Search

The novel approach of the study is implementing the installation procedure of fly ash (FA) replaced cement deep mixing (DM) columns to field cases aiming at managing FA waste and reducing cement utilization. FA replaced cement DM columns (diameter of 30 cm and length of 80 cm) were installed on clayey soils using a laboratory type DM machine. The effect of installation parameters such as the binder dosage, FA replacement ratio, superplasticizer content, water/binder ratio, and the liquidity index (LI) of the soil on column performance was investigated. The design of experiments and optimization process were conducted using the Taguchi method, S/N and ANOVA analyses, and the desirability function method. Observations have shown that the mixing time required for a homogeneously mixed column depends on the LI of the soil and the volume ratio (VR) of the slurry. A key parameter (LI∙VR) is defined to decide the minimum number of the mixing process. The blade rotation number should be minimum of 252 rev/m to obtain a homogeneous soil-slurry mixture. The highest strength of the column was obtained when LI of fresh soilcrete (LImix) is 1.25∙LI. Optimum installation parameters were determined as binder dosage of 425 kg/m3, FA replacement ratio is 40%, superplasticizer content is 3%, water/binder ratio is 0.8, and LI of the untreated soil is 1. In the optimum design, the mixing efficiency of the soil-slurry mixture increased and the best column performance was obtained. In addition, cement utilization and binder cost decrease 40% and 33%, respectively, in FA-replaced cement DM columns. SEM images prove the increase in column performance due to the cementation products (CSH and CAH gels) formed in the microstructure of the column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a new approach based on fuzzy TODIM (Portuguese acronym for interactive and multicriteria decision-making) for decision-making problems in uncertain environments. Our method incorporates group utility and individual regret, which are often ignored in traditional multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. To enhance the analysis and application of fuzzy sets in decision-making processes, we introduce novel entropy and distance measures for q -rung picture fuzzy sets. These measures include an entropy measure based on the sine function and a distance measure derived from the Jensen-Shannon divergence. In our methodology, incorporating the sine function into the entropy measure stands out as a distinctive decision, grounded in a profound understanding of the inherent characteristics of fuzzy sets. Utilizing the sine function proves especially advantageous when handling fuzzy sets that exhibit cyclical variations or fluctuations in their membership degrees. We effectively weight the criteria for an improved evaluation by using this new entropy measure. The introduced distance measure finds application in the TODIM approach, allowing the execution of TODIM method steps within a fuzzy environment until the determination of one alternative's dominance over another—an advancement beyond traditional approaches. We apply our enhanced fuzzy TODIM method to a real-life construction project management problem from the literature and compare the results with those in the literature and obtained from other MCDM methods. Our proposed measures are robust, as demonstrated by the sensitivity analysis that varied the weights of group utility and individual regret, with the results visualized in a 3D sensitivity plot. The findings demonstrate the superiority of our method in providing a more comprehensive evaluation of alternatives, making it a useful tool for decision-makers facing complex and uncertain decision-making problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the concept of circular Pythagorean fuzzy set (value) (C-PFS(V)) as a new generalization of both circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (C-IFSs) proposed by Atannassov and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) proposed by Yager. A circular Pythagorean fuzzy set is represented by a circle that represents the membership degree and the non-membership degree and whose centre consists of non-negative real numbers μ and ν with the condition μ 2 + ν 2 ⩽ 1. A C-PFS models the fuzziness of the uncertain information more properly thanks to its structure that allows modelling the information with points of a circle of a certain centre and a radius. Therefore, a C-PFS lets decision makers to evaluate objects in a larger and more flexible region and thus more sensitive decisions can be made. After defining the concept of C-PFS we define some fundamental set operations between C-PFSs and propose some algebraic operations between C-PFVs via general triangular norms and triangular conorms. By utilizing these algebraic operations, we introduce some weighted aggregation operators to transform input values represented by C-PFVs to a single output value. Then to determine the degree of similarity between C-PFVs we define a cosine similarity measure based on radius. Furthermore, we develop a method to transform a collection of Pythagorean fuzzy values to a C-PFS. Finally, a method is given to solve multi-criteria decision making problems in circular Pythagorean fuzzy environment and the proposed method is practiced to a problem about selecting the best photovoltaic cell from the literature. We also study the comparison analysis and time complexity of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents novel concepts in fuzzy topologies, namely q -rung orthopair picture fuzzy (q -ROPF) topology and q -rung orthopair picture fuzzy point (q -ROPFP). These concepts extended the existing notions in fuzzy topologies. We introduced a more relaxed form of continuity, called q ε -ROPF continuity, which allows for a flexible analysis of functions between q -ROPF topological spaces by incorporating an error bound ε. We define the q -neighborhood system for a q -ROPF point in a q -ROPF topological space and investigate the convergence of sequences of such points. Our results shed light on the behavior of functions and sequences in these spaces, as well as the conditions for uniqueness of limits within the realm of supports. This research has practical implications in control systems, providing valuable insights into the stability and robustness of the control strategies in the presence of small changes represented by the epsilon value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the usability of recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) together with crushed aggregate (CA) in granular road base (GRB) and granular road subbase (GRSB) layers was investigated. Three different RCAs as RCA1, RCA2, and RCA3 were used according to their parent concrete compressive strength. The performance of the designs created by mixing three different RCAs with CA at 25%–50%–75% by mass was examined by laboratory tests [modified Proctor, California bearing ratio (CBR), permeability, resilient modulus, and plastic deformation]. CBR values for pure RCAs were higher than 100% and the CBR values were decreased for the mixture designs. Permeability coefficient (k) values of the CA and RCAs were close to each other. Resilient modulus (Mr) values were evaluated for three different models. In general, the lowest Mr values were obtained for pure RCAs, while the highest Mr value was obtained for pure CA. There was no statistically significant correlation between Mr values and CBR values. The plastic deformation (εp) value of the pure CA was significantly smaller than the εp values obtained for the pure RCAs and mixture designs. The RCAs generally increased the εp values. Flexible pavement thickness and cost analyses were performed for the 50CA 50RCA2 design, which was determined to be the most suitable for GRB material, 100RCA2, and 100CA designs for comparison. The 50CA 50RCA2 design reduced the GRB cost by 13% compared to using pure CA. As a result, it was determined that 50% RCA in GRB reduced the cost and had no adverse effect considering the material properties. Recycling of concrete wastes in this way can make significant contributions to reducing environmental pollution and prevent the depletion of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the installation parameters of the deep mixing (DM) column were optimized to manufacture a homogeneously mixed column and to reduce variability in the strength of the column. DM columns, 30 cm in diameter and 70 cm in length, were manufactured on clayey soils of different consistencies using a DM machine and slurry batch plant in the laboratory. The strength of DM columns and soil improvement ratio were investigated using installation parameters such as the cement dosage, the rotational speed of the mixing blades, the nozzle diameter, and the liquidity index of the soil. The design of experiments was conducted using the Taguchi method with a 4-parameter and 3-level L9 orthogonal array table. According to the observations during the installation of columns, the mixing time required to obtain a homogeneous soil-slurry mixture depended on the liquidity index of the fresh soilcrete. In addition, an interface layer, which is stiffer than the unimproved clay, was observed between the column and the unimproved soil. The thickness of the interface layer is 3–8% of the column diameter. Statistical evaluation was performed with S/N (signal-to-noise) and variance (ANOVA) analyses using the 28-day core strength of the columns. Optimum installation parameters were determined as cement dosage of 325 kg/m3, the rotation speed of the mixing blade is 80 rpm, nozzle diameter is 3 mm, and liquidity index of the soil is 1. The coefficient of variance for strength values decreased from 0.29 to 0.1 when the column was constructed with optimum installation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the usability and performance properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as granular road base (GRB) and granular road subbase (GRSB) material were investigated. A natural aggregate and the RCAs obtained from concretes with three different compressive strength and mixtures created by adding the RCAs to NA at the ratios of 25, 50 and 75% were used. Physical properties, modified Proctor, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, California bearing ratio (CBR), and permeability tests were carried out on all mixtures. Resilient modulus values (Mr) were obtained using three different resilient modulus models. The highest Mr value among pure RCAs was observed for RCA2 (average of 200 MPa). For the mixture samples, the highest Mr values were obtained in the mixtures containing RCA1 (average of 250 MPa). The minimum of permanent deformation value (ϵp) for the mixtures was obtained when the ratio of the RCA1 in the mixtures was 50% (ϵp = 0.238%). The obtained CBR values were not related to the Mr values, and the highest CBR values were found for the pure RCAs (average of 126%). High permeability coefficient values (average of 9.973×10−6 m/s) were obtained for the RCAs. As a result, it was more appropriate to blend the RCAs with the natural material rather than to use them in pure form. In general, it was appropriate to use 50% of RCAs in the mixtures. It was observed that if concrete compressive strength is as high as in RCA1 (18.5 MPa), RCA can be used even in the mixture at a ratio of 75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of entropy is one of the most important notions of the information theory. Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. Shannon's entropy is one of the most useful entropy types. The notion of enthalpy is the information energy expressed by the complement of Shannon's entropy. In this paper, we propose the concept of interval-valued hybrid enthalpy fuzzy set by modifying single and interval-valued fuzzy multisets. In this context, an interval-valued hybrid enthalpy fuzzy set contains information about both the data and their entropy. We also provide a cosine similarity measure between interval-valued hybrid enthalpy fuzzy sets. Using this cosine similarity measure, we propose a TOPSIS approach for multicriteria group decision making. Moreover, we apply the proposed TOPSIS method to a research assistant selection problem, and we compare the result with the result of a classical TOPSIS method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical diagnosis is a disease identification process that matches symptoms with diseases based on the symptoms of target patient. In this process, it is necessary to establish a similarity relation between symptoms and diseases so as to determine the correct diagnosis. Similarity measure theory is a beneficial way that is used to model this relationship mathematically under vary environment. In the literature, various similarity measures have been constructed in single-valued neutrosophic set setting. However, these similarity measures ignores the interaction between symptoms. To overcome this deficiency, we propose four new similarity measures by using the Choquet integral under single-valued neutrosophic environment that take into account both period and the interaction between symptoms. Moreover, we take advantage of the concept of 2-additivity to reduce the computational effort to obtain multi-period medical diagnosis results. We implement them to a multi-period medical diagnosis example existing in the literature. We also compare our results with some previous ones and we analyze the consistency of the results via some statistical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exist various types of similarity measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets in the literature. However, in many studies the interactions among the elements are ignored in the construction of the similarity measure. This paper presents a cosine similarity measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets by using a Choquet integral model in which the interactions between elements are considered. The proposed similarity measure is applied to some pattern recognition problems and the results are compared with some existing results to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new similarity measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, by considering theWardowski's technique, we present fixed point results for multivalued mapping on a space with two metrics. Also, taking into account β-admissibility of a multivalued mapping, we provide some more general results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we define the concept of Pythagorean fuzzy point. We define a similarity measure between Pythagorean fuzzy points, and we give an application of this similarity measure in pattern recognition. We also introduce a new type of continuity for the functions defined between two Pythagorean fuzzy topological spaces. Moreover, we introduce the concept of Moore–Smith convergence in Pythagorean fuzzy topological space, and we investigate the relationship between convergence of nets and continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical contents of different wheat varieties and their similarities/differences were determined by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method and Cluster Analysis. Bread wheat genotypes, Gerek 79, Carisma, Bayraktar, Artico and Advanced Line were used. It was determined that the chemical contents of bread wheat varieties including amino acids and sugars can be determined safely by NMR spectroscopy method. Carisma and Bayraktar genotypes, closer to the biscuit quality feature, formed the same group. Besides, having bread quality features, Gerek 79, Artico and Advanced Line created another group. This reveals that NMR spectroscopy method can be safely used in bread wheat studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine similarities/dissimilarities of rosemary genotypes and plant characteristics by different statistical methods, and effectiveness the plant characteristics on drug leaf yield and essential oil yield in Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Plant height, fresh leaf/fresh herb, drug leaf/fresh herb, essential oil content, fresh herb yield, fresh leaf yield, drug leaf yield and essential oil yield were measured. Data were evaluated by different statistical analyses methods such as correlation, factor, double dendrogram, biplot, agglomerative hierarchical cluster and regression. Results revealed that the essential oil content and fresh herb yield were determined as the most important parameters to be considered. When the essential oil yield is considered as the target criterion; fresh leaf/fresh herb, the drug leaf/fresh leaf, the essential oil content and the fresh leaf yield will increase success of rosemary breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) on yield components by different statistical methods and this will help to understand efficiency of them in breeding programs. This study was carried out in the location of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, in 2014-15 arid cropping seasons. Success mainly depends on power of effectiveness parameters used and statistical methods could be safely used to reveal effectiveness of parameters in the breeding programs. Results of correlation, cluster, principal component and conditional formatting analyses revealed that with in the efficiency limits (between the lowest dose and toxicity level) integrative effects of minerals were determined. This means that behavior of minerals among genotypes are mainly similar. some minerals called MEPG (N, P, K, Ca, S and Zn) are mostly effective in growth, others called MECA (Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu) are mostly effective in photosynthesis, and 0,767 unit increase MEGA and 0,481 unit in MECA increases result in 1 unit increase in the grain yield. Harmankaya, Sultan, Müfitbey and Tosunbey were found as higher performance and stabile bread wheat genotypes. To determine the changes of the minerals in the genotypes, are important for definig their effect on yield as well as the yield components. Obtained data will make contributions to the success of breeding programs that will be done in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory evaluation of breads related to their quality of edibility. This quality could be demonstrated by evaluating breads in terms of color, taste and smell. This study was aimed to reveal the tendency of preference on bread varieties, whole wheat, normal, Trabzon, potato, corn, rye, sesame, oat, toast and lavash breads for color, smell and taste among university students. Sesame bread, whole wheat and oat bread were been identified as the most popular breads in terms of color, smell and taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the presented study is to investigate mineral content and their distribution and changes during growth periods of wheat. Twelve bread wheat genotypes were used (Es-26, Bezostaja-1, Müfitbey, Altay-2000, Sönmez-01, Soyer-02, Çetinel-2000, Harmankaya-99, Sultan-95, and Alpu-01, Atay-85 and Gerek-79). Samples for determining minerals were taken at tillering period (Zadoks 20-29), flowering period (Zadoks 60-69), maturity period (Zadoks 90-99) and seed. Considerable differences occured between genotypes and growth stages for minerals. Trends of mineral levels in genotypes are polynomial, it increased and reached at highest level in flowering then decreased. Principal analysis explained that concentrations of ten minerals are homogenous at W11 Atay- 85 and W1 Es-26 genotypes. W7 Çetinel-2000 and W9 Sultan-95 genotypes also have homogenous content of all ten minerals. It was concluded that W10 Alpu- 01, W2 Bezostaja-1 genotypes have the highest content of K, Mg, Na and Mn; W5 Sönmez-01 genotype has the lowest Zn level and the highest N level. The other genotypes had homogenous mineral concentration. The large variation among genotypes showed that the genetic potential with higher mineral levels could be used in further breeding programs that involve genotypes with large variations, crossing and selection processes, selecting better genotypes for yield, quality, minerals for different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of potassium iodide (KI) application (0,01%) to mimic drought stress on bread wheat genotypes (cv. Nacibey and cv. Sönmez) grown in well conditions. Analyses of minerals, amino and organic acids revealed that KI application well created drought stress in bread wheat genotypes. Cv.Nacibey showed more drought resistance ability than cv. Sönmez for minerals, amino and organic acids. Changes in minerals, amino and organic acids are determined as well indicators to plants induced drought conditions. Besides, KI application could also be successfully used to determine performance of bread wheat genotypes for drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine to determine the performance of thirty bread wheat genotypes by weighted grading method for yield, yield components and quality characters. The performance of genotypes were determined for yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, spike number per m2, the number and weight of grains per spike, test weight, protein content and mini sedimentation. Genotypes with 3 and 12 were determined as the best and stabile crops for yield, yield components and quality characters. Weighted grading system were found as accurate, effective, and quick selection and evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, considering the simulation function, we give a new class of Picard operators on complete metric spaces. We also provide a nontrivial example that shows the aforementioned class properly contains some earlier such classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine some morphological, mineral, amino and organic acid characteristics of buckwheat, bread wheat, triticale, durum wheat and triticale genotypes. Nutritional quality characteristics of buckwheat are similar to bread and durum wheat, barley and triticale genotypes in minerals, amino acid and organic acid compositions. When compared with Sönmez (S, bread wheat), Dumlupınar (D durum wheat), Ince (I barley) and Karma (K, triticale) genotypes; Aktaş (A) and Güneş (G) buckwheat genotypes are rich in minerals, amino acid and organic acid. Buckwheat may be an important component as well as other cereals in the food industry. Besides, as gluten-free genotypes Aktaş and Güneş buckwheat genotypes could be widely used for producing gluten-free products beneficial for persons with gluten intolerance (celiac disease). Further detailed and systematical studies will help to determine biochemical composition, to improve usability, and breed new genotypes in buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for identification of cereal products with computer vision based applications has grown significantly over the last decade due to economic developments and reducing the labor force. With this regard, we have proposed an automated system that is capable to classify the wheat grains with the high accuracy rate. For this purpose, the performance of Dense Scale Invariant Features (DSIFT) is evaluated by concentrating on Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. First of all, the concept of k -means clustering is operated on DSIFT features and then images are represented with histograms of features by constituting the Bag of Words (BoW) of the visual words. By conducting an experimental study on a special dataset, we can make a commitment that the proposed method provides the satisfactory results by achieving an overall 88.33% accuracy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine genetic distance between barley genotypes based on RAPD and ISSR analyses. The number of amplified bands of genotypes in the primers ranged 4-11 in RAPD and 7-11 in ISSR. The most polymorphic bands in primer/primer combinations were obtained from OPA-04, OPA-13 and OPH-17 in RAPD, and UBC-808, UBC-820 and UBC-872 in ISSR. Results showed that average polymorphic rate was 86.5%. Performances of cultivars in groups asist possibility in creating genetic variability in barley cultivar development. RAPD and ISSR methods are useful for evaluation of genetic diversity and could be safely used to determine the genetic relationships in barley genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine genetic distance between some wheat varieties based on RAPD and ISSR analyses. The number of amplified bands of genotypes in the primers ranged 3-10 in RAPD and 6-12 in ISSR. The most polymorphic bands in primer/primer combinations were obtained from OPBA-03, OPL-15 and OPY-13 in RAPD, from UBC810 in ISSR. Varieties were classified about in three groups based on the dendogram results. Yunus and Altay-2000, Nacibey and Sultan-95, Harmankaya and Soyer were found to be close related varieties, whereas distant-related varieties were Alpu-01 and Nacibey. RAPD and ISSR are efficiently used to evaluate genetic variation, to determine genetic diversities and improvement and development of novel varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some quality characters on protein content by certain statistical-methods. Besides, usability's of some quality characters, affecting protein content in breeding programs were analyzed. In the study the effects of sedimentation, thousand seed weight, test weight, gliadine index and gluten on protein content were examined by correlation, path analysis, multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis and the most effective quality characters were determined. Results revealed that sedimentation, gliadin and gluten were as the most effective quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea productivity is greatly affected by environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature, environmental pollution and nutrient. The aim of this study, determination of some physiological charecters and nitrogen uptake at different developmental stages of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigation and noirrigation conditions. The experimental design was split plot with three replicas. Growth conditions (irrigation and noirrigation) were located in the main plots, growth stage (pre-flowering, flowering, pod setting and harvest time) in the subplots. Above-ground mass, below-ground mass, weight as root/stem rate (%), lenght as root/stem rate (%), leaf area index, above-ground dry weight, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, nitrogen concentration and nitrogen uptake were investigated in this study. In the research, drought stress occured when the plants comes to generative stage due to increasing temperature and declining rainfall. Therefore above-ground mass was reduced. But root development was stronger under dry conditions. Irrigation in the generative stage will affect positively plant growth and yield in chickpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in world population, decreased farmland, and global climate changes, the search for intelligent systems has become important to maintain product quality and productivity. For the continuous, quality, and clean production of wheat, which is a basic macronutrient for human health, it is necessary to use high-yield, high-quality, and unmixed clean seeds. The target of this review is to provide computer-aided identification of wheat species in the food industry and to offer taxonomists an opportunity to overcome classification difficulties. This research also highlights a systematic and functional wheat identification approach using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging techniques. The review found that not only accurately classifies the SEM images of wheat species of deep learning methods but also yields them being distinguished under different environmental conditions (irrigated and non-irrigated). Recently, the EfficientNet models are noteworthy as providing higher training speed and better parameter efficiency compared to the previous models. Therefore, the EfficientNet-B4 and EfficientNetV2-M were utilized on the top of an effective pre-processing task. Findings confirm that SEM imaging is outstanding when it comes to diagnosis and classification in the agricultural industry. The experimental results show that the proposed technique provides significantly better quantitative results and higher accuracy rates than the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L denote operator generated in L2(R+,E) by the differential expression l(y) = -y"+Q(x)y, x ∊ R+ :=[0,∞); and the boundary condition (A0+A1)Y' (0,λ)-(B0+B1λ)Y(0,λ)=0, whereQ is a matrixvalued function and A0; A1; B0; B1 are non-singular matrices, with A0B1 - A1B0 ≠ 0: In this paper, we investigate the principal functions corresponding to the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article reports on the optimization of additives to improve the geotechnical properties of an expansive clay soil subject to freeze–thaw effect, and the effects on soil behavior are evaluated. Lime and rice husk ashes, which are waste materials, were used in stabilization, and randomly distributed fiber was used as reinforcement. The response surface methodology was used for experimental design and optimization. The ranges of additives used in the experimental design were selected as 2.0–8.0% lime, 0.0–15.0% rice husk ash, and 0.0–0.8% fiber. The experiments were conducted on both soil samples before and after freeze–thaw cycle. The non freeze–thaw subjected samples were subjected to only 28-day curing, whereas freeze–thaw subjected samples were subjected to 28-day curing followed by seven freeze–thaw cycles. At the end of these periods, unconfined compressive strength and swelling tests were conducted on the samples, the results were evaluated via response surface methodology, and scanning electron microscopy images were produced for some samples. According to the experimental results, the most influential parameter on compressive strength values in non freeze–thaw subjected samples was lime percentage, whereas it was rice husk ash percentage in freeze–thaw subjected samples. Fiber and lime were effective on axial strain value in both cases. While only the lime amount was effective on the swelling pressure values in the non freeze–thaw subjected samples, the lime and the rice husk ash amount were effective in the freeze–thaw subjected samples. In the optimization of three response variables in combination, desirability levels were 0.85 and 0.94, respectively, in non freeze–thaw subjected and freeze–thaw subjected samples. In the non freeze–thaw subjected samples, the optimum percentages for lime, rice husk ash and fiber additives were calculated as 7.39%, 5.78–5.91% and 0.8%, respectively. In the freeze–thaw subjected samples, the optimum percentages were 6.46%, 14.94–15.0% and 0.78–0.79%, respectively. The optimum rice husk ash amount increased under the freeze–thaw effect and it was especially effective, whereas the lime percentage decreased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acreage, production and yield of wheat and barley in Central Anatolia Region. Planting area, production and yield of wheat and barley similarities / dissimilarities of components examined for provinces by multiple regression and cluster analyses. Barley production regions were divided into two groups; 1) Afyon, Uşak, Aksaray, Kütahya, Yozgat and Kirşehir, and 2) Ankara, Konya ve Nevûehir provinces, and also wheat production regions were divided into three groups; l) Eskişehir, 2) Afyon, Kütahya, Konya Yozgat, Eskişehir, Ankara, Kirsehir and Nevjehir, and 3) U;şak and Aksaray provinces based on geographic differences. Three different yield levels were determined according to yield maps. Barley and wheat yield levels were between 2.0-2.8 ton/ha in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of seven gamma dozes on emergence rate (%), seedling height (cm), root length (cm) and seedling dry weight (gr) in seeds of two bread wheat cultivars were investigated. It was determined that emergence rate, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight were affected negatively from increasing gamma rays and decreases in characters versus increasing gamma rays were determined as linear. On the other hand, optimum doses for ED50. was found as 250 Gy for Kirik cultivars and 200 Gy for SÖnmez cultivars. Powerful variations in breeding programs could be made by applying optimum dose of gamma rays creating ED50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of pore fluid in clayey soil are usually influential on the intergranular physicochemical forces, i.e., on the geotechnical properties of clay. In this paper, the Atterberg limits of kaolinite were determined for pure water and four different chemical fluids with various concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80) whose dielectric constants represent a wide range of interval, and kaolinite's shear strength and compression behaviors were investigated by using the specimens obtained by consolidating the mixtures under 100 kPa pressure with water content twice their liquid limits. During the tests, an optical microscope was used to take the photographic views of the structural changes taking place on kaolinite due to the changing pore fluids. According to the experimental results, the effect of the chemical fluids caused to have increase in shear strength values and decrease in compression and swelling index values obtained by the consolidation tests. Moreover, kaolinite's liquid limit increased with the increasing chemical fluid concentration and decreasing dielectric constant of the pore fluid. The changes observed on the geotechnical properties of kaolinite subjected to chemical fluids can be explained with intergranular Van der Waals attraction forces whose increase causes the flocculation of particles and the tendency of the clayey soil to behave like the silt-fine sand. Additionally, the optical microscope views taken during the experiments also supported these conditions clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L denote the operator generated in ℓ2(N, C2) by an+1yn+1 (2) + bnyn(2) + pnyn(1) = λyn(1), an-1 yn-1(1)+bnyn (1)+qnyn(2) = λyn(2), n∈N and the boundary condition (γ0 + γ1λ)y1(2) + ( β0 + β1λ)y0(1) = 0, where (an), (bn),(pn), and (qn), n ∈ N are complex sequences γi, βi ∈ C, i =0,1, and λ is an eigenparameter. In this paper we investigated the principal functions corresponding to the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we investigate the principal functions corresponding to the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of the boundary value problem where is a non-selfadjoint matrix-valued function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigate the principal functions corresponding to the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of the boundary value problem (BVP) an-1yn-1 + bnyn + anyn+1 = λyn, n ∈ ℕ and (γ0 + γ1λ)y1 + (β0 + β1λ)y0 = 0, where (an) and (bn) are complex sequences, λ is an eigenparameter, and γi, βi ∈ ℂ for i = 0, 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we investigate discrete spectrum of the non-selfadjoint matrix Sturm–Liouville operator L generated in by the differential expressionand the boundary condition . Under the conditionusing the uniqueness theorem of analytic functions we prove that L has a finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Changes in pore fluid distribution generally exert a significant influence on the geotechnical behavior of clays. To determine these influences, we used four different organic fluids (methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid) at various organic fluid/water ratios, covering a wide range of dielectric constants. Firstly, the specimens were consolidated using a 100kPa pre-consolidation pressure. Then, a series of triaxial compression and consolidation tests were executed on the water-organic fluid slurries. Additionally, Atterberg limit tests were conducted. The coagulation of the clay particles was studied with an optical microscope. Liquid limit values and consolidation parameters generally decreased while shear strength values increased with increasing organic fluid/water ratio and decreasing dielectric constant of the pore fluid. The effect of the pore fluids is attributed to the decreasing electrostatic repulsion. During coagulation, the particles showed a tendency to behave like silt-fine sand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wheat is a very important cereal crop in Eastern Anatolia in terms of acreage and production. It is a staple food and plays an important role in people's livelihood. Drought often occurs in the region and it dramatically influences wheat yield. The yield also depends upon prevailing climatic conditions, rainfall, temperature and humidity. Crop-modeling studies to forecast crop yield are important not only for people now but for planning studies and precautionary measures for the future. Traditional decision support systems based on crop simulation models are normally site-specific. In order to address the effect of spatial variability of weather variables on crop production, we modeled wheat yield potential on certain climatic conditions by using Geographically Weighted Regression and Geographical Information Systems in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging is an important factor influencing yield and yield components in wheat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of waterlogging on yield, yield components, protein and proline content, and chlorophyll a and b in wheat. In the study, seven levels of waterlogging treatment, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 60 days of flooding were applied. Increasing waterlogging stress decreased yield, spike number per m2, seed weight and number per spike, protein content, and chlorophyll a and b; and caused increase in proline content. Results indicated significant linear responses for yield, spike number per m2, seed weight and number per spike, protein content, chlorophyll a and b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the determination of the rheological properties of cement grouts and the examination of the model jet grouting (JG) columns produced in the laboratory. Fine-grained cement (DMFC-800), ordinary Portland cement (CEM I), natural pozzolana admixtured cement (CEM II) and blast furnace slag (BFS) admixtured cement (CEM III) types were used. Grout mixtures with various water/cement (W/C) ratios were prepared and rheological tests were performed. Effects of cement characteristics and rheological properties of cement grouts on column dimensions, soilcrete strength were researched. Columns with the largest diameter were obtained with DMFC-800 cement. The primary parameter affecting the JG column diameter was cement grain size and the secondary parameter was grout viscosity. CEM III cement provided the highest compressive strength (28.5 MPa) in the long term. DMFC-800 provided remarkable strength (2–5 MPa) even with grouts containing high amount of water (W/C = 2.0–3.0). Grout stability affected the homogeneity of the soilcrete structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present two new results for the existence of fixed points of multivalued mappings with closed values on quasi metric space. First we introduce the multivalued Fd-contraction on quasi metric space (X; d) and give a fixed point result related to this concept. Then taking into account the Q-function on a quasi metric space, we establish a Q-function version of this concept as multivalued Fq-contraction and hence we present a fixed point result to see the effect of Q-function to existence of fixed point of multivalued mappings on quasi metric space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Smaller binder grain size requires more water to injectibility. • Fine grained cement well penetrated into soil and provide better mechanic characteristics. • SF admixtured OPC cement has better mechanic characteristics than OPC. • SEM images supported that both fine grained cement and SF improved the hydration. In Jet Grouting (JG) applications, manufacturing of jet grouted columns which answer the purpose, is possible by designing proper injection fluid which is a cement grout in most cases. In this study, the impacts of three different binder types on the performance of JG columns was investigated. Fine-grained cement (DMFC-800), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and the mixture of OPC cement including 10% silica fume (SF) by weight were used as binders. Grouting mixtures were prepared at various water/cement (W/C) ratios, then JG columns were manufactured. Whilst the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value was obtained from fine grained cement induced samples (max. UCS = 24.6 MPa for W/C = 1.0), very high strength values were detected for OPC + 10%SF induced samples as well. The maximum splitting tensile strength (STS) values for OPC + 10% SF induced samples were found to be (min. STS = 3.62 MPa for W/C = 1.25). Furthermore, after the permeability tests, it was observed that the columns with DMFC-800 and OPC + 10% SF induced mixtures exhibit the lowest permeability coefficients as compared to columns made from the other binders (min. k = 0.1124 × 10−8 m/s for DMFC-800). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis revealed that DMFC-800 cement and OPC + 10% SF induced mixture reduced the voids between particles and enhanced the binding ability of the grouting mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection, preservation and enhancement of soil quality is essential for ecosystem managers to offer the appropriate support after discovering factors that are linked to soil's functional capability. In this study, soil quality indicators were combined to establish a soil quality index (SQI) by conducting an efficiency analysis for using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Gradient Boosting Methods (GBM) and Decision Tree (DT) approaches. For this purpose, soil's intrinsic parameters, namely indicators, are utilized in case of fitting a deeper regression model. The experiments were carried out with analysis results of 545 soil samples obtained from previously studies conducted on different areas such as watershed, delta, pasture and farmland. The performance of each model is validated by the reported data. Compared to gradient boosting models, the proposed CNN model with mean absolute loss function achieves a lower error rate of 2.71 in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and best average correlation coefficient 0.90 in R2, which proves generalizability of CNN based regression. The findings show that CNNs may be utilized as an effective tool as giving a better prediction accuracy level and reliability in terms the establishing correlations and providing a conceptual framework for modeling of soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the present paper is to study the general structure and theoretical properties of a particular type of a fuzzy measure that can be used to model multi criteria decision making problems in which there exist some sub criteria. After constructing the general form of the non-additive set function, we deal with the interaction coefficient, Möbius representation and dual measure related to proposed measure. Finally, we are concerned with the usage of this type of fuzzy measures in multi criteria decision making problems in which at least one of the criteria contains some sub-criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an extension of the concepts of fuzzy set and intuitionistic fuzzy set, the concept of Pythagorean fuzzy set better models some real life problems. Distance, entropy, and similarity measures between Pythagorean fuzzy sets play important roles in decision making. In this paper, we give a new entropy measure for Pythagorean fuzzy sets via the Sugeno integral that uses fuzzy measures to model the interaction between criteria. Moreover, we provide a theoretical approach to construct a similarity measure based on entropies. Combining this theoretical approach with the proposed entropy, we define a distance measure that considers the interaction between criteria. Finally, using the proposed distance measure, we provide an extended Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for multi-criteria decision making and apply the proposed technique to a real life problem from the literature. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to compare the results of this paper with those of previous studies in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taking into account the recent contractive technique, which was introduced by Wardowski [18], we present a fixed point theorem for F-contractive type fuzzy mappings over a complete metric space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L denote operator generated in L2(R+,E) by the differential expression l(y) = -y" + Q(x)y, x є R+ := [0, ∞), and the boundary condition Y' (0, λ) - (β0 + β1λ + β2λ2)Y(0, λ) = 0 , where Q is a non-selfadjoint matrix-valued function and β0, β1, β2 are non-selfadjoint matrices, also β2 is invertible. In this paper, we investigate the principal functions correspending to the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]