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The use of environmental protection policies has developed considerably over the last two decades and has generated a prolific literature. This study examines the impact of environmental policies on environmental quality for a panel of 36 OECD countries over the period from 1994 to 2018. To do this, we use matching and double‐difference methods. This enabled us to find a causal link between the environmental tax and CO2 emissions in the manufacturing and transport sectors. Furthermore, by estimating our model using fixed effects techniques, Driscoll and Kraay, Lewbel 2SLS and Quantiles, we obtained the result demonstrating that the environmental tax contributes to reducing CO2 emissions from the transport and manufacturing sectors. On the basis of these results, we suggest that taxes should be strengthened quantitatively and qualitatively in order to better target sectors known to be highly polluting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to analyse the effects of environmental quality and environmental regulations on the exports of sub‐Saharan African countries. Adopting the pollution haven hypothesis as a theoretical framework, we use a gravity model enriched by environmental variables. Our main results indicate that it is the environmental quality of sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries, as measured by the Environmental Performance Index, and the differences in environmental quality between a country and its partner that constitute a barrier to SSA exports. It therefore appears important for SSA countries to integrate the environmental factor into their policies to improve the competitiveness of their exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of globalization on progress toward SDG 7, with a particular focus on electricity access, renewable energy consumption, and energy intensity. Data are on 42 African countries over the 2000 – 2015 period. Findings from the fixed-effects model with the Driscoll-Kraay estimator show that overall globalization improves electricity access, while its effect on renewable energy consumption and energy intensity is insignificant. Additional findings show that economic globalization improves electricity access and energy efficiency; social globalization undermines renewable energy consumption while improving energy efficiency; political globalization increases electricity access and renewable energy consumption. Some recommendations are provided. • The contribution of globalization to the progress toward SDG 7 is investigated. • The data are based on a sample of 45 countries over the 2000–2019 period. • Globalization increases electeicity access with no relevant effects on renewable energy consumption and energy intensity. • Distinguishing between various dimensions and aspects of globalization provides more specific findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous reduction of two imbalances, the under-exploitation of human resources and the over-exploitation of natural resources, has become an objective of economic policy in the landscape of implementing sustainable development. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of environmental taxes on employment in a sample of 94 countries with different levels of development, both within and outside the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). More specifically, the study examines the influence of the environmental tax on total employment, female employment and male employment. After applying several estimation techniques for panel data such as fixed effects, Driscoll and Kraay, kiviet (2020),Generalised Method of Moments in system (GMMs), Lewbel two stage least square (Lewbel 2SLS), mediating and moderating effects, the results are very interesting and revealing. They are of threefold importance. First, the environmental tax has a positive and significant effect on total employment, implying that environmental policies promote the emergence of new sectors of activity or types of employment. Secondly, in terms of women's employment, it can be seen that they benefit less from these new jobs following the introduction of the environmental tax. Thirdly, the environmental tax has had positive and significant effects on the employment of men. A green economy policy whose instruments use environmental protection to develop employment should be adopted by governments. Policies to facilitate and reduce discrimination in women's employment must be linked to this green economy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]