavy metal contamination site with reference to soil quality was Murree Wildlife Park (PLI = 1.12), which was followed by Jallo Forest and Wildlife Park and Bahawalnagar Wildlife Park with PLI values 1.05 and 0.80, respectively. Analysis by hierarchical clustering (HCA) showed high degree of variation between heavy metal concentrations at all sites with the exception of Pb and Zn. As documented from the present study, significant levels of enrichment and contamination with heavy metals were recorded for soils of selected sites. Further assessment is mandatory because the chosen study sites were situated in climatically diverse areas with reference to environmental factors, topography, climatic condition and their impact on the accumulation patterns in soil as well as in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watershed factors often have overlapping influences. Group decision-making helps account for these ambiguities for better management strategies. To address this issue, the goal of this study is to provide a creative and unique tool known as a 2-tuple linguistic cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (2TLCuq-ROFS) model. For dealing with uncertain and ambiguous information in multi-attribute group decision-making problems, the 2TLCuq-ROF framework is more efficient and superior to other fuzzy sets. The fundamental concept of 2TLCuq-ROFS is reviewed first, followed by the distance formula and operational rules of 2TLCuq-ROF numbers. We propose four novel weighted aggregation operators utilizing 2TLCuq-ROFNs in order to efficiently aggregate the values to investigate a group decision-making problems. Furthermore, the proposed operators combined with the power averaging (PA) operator to establish an extension of the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method in the 2TLCuq-ROF environment to show the optimal altenative. After that, a multi-attribute group decision-making approach is proposed to resolve a decision-making problem related to watersheds’ hydrological geographical areas, which is the main contribution of this research. The criterion impact loss (CILOS) method is used to determine the weight information of attributes under the 2TLCuq-ROF environment. In this proposed methodology, we incorporate the independent decisions of all experts on the capabilities of alternatives in accordance with their attributes and then rank the alternatives. In addition, we perform the sensitivity and comparative analyses to explain the efficacy of the proposed methodology and the consistency of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relativistic ratcheting of Dirac fermions on the surface of topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 attached to a spiral multiferroic oxide is investigated. We find that the Dirac fermions on the surface of topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 exhibit pronounced Brownian motion, tuned by the strength of exchange field established by the interaction of spin degrees of Dirac fermions and multiferroic oxide. The surface Dirac fermions show ratchet effect as a net current under the influence of orthogonal, commensurate ac drives in the presence of a symmetric periodic potential set by the exchange field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our purpose is to investigate the anisotropic stellar structure caused by f (R , ϕ) modified gravity, where R represents the Ricci scalar and ϕ represents the scalar potential. This study emphasizes the impact of static spherically symmetric stellar structures using anisotropic distribution. Furthermore, an anisotropic matter source is employed to explore the stability of star formations. To get the value of unknown parameters of the compact structures, we compare the Schwarzschild metric to external geometry. Moreover, we examine the physical attributes of compact objects by presuming a viable f (R , ϕ) = ϕ (R + α R 2) gravity model. We analyze the graphical behavior of density and pressure, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkov equation, energy conditions, mass function, surface redshift, and adiabatic index. It is recognized that all the obtained results deliver emphatic evidence for the stability of our considered realistic stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the anisotropic quintessence stars in the f (R , ϕ) theory of gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar and ϕ is the scalar potential. We investigated the field equations of the f (R , ϕ) theory of gravity by using the Krori–Barua technique. We have determined that all the obtained solutions are free from central singularity and potentially stable. The observed values of mass and radius of the different strange stars Her X1, SAXJ1808.4-3658, and 4U1820-30 have been used to calculate the values of unknown constants in the Krori and Barua metric. The physical phenomena of stars, such as energy density, pressure components, anisotropy, sound speeds, equation of state parameters, energy conditions and redshift have been investigated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The impact of life-course different adiposity indices on diabetes mellitus (DM) is poorly understood. We aimed to do trajectory analysis with repeated measurements of adiposity indices in the development of DM among women across the lifespan. Methods: This study prospectively investigated the 1,681 population of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. At baseline, all individuals were free of diabetes. Trajectory analysis was used to identify homogeneous distinct clusters of adiposity indices trajectories and assign individuals to unique clusters. Results: Of the 1681 healthy women, 320 progressed to the DM. Three distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectories and 2 distinct trajectories of other adiposity indices (waist circumstance (WC), conicity index (C-index), and body roundness index (BRI)) were chosen as the best fitting of the latent class growth mixture model. In the adjusted model, total participants [HR (CI 95%): 2.83 (2.05, 3.91); p < 0.001], and menopause [1.35 (1.10, 2.11); p = 0.001] and reproductive-age women [2.93 (1.80, 4.78); p = 0.003] of the high BMI trajectory compared to the ones in the low trajectory of BMI were more likely to develop DM. The high BRI in menopause had a significantly higher risk of DM compared to the low trajectory. In menopause (1.80 (1.26, 2.58)) and reproductive-age women (4.32 (2.49, 7.47)) with high trajectory of C-index, the DM risk decreased after adjustment. Conclusions: The risk of DM was greater for high BMI, WC, C-index, and BRI trajectories than for lower trajectories. Hence, the development of general, abdominal, and visceral obesity trajectories in the prevention of DM should be considered by clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grief is a normal process that occurs following the irreversible loss of a loved one. This process, characterized by painful experiences, varies widely and is influenced by numerous factors, including the identity of the deceased, the circumstances of their death, the individual characteristics of the bereaved, and the availability of support systems. The suddenness and violence of a loss can disrupt the normal grieving process, leading to the manifestation of traumatic symptoms. This phenomenon, referred to as "traumatic grief" in the literature, is associated with an increased risk of various psychiatric disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The death of a parent represents a profound loss for an adolescent, complicating their coping mechanisms and significantly impacting their psychological well-being. Parental loss alone is a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior in adolescents. When a parent's death is traumatic, it can further exacerbate this risk, leading to suicidal thoughts and behaviors by disrupting the normal grief process, even in adolescents who were previously mentally healthy. This article presents the diagnosis and treatment of a 17-year-old female who exhibited active suicidal thoughts and behaviors after her father was killed with a firearm. The objective of this case report is to explore the atypical grief symptoms that can follow traumatic losses during adolescence and to assess the effectiveness of holistic approaches that combine supportive psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy in treating such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant activators have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional crop protection chemicals for managing crop diseases due to their unique mode of action. By priming the plant's innate immune system, these compounds can induce disease resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens without directly inhibiting their proliferation. Key advantages of plant activators include prolonged defense activity, lower effective dosages, and negligible risk of pathogen resistance development. Among the various defensive pathways targeted, the salicylic acid (SA) signaling cascade has been extensively explored, leading to the successful development of commercial activators of systemic acquired resistance, such as benzothiadiazole, for widespread application in crop protection. While the action sites of many SA-targeting activators have been preliminarily mapped to different steps along the pathway, a comprehensive understanding of their precise mechanisms remains elusive. This review provides a historical perspective on plant activator development and outlines diverse screening strategies employed, from whole-plant bioassays to molecular and transgenic approaches. We elaborate on the various components, biological significance, and regulatory circuits governing the SA pathway while critically examining the structural features, bioactivities, and proposed modes of action of classical activators such as benzothiadiazole derivatives, salicylic acid analogs, and other small molecules. Insights from field trials assessing the practical applicability of such activators are also discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the current status, challenges, and future prospects in the realm of SA-targeting activator development globally, with a focus on recent endeavors in China. Collectively, this comprehensive review aims to describe existing knowledge and provide a roadmap for future research toward developing more potent plant activators that enhance crop health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic, which deeply affected our country as well as the whole world, has been one of the most important global crises of recent years. Along with this crisis, big changes have occurred in the lives of individuals. A natural consequence of the pandemic; While anxiety, concerns, uncertainty and economic fears emerge with the most obvious features, how this process is interpreted by people will shed light for research. It also aimed to see how people perceived social support as socialization developed in this period. The aim of this study is to examine the formative role of the perceived social support level in the developmental curve in the relationship between individuals' cognitive flexibility level and intolerance to uncertainty during the Covid-19 pandemic period. 300 individuals between the ages of 18-65 participated in the study. According to the findings of the study, it was determined that there is a negative significant relationship between the cognitive flexibility level of individuals and the level of intolerance to uncertainty. As cognitive flexibility increases, intolerance to uncertainty decreases. In this study, it was determined that the variables of gender, age, marital status and income level did not show a significant difference according to the level of intolerance to uncertainty. On the other hand, it was determined that the level of intolerance to uncertainty of the participants whose education level is high school and below is significantly higher than the participants whose education level is undergraduate and graduate. It was observed that there was a significant difference between the participants' living city variable and the level of intolerance to uncertainty. It has been determined that the level of intolerance to uncertainty of the participants living in Sivas and Adana is significantly higher than the participants living in the city of Istanbul. It is seen that perceived social support does not have a moderating effect on the relationship between the level of cognitive flexibility and the level of intolerance to uncertainty. In the direction of the results obtained, it is thought that preventive mental health studies and developing new intervention programs to reduce the effects of the uncertainty, anxiety and negativities created by the pandemic on mental health can help reduce the problems on individuals. In this way, it can increase the individual's tolerance and endurance in the face of changes and troubles in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong interest in using green resources for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) of industrial and biomedical utility in a way to maintain desired material properties throughout use while not inducing any harmful effects. The use of various plant extracts as reducing, capping, or stabilizing agents is widely attempted in green nanotechnology. However, very little has been explored about incorporating plant extract blends into green NP synthesis routes. Here, we used the combination of tea and olive leaf extracts for the synthesis of silver NPs and evaluated the advantages it provided over both chemical and single-plant-mediated synthesis routes. Four different reducing agents (tannic acid, black tea leaves extract, olive leaves extract and their blend) were used to synthesize silver NPs (Ag NP) from silver nitrate (AgNO 3). The synthesized Ag NP was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ultraviolet-visible (US-Vis) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial properties of Ag NP were assessed against Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) using the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxic potential of Ag NP on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells was assessed by the WST-1 assay. Results showed that Ag NP synthesized using plant extract mixtures had a primary particle size of 40 nm and were very effective antibacterial agents, with the MIC values ranging from 5 μ g/mL to 10 μ g/mL. While the particle size obtained in chemical synthesis was slightly lower, the resultant Ag NP did not serve as an effective antibacterial agents at low doses. Further understanding of how best to integrate extracts of different plants into green NP synthesis routes will enable wider and safer biomedical applications. The mixture of olive and black tea leaf extracts was used to produce silver nanoparticles. Their antibacterial performance and cytotoxic potential were compared to those synthesized through chemical or single-plant-mediated routes. We demonstrated how alterations in fabrication methods would change nanoparticle properties that are critical in determining their functionality and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how teacher identity is shaped by professional standardisation and regulatory apparatuses in the context of English Further Education from a specifically spatial perspective. We focus on how these apparatuses erode teachers' sense of identity and, paradoxically, quality by establishing what anthropologist Marc Augé (1935–2023) calls 'non-places'. Drawing on interview data and Augé's spatial anthropology, we discuss how places can define, foster and erode identity and, thus, practice. Our data shows how teachers' accounts of their changing spatial experiences reflects the transient nature of their own interpretations of how identities are shaped in these shifting contexts of 'dis/placement' wherein the process of identity construction frequently places individuals in contact with another side of themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of flexible electronics, pressure sensors are a widely utilized variety of flexible electronics that are both indispensable and prevalent. The importance of pressure sensors in various fields is currently increasing, leading to the exploration of materials with unique structural and piezoelectric properties. Perovskite-based materials are ideal for use as flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) due to their flexibility, chemical composition, strain tolerance, high piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties, and potential integration with other technologies. This article presents a comprehensive study of perovskite-based materials used in FPSs and discusses their components, performance, and applications in detecting human movement, electronic skin, and wireless monitoring. This work also discusses challenges like material instability, durability, and toxicity, the limited widespread application due to environmental factors and toxicity concerns, and complex fabrication and future directions for perovskite-based FPSs, providing valuable insights for researchers in structural health monitoring, physical health monitoring, and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) stands out as a significant vector-borne endemic in Pakistan. Despite the rising incidence of CL, the genetic diversity of Leishmania species in the country’s endemic regions remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to uncover the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics of Leishmania species in CL-endemic areas of Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and Punjab in Pakistan. Clinical samples from 300 CL patients were put to microscopic examination, real-time ITS-1 PCR, and sequencing. Predominantly affecting males between 16 to 30 years of age, with lesions primarily on hands and faces, the majority presented with nodular and plaque types. Microscopic analysis revealed a positivity rate of 67.8%, while real-time PCR identified 60.98% positive cases, mainly L. tropica, followed by L. infantum and L. major. Leishmania major (p = 0.009) showed substantially greater variation in nucleotide sequences than L. tropica (p = 0.07) and L. infantum (p = 0.03). Nucleotide diversity analysis indicated higher diversity in L. major and L. infantum compared to L. tropica. This study enhances our understanding of CL epidemiology in Pakistan, stressing the crucial role of molecular techniques in accurate species identification. The foundational data provided here emphasizes the necessity for future research to investigate deeper into genetic diversity and its implications for CL control at both individual and community levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To learn the meaning of a new word, or to recognize the meaning of a known one, both children and adults benefit from surrounding words, or the sentential context. Most of the evidence from children is based on their accuracy and efficiency when listening to speech in their familiar native accent: they successfully use the words they know to identify other words' referents. Here, we assess how accurately and efficiently 4‐year‐old children use sentential context to identify referents of known and novel nouns in unfamiliar‐accented speech, as compared to familiar‐accented speech. In a looking‐while‐listening task, children showed considerable success in processing unfamiliar‐accented speech. Children robustly mapped known nouns produced in an unfamiliar accent to their target referents rather than novel competitors, and they used informative surrounding verbs (e.g., "You can eat the dax") to identify the referents of both known and novel nouns—although there was a processing cost for unfamiliar‐accented speech in some cases. This demonstrates that 4‐year‐olds successfully and rapidly process unfamiliar‐accented speech by recruiting the same strategies available to them in familiar‐accented speech, revealing impressive flexibility in word recognition and word learning across diverse linguistic environments. Research Highlights: We examined 4‐year‐old children's accuracy and processing efficiency in comprehending known and novel nouns embedded in sentences produced in familiar‐accented or unfamiliar‐accented speech.Children showed limited processing costs for unfamiliar‐accented speech and mapped known words to their referents even when these were produced in unfamiliar‐accented speech.Children used known verbs to predict the referents of upcoming nouns in both familiar‐ and unfamiliar‐accented speech, but processing costs were evident for unfamiliar‐accented speech.Thus, the strategies that support children's word comprehension and word learning in familiar‐accented speech are available to them in unfamiliar accents as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the current research, a successful and fast synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by utilizing the leaf extract of Eryngium planum is reported. In order to analyze the influential synthesis parameters, the Plackett-Burman (PB) design was utilized, while the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization purposes. Furthermore, the achieved AuNPs were applied in the production of the Au-MoS2 nanocomposite. The efficiency of the visible-light photocatalyst was examined in the photocatalytic decolorization of the refractory azo dye, Acid Blue 113 (AB113). A high dye removal efficiency (94%) was observed under the optimal conditions of pH 7.6 using 15.5 mg of Au-MoS2, and 14 min. These results proved that the fabricated Au-MoS2 photocatalyst using biogenic AuNPs was more efficient than pure MoS2 and could be used as a promising catalyst for the degradation of dye-containing effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things is a system of networked devices that can gather, process, and share data through the Internet. The Internet of Things has vast potential to spread widely across various aspects of our lives. The educational process model is undergoing a transformation in which the learning requirements for different students must be fulfilled in various ways. Our study presents a novel multi-attribute group decision-making strategy that examines how the Internet of Things can help to provide the best learning environment while also making the educational process more effective. The probabilistic linguistic T-spherical fuzzy set (PLT-SFS) is a modification of the T-spherical fuzzy set in which the degrees of membership, abstinence, and non-membership are characterized by probabilistic linguistic terms. Then two new aggregation operators, the PLT-SF weighted power average (PLT-SFWPA) operator and the PLT-SF weighted power geometric (PLT-SFWPG) operator, are introduced. After that, an approach to multi-attribute group decision-making based on the analytic hierarchy process is constructed in which the data are aggregated by the PLT-SFWPA operator. To illustrate the validity of the proposed approach, a case study of nine Internet of Things applications for enhancing learning environments is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To detect any possible illnesses, such as syphilis, and stop them from spreading through transfusion, screening blood donors is crucial. Study Design: Cross-sectional Retrospective Research study. Setting: Four RBCs and the sixteen associated hospital-based blood banks (HBBBs) that are spread over Sindh's various areas. Period: January 2022 to December 2022. Methods: Employing non-probability convenience sampling was carried out. We collected data from Sindh province's Regional Blood Centers (RBCs) and Hospital Based Blood Banks (HBBBs), dispersed throughout the province. Sindh Blood Transfusion Authority (SBTA)'s ethical committee approved the study. To screen selected blood donors for Syphilis, the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Analyzer (CLIA) was used. Data from the study were summarized using simple percentages after they were statistically examined. Results: With 171,725 male donors and 1,460 female donors, men comprised the bulk of the 173,185 blood donors. Syphilis turned up in 2.5% of the male donors, resulting in an additional 4,311 cases. On the other hand, just 18 (1.2%) of the female donors had a positive syphilis test. The gender distribution of cases with positive Syphilis indicates a notable difference in its frequency between people of both sexes. The age group of 25 to 40 years old accounted for the largest proportion of syphilis cases among blood donors. Conclusion: One of Sindh's biggest public health concerns is the high incidence of syphilis among blood donors. Additionally, the results show that the incidence of syphilis varies by gender. Furthermore, there are considerable age range differences in the distribution of syphilis cases. These results highlight the need for increased screening and preventive programmes, especially in areas with higher incidence rates. Given the high frequency of syphilis among Sindhi red blood cell donors, this could point to a greater number of cases in the overall community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the physiological effects of examination stress on red blood cells in female medical students at Peoples university of medical and health sciences for women, Nawabshah. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Physiology, Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazir Abad. Period: 7th April 2019 to 6th October 2019. Methods: A total 110 healthy students of first & Second year MBBS were included for this, by the non-probability randomized sampling technique, divided into two equal (55-students in each) groups A and B first & second year MBBS. Blood samples were collected prior to and during the exam, and the findings were evaluated using statistical software. Results: The mean RBC count ± SD thru the examination of students including the first year was 4.98 ± 0.26 c/cm³, which was considerably higher than the pre-exam mean RBC count ± SD of 4.65 ± 0.27 c/cm³. There was a small rise in RBC count throughout the examination compared to before (n = 55, p-value = 0.031) among the first-year students. During the second year examination, students had a mean RBC count ± SD of 4.67±0.28 c/cm³, which was not substantially higher than the pre-exam mean of 4.66 ± 0.33 c/cm³. There was no significant increase in RBC count throughout the examination compared to before it among 2nd year students (n = 55, p-value = 0.932). Conclusion: Findings of study concluded that examination stress significantly affects first-year medical students' red blood cell (RBC) count, increasing it during exams, but not second-year students. This suggests varying physiological responses to stress, possibly due to academic adaptation or stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ) has been translated and validated in a number of languages and has good psychometric properties for assessing neck pain. However, an Urdu translation is currently unavailable. To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the NBQ into Urdu language (NBQ-U) in patients with nonspecific neck pain (NSNP). The NBQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Urdu using previously described guidelines. The study included 150 Urdu-speaking patients with NSNP and 50 healthy participants. All participants completed the NBQ-U, Urdu version of neck disability index (NDI-U), neck pain and disability scale (NPDS), and numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). After three weeks of physical therapy treatment, the patients completed all of the above-mentioned questionnaires, along with the global rating of change scale. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness were all tested. The NBQ-U demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.92) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). The NBQ-U showed moderate to strong correlations with NDI-U, NPDS, and NPRS (r = 0.67–0.73, P <.001). The results revealed a significant difference between patients and healthy controls in the NBQ-U total scores (P <.001). The NBQ-U has a single factor structure with no floor or ceiling effects for individual item scores or total scores. A significant difference in the NBQ-U change scores between the stable and the improved groups (P <.001) confirmed its responsiveness. Furthermore, the NBQ-U change score showed moderate correlations with NDI-U, NPDS, and NPRS change scores (r = 0.52–0.62, P <.001). In Urdu-speaking patients with NSNP, the NBQ-U demonstrated good reliability, validity, and responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical sensors are detecting probes that translate information of analyte into a quantifiable signal for chemical exploration studies. Fabrication of (E)-2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-iodobenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carboxamide stabilized silver nanoparticles (1c-AgNPs) is one-dimensional synthesis avenue in present study exhibiting the ability of metal cations detection and selectivity of sensing mercury (Hg2+) ions in various samples of water and cosmetic creams. The newly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were comprehensively elucidated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), zeta-sizer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal degradation analysis. 33.2 ± 1.3 nm sized polydispersed nanoparticles showed selective, sensitive and efficient detection of Hg2+ ions with detection limit of 0.274 µM by significant quenching in UV-Vis spectral band at 410 nm in real water and cosmetic cream samples. The theoretical findings displayed changes in reactive descriptors, electronic parameters, bond angles, and bond lengths of 1c and conjugated AgNPs using DFT method. The biological application of 1c-AgNPs showed significant synergistic potential as antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to ligand. Thus, the newly engineered 1c-AgNPs could be a favorable appliance in nature and health restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates a class of susceptible–infected–susceptible (SIS) epidemic model with reaction–diffusion–advection (RDA) by utilizing the Lie group methods. The Lie symmetries are computed for the three widely used incidence functions: standard incidence, mass action incidence, and saturated incidence. The Lie algebra for the SIS-RDA epidemic model is four-dimensional for the standard incidence function, three-dimensional for mass action incidence, and two-dimensional for saturated incidence. The reductions and closed-form solutions for the SIS-RDA epidemic model for the standard incidence infection mechanism are established. The transmission dynamics of an infectious disease utilizing closed-form solutions is presented. To illustrate the paths of susceptible and infected populations, we consider the Cauchy problem. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to provide insights into potential policy recommendations for disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a changing global environment, sustaining social work as a profession necessitates comprehensive education and heightened awareness of ecocentric perspectives and environmental ethics. Based on this information, the study aims to explore the relationship between social work students' environmental ethics awareness and their attitudes and behaviors regarding environmental issues. The study was conducted utilizing the general and relational survey model, a quantitative research methodology; the data collection was performed with an interview form consisting of the Personal Information Form, Environmental Ethics Awareness Scale, Attitude Toward Environmental Problems Scale, and Behavior Toward Environmental Problems Scale. The study comprised 461 students selected from 10 different universities offering undergraduate social work education in Türkiye, employing the purposive sampling technique. The data collected from the participants was analyzed using SPSS software. The study findings reveal that the environmental ethics awareness and attitudes of social work students toward environmental problems positively impact their behaviors regarding environmental problems. In this context, heightened environmental ethics awareness and positive attitudes toward environmental problems among students correlate with increased engagement in actions addressing environmental issues. These findings emphasize the need for future studies to assess the effectiveness of environmental education curricula and conduct evidence-based quasi-experimental group interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 infection is over 99% effective in protecting against HIV acquisition when used consistently and appropriately. However, PrEP uptake and persistent use remains suboptimal, with a substantial gap in utilization among key populations who could most benefit from PrEP. In Latin America specifically, there is poor understanding of barriers to PrEP uptake and persistence among transgender (trans) women. Methods: In April-May 2018, we conducted qualitative interviews lasting 25–45 min as part of an end-of-project evaluation of TransPrEP, a pilot RCT that examined the impact of a social network-based peer support intervention on PrEP adherence among trans women in Lima, Peru. Participants in the qualitative evaluation, all adult trans women, included individuals who either (1) screened eligible to participate in the TransPrEP pilot, but opted not to enroll (n = 8), (2) enrolled, but later withdrew (n = 6), (3) were still actively enrolled at the time of interview and/or successfully completed the study (n = 16), or (4) were study staff (n = 4). Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Codebook development followed an immersion/crystallization approach, and coding was completed using Dedoose. Results: Evaluation participants had a mean age of 28.2 years (range 19–47). When describing experiences taking PrEP, participant narratives highlighted side effects that spanned three domains: physical side effects, such as prolonged symptoms of gastrointestinal distress or somnolence; economic challenges, including lost income due to inability to work; and social concerns, including interpersonal conflicts due to HIV-related stigma. Participants described PrEP use within a broader context of social and economic marginalization, with a focus on daily survival, and how PrEP side effects negatively contributed to these stressors. Persistence was, in some cases, supported through the intervention’s educational workshops. Conclusion: This research highlights the ways that physical, economic, and social side effects of PrEP can impact acceptability and persistence among trans women in Peru, amplifying and layering onto existing stressors including economic precarity. Understanding the unique experiences of trans women taking PrEP is crucial to informing tailored interventions to improve uptake and persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increased socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations, subjecting them to financial hardships, limiting their access to healthcare, and exacerbating their vulnerability to morbidity. Objectives: This study examines changes in socioeconomic inequality related to CHE and analyzes the contributing factors responsible for these changes in Pakistan between 2010-11 and 2018-19. Methods: This paper extracted the data on out-of-pocket health expenditures from the National Health Accounts for 2009-10 and 2017-18. Sociodemographic information was gathered from the Household Integrated Economic Surveys of 2010-11 and 2018-19. CHE was calculated using budget share and the ability-to-pay approaches. To assess socioeconomic inequality in CHE in 2010-11 and 2018-19, both generalized and standard concentration indices were used, and Wagstaff inequality decomposition analysis was employed to explore the causes of socioeconomic inequality in each year. Further, an Oaxaca-type decomposition was applied to assess changes in socioeconomic inequality in CHE over time. Results: The concentration index reveals that socioeconomic inequality in CHE decreased in 2018-19 compared to 2010-11 in Pakistan. Despite the reduction in inequality, CHE was concentrated among the poor in Pakistan in 2010-11 and 2018-19. The inequality decomposition analysis revealed that wealth status was the main cause of inequality in CHE over time. The upper wealth quantiles indicated a positive contribution, whereas lower quantiles showed a negative contribution to inequality in CHE. Furthermore, urban residence contributed to pro-rich inequality, whereas employed household heads, private healthcare provider, and inpatient healthcare utilization contributed to pro-poor inequality. A noticeable decline in socioeconomic inequality in CHE was observed between 2010 and 2018. However, inequality remained predominantly concentrated among the lower socio-economic strata. Conclusion: These results underscore the need to improve the outreach of subsidized healthcare and expand social safety nets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]