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Multipass friction stir processing of Fe based metallic glass ribbons interspersed between Cu plates was performed. From the first pass, the process entailed on the one hand the decrease of the Cu mean grain size in the nugget by a factor of about 5 and on the other hand the fracture, the refinement and the partial crystallization of the amorphous reinforcement. Cu diffusion also led to marked Cu enrichments in the Fe based metallic glass whose mean Cu content reached 2.7 at%. Beside the metallic glass based reinforcements, some nanometric polycrystalline copper oxides were formed and dispersed within the nugget. The nugget also experienced dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization which was in particular favored by the accumulation of dislocations around the reinforcements. Finally, the greater number of passes, the harder the nugget becomes. • A metallic glass dispersion in pure copper was obtained by friction stir processing. • The metallic glass fractured, refined and some fragments partially crystallized. • Most of the Fe based reinforcements remained amorphous and contain Cu clusters. • Nanometric copper oxides were also formed in the Cu nugget during processing. • The nugget became harder with an increasing number of friction stir processing passes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically the effects of pre-treatments with a 35% hydroxyethyl metacrylate/5% glutaraldehyde dentine desensitizer (Gluma Desensitizer) and a 2% chlorexidine-based cavity disinfectant (Cav-Clean) on postoperative sensitivity. Three premolar teeth with no pain symptoms were selected from each one of 17 patients, totalling 51 teeth, for which Class II restoration using a composite was indicated. Each one of the three premolar teeth of the same patient was submitted to a different treatment. After acid etching, only a dental adhesive was applied to the first tooth, which served as the control. Gluma Desensitizer dentinal desensitizer was applied to the second premolar tooth prior to applying the dental adhesive. Cav-Clean cavity disinfectant was used on the third premolar tooth before applying the dental adhesive. Only one tooth was restored per session, and all premolar teeth were restored with a condensable composite, according to current restoration technique guidelines. Sensitivity to different stimuli (cold, heat, sweet and dental floss) was assessed on Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7 by questionnaire following restorative procedures. The results of this clinical research showed that, as far as the investigated stimuli and postoperative course are concerned, there was no statistically significant difference in the three different treatments ( P > 0·05). Postoperative sensitivity resulting from Class II restorations using composite resin cannot be completely eliminated with the prior use of a dentinal desensitizer or a cavity disinfectant. In day-to-day clinical treatment, postoperative sensitivity may possibly be related to the technique employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To present the results of a continent and nonrefluxing transverse colonic urinary reservoir technique. Patients and methods Twenty patients who had received high doses of irradiation underwent construction of transverse colonic reservoir as a primary form of urinary diversion. Fourteen patients had a vesicovaginal fistula after definitive radiation therapy for gynaecological tumours and six had radiation therapy for invasive bladder cancer as a definitive treatment. They were followed for a median (range) of 4.5(1–8) years. Intravenous pyelography before diversion showed mild hydronephrosis in 10 patients. Results After diversion, hydronephrosis improved in four patients and no upper tract deteriorated. All but one of the pouchograms showed no ureteric reflux. All the patients required clean intermittent self‐catheterization every 3–4 h. Persistent asymptomatic bacteriuria was present in 14 patients, although clinical urinary tract infections were not reported. A moderate metabolic acidosis was present in 12 patients, but none required treatment. The urodynamic evaluation revealed a median (range) reservoir capacity of 450 (350–600) mL, with no contractions or contractions of < 35 cmH2O. Conclusion These results suggest that the Unicamp technique for constructing a transverse colonic reservoir is a safe and effective diversion, and is recommended as an alternative method for patients treated by pelvic irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to analyse the long-term clinical behaviour of two dental materials applied as filling under silver amalgam restorations: glass–ionomer cement (GIC) and composite resin with adhesive system (CR). In this study, 117 posterior teeth (29 premolars and 88 molars) were selected with carious lesions which resulted in great loss of dentin and cusps with unsupported enamel. After caries removal, cavities were prepared and totally filled with GIC or with CR. In a following visit, new cavities were prepared, leaving the employed filling material as a base and support for the enamel, which were then restored with silver amalgam. Restorations were evaluated periodically after 6 months and up to 5 years. Both fracture and pulpal involvement rates were low. Although differences could be observed in the behaviour of the materials, statistical survival estimation showed that the performances of GIC and CR as filling material were similar. There was a significant association both between kind of tooth (molar or premolar) and long-term survival of the restorations; and between degree of unsupported enamel and the same long-term survival. Our results confirmed that the technique in which GIC or CR are used as filling under silver amalgam restorations is clinically acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this continuation of the section on genitourinary trauma, the authors describe the consensus on urethral injury. This is an in-depth statement, describing all aspects of the condition, from anatomy to general recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]