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Introduction: The increased quantities of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-Reactive Proteins (CRP), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, brown rice is an alternative dietary food source that is known to have many health benefits including high fibre content. In addition to fibre, brown rice is also reported to have moderate amounts of proteins, unsaturated lipids, several minerals, and a lot of bioactive substances that are highly beneficial to health. This study aims to prove the role of brown rice dietary intervention in the reduction of inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Design and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a post-test conducted on 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the intervention phase I, all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were given brown rice diet for 3 months and followed by a phase II intervention, in which white rice diet was given to the other group of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients for 3 months. Serum was collected at the end of each intervention stage and then serum for Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Proteins were analysed by the ELISA method. Statistical analysis of the ttest was conducted in order to determine the differences between the two groups allocated in the study. Results: At the end of the study, it was found that the levels of C-Reactive Protein, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, and Interleukin-6 after the brown rice intervention was given to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, it showed a decreasing trend compared to the white rice intervention although not significantly different (p = 0.6, p = 0.63, p = 0.59, respectively). Conclusions: This study concluded that the administration of brown rice dietary intervention to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 3 months was able to reduce Tumour Necrosis Factorα, C-Reactive Proteins, and Interleukin-6 however, the reduction was not significant to influence policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to find out: (1) the difficulties of geography teachers 0f SMA 1 Ngaglik in developing the learning devices, and (2) their efforts to overcome them. The research conducted in SMA N 1Ngaglik used the descriptive qualitative methods, meanwhile the subjects were geography teachers. The data collection techniques were observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used the interactive analysis which included data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion withdrawal. The results of this study indicated that (1) the constraints encountered by them were regarding the development of syllabus using a scientific approach; they had not carried out all learning models in accordance with 2013 Curriculum, difficulties in developing learning media, developing the teaching materials, and assessing the attitudes and skills balanced with the knowledge, and (2) efforts to overcome the difficulties that was the teachers performed the various ways: discussing and sharing with the other geography teachers, participating in MGMP activities from the school level until the district one, attending training or workshops to add insight and various knowledges for improving the development of learning devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the role of peptidoglycan hydrolase gene in Bacillus subtilis cell lysis. Importance of autolysin activity fine-tuning in bacterial survival; Function of endopeptide homologues in cell separation; Influence of homologue amino acid sequence similarity on cell function determination; Association of class I amidases with phage lysins.

Through this paper, three main approaches were adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of waste paper ash (WPA) for stabilization on clay soil. First, the physical properties of mixing soil were studied. Furthermore, the swelling potential of mixing soil with different percentage was also discussed. Finally, the compressive strength using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) apparatus was evaluated. It was found that after mixing with waste paper ash (WPA), the percentage of soil passing sieving number 200 and plasticity index reduces by increasing of the waste paper ash (WPA) percentage. It might be attributed to the bonding of the chemical content of waste paper ash (WPA) to the soil particles. In addition, the swelling potential slightly reduces by increasing of waste paper ash (WPA) percentage. Furthermore, the compressive strength increases with waste paper ash (WPA) 5% and 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]