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As shown in our previous paper ('Regression I. Experimental approaches to regression', JAP, 65, 2, 345-65), the common mechanism of regression can be described as reversible dedifferentiation, which is understood as a relative increase of the proportion of low-differentiated (older) systems in actualized experience. Experimental data show that regression following disease (chronic tension headache) is followed by adaptation and an increase in system differentiation in that experience domain which contains systems responsible for that adaptation. The results of mathematical modelling support the idea that reversible dedifferentiation can be one of the mechanisms for increasing the effectiveness of adaptation through learning. Reversible dedifferentiation, which is phenomenologically described as regression, is a general mechanism for restructuring the organism-environment interactions in situations where behaviours that were effective in the past become ineffective. Reversible dedifferentiation has evolved as a component of adaptation when new behaviours are formed and large-scale modifications in the existing behaviours are required in the face of changes in the external and/or internal environment. Thus, the authors believe that this article provides evidence for Jung's view that regression is not only a 'return' to past forms of thinking, affects and behaviour, but that regressive processes provide a significant impetus for psychological growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Artificial Neural Networks are models designed from numerical methods called Artificial Neural Networks. The use of these, as a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) prediction tool, has shown various advantages, among others, the reduction of time and the economic costs associated with this parameter. BOD usually requires 5 to 7 days, as well as multiple chemical reagents, to obtain the levels of organic materials in the waters. knowledge gap: Artificial Neural Networks models allow calculating BOD in real time from physicochemical variables recorded in situ. Despite this, artificial neural networks have not been used until now as a method of estimating BOD in Colombian seawaters. Purpose: Taking this aspect into account, an artificial neural network model that allows estimating the BOD in waters of the Colombian Caribbean Sea was developed in this research. Methodology: For the elaboration of the model it was necessary to carry out five simulations (consisting of a number of 2 to 3 hidden layers, and 5 to 20 neurons per layer). The predictive performance of each of these simulations was evaluated through the correlation coefficient. Results and conclusions: The highest values of this statistical indicator (0.937, 0.951, 0.953, and 0.941), were obtained for the model that used 3 layers, of 20 neurons each, in its four learning sets (training, validation, testing, and all data). These values indicate a close fit between the observed data and estimations made by the network. These results also demonstrate that Biochemical Oxygen Demand can be estimated numerically, in seawaters, through artificial neural networks models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of regression is considered with an emphasis on the differences between the positions of Freud and Jung regarding its significance. The paper discusses the results of experimental analyses of individual experience dynamics (from gene expression changes and impulse neuronal activity in animals to prosocial behaviour in healthy humans at different ages, and humans in chronic pain) in those situations where regression occurs: stress, disease, learning, highly emotional states and alcohol intoxication. Common mechanisms of regression in all these situations are proposed. The mechanisms of regression can be described as reversible dedifferentiation, which is understood as a relative increase of the representation of low-differentiated (older) systems in the actualized experience. In all of the cases of dedifferentiation mentioned above, the complexity of the systemic organization of behaviour significantly decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) defined as impaired glucose tolerance affects approximately 6 % of all pregnant women who have never before had diabetes, but who do have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. This study was done to evaluate the apoptosis in the neuronal cells in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus and dentate gyrus in offspring of gestational diabetes at the 7, 21 and 28 d in postnatal rats. Thirty Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated in control and diabetic group. Dams in diabetic group were received 40 mg/kg/BW of streptozotocin at the first day of gestation and control groups received an equivalent volume normal saline injection intraperitoneally (IP). Six offspring of GDM and control dams, at the 7, 21, 28 postnatal day were randomly were sacrificed quickly with anesthesia. The coronal sections of brain serially collected. The apoptosis neurons were evaluated with TUNEL Assay. In the CA1, the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d of postnatal life were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.001). In the CA2, CA3 the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d age-old offspring were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.001). In the dentate gyrus, the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d of postnatal life were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.01). This study showed that the uncontrolled gestational diabetes significantly increases neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal and dentate gyrus in rat offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1992 A. Sabin joined Scientifics from different countries to unify the criteria in nonpolio paralytic syndromes. Manuel Ramos Alvarez from the Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez1 and G.M. Mckhann from the school of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University (studies of flaccid paralysis in china), accepted to work together with interchange of material from their reported cases. In the process of interchange, Manuel Ramos Alvarez found that one of the cases from China was indeed, paralytic rabies based on the lesions of the ventral horns neurons of the spinal cord, furtherly confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electronic, microscopy. This case was published as paralytic rabies, mimicking Guillian-Barre Syndrome by K. A. Sheikh and Manuel Ramos Alvarez. In our post mortem studies with normal controls, we found six cases of paralytic rabies from which two are reported, to show the typical lesions not described before, 5 and 9 days after onset; these lesions consist in clumping or conglutination of the granules of Nissl that you can easily see in H&E or Nissl stain with toluidin blue in the ventral neurons of spinal cord. These cases do not show' Negri or Lyssa bodies in all CNS, except mild perivascular inflammatory infiltration. In the figure 1, the first column shows Nissl granules from a nonrabic normal control, in different specified stains. In the second and third columns, the typical clumping or coagglutinated Nissl granules in the mentioned cases in the same indicated stains. Silver impregnation is not good for these lesions. However is ideal for Negri bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurobiological model of consciousness is implanted and currently enrooted in modern science. This contribution tries to prove that this model has a weak foundation that has to be reinforced. In order to support this statement we critically reflect on three of its essential dimensions: (i) identifying brain with consciousness, (ii) the denial of free will and (iii) the limited clinical applications of the model. These reflections indicate the necessity to build a stronger model. It is required a predictive model in which the results may not just validate the model, but also configure the specific applications to improve the health and quality of people's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]