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Threat evaluation of operational targets is an important link when conducting anti-ship missile combat commands. Working on complicated correlation between the attributes of operational targets and lack of objective data support during subject decision-making, combine entropy weight method and grey correlation method to establish the threat evaluation model, rank the threat of targets according to limited operational indicator data, and obtain the sequence of missile attack, which proves the effectiveness and reasonability of this combined method, and provides theoretical support for the attack preference of anti-ship missiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their limited area relative to the global ocean, coastal zones—the regions where land meets the sea—play a disproportionately important role in generating ecosystem services. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human populations. In particular, urban stormwater is an increasingly important threat to the integrity of coastal systems. Urban catchments exhibit altered flow regimes that impact ecosystem processes and coastal foodwebs. In addition, urban stormwater contains complex and unpredictable mixtures of chemicals that result in a multitude of lethal and sublethal impacts on species in coastal systems. Along the western coast of the United States, we estimate that hundreds of billions of kilograms of suspended solids flow off land surfaces and enter the Northern California Current each year. However, 70% of this pollution could be addressed by treating only 1.35% of the land area. Determining how to prioritize treatment of stormwater in this region requires a clear articulation of objectives—spatial distribution of appropriate management actions is dependent on the life histories of species, and management schemes optimized for one species may not achieve desired objectives for other species. In particular, we highlight that the scale of stormwater interventions must match the ecological scale relevant to species targeted by management. In many cases, management and policy will require mechanisms in order to ensure that local actions scale-up to efficiently and effectively achieve management objectives. In the face of rapid urbanization of coastal zones, failure to consider the match of management and ecological scales will result in the continued decline of coastal ecosystems and the species they support. This article is part of the theme issue 'Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demands of appropriate personal mobility‐assistive devices for those needed persons have been increased considerably in recent years, with their specific operational requirements, developments of adequate motors to different device parts are the main concerns. For applications onto those knee joint parts of the exoskeleton system, three types of permanent‐magnet (PM) motors, namely the surface‐mounted PM motor, the Vernier motor, and the flux‐switching motor were designed. Based on the operational and physical constraints of the particular exoskeleton parts, optimisations of these PM motors were provided along with their thorough performance comparisons. From emulated finite‐element analyses along with hardware experimental validations, by following the standard test settings, selection guidance for the suitable motor structures at different operational objectives will thus be supplied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire to modernise electrical infrastructure, and the increasing number of extreme weather events, has led to an increased interest in deploying microgrids as resiliency resources. While there are times when a microgrid is operated to increase the resiliency of critical end‐use loads, there are also other operational goals, such as efficiency, that may be considered. However, it can be challenging for microgrid operators to coordinate assets in real time to balance operational objectives. This study presents a slider‐based multi‐objective control that enables microgrid operators to change the operational set points of microgrid assets to respond to rapidly changing system conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Marine policy and management has to cope with a plethora of human activities that cause pressures leading to changes to the natural and human systems. Accordingly, it requires many policy and management responses to address traditional, cultural, social, ecological, technical, and economic policy objectives. Because of this, we advocate that a fully-structured approach using the IEC/ISO 31010 Bow-tie analysis will allow all elements to be integrated for a cost-effective system. This industry-standard system, described here with examples for the marine environment, will fulfil many of the demands by the users and uses of the marine system and the regulators of those users and uses. It allows for bridging several aspects: the management and environmental sciences, the management complexity and governance demands, the natural and social sciences and socio-economics and outcomes. Most importantly, the use of the Bow-tie approach bridges systems analysis and ecosystem complexity. At a time when scientific decisions in policy making and implementation are under question, we conclude that it provides a rigorous, transparent and defendable system of decision-making. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Marine risk management aims to achieve a vision and objectives through measures. • Operational controls effect marine environmental policy objectives. • Successful outcomes of sector and conservation controls need horizontal integration. • Marine management needs vertical integration of outcomes, objectives and goals. • Stakeholder roles have to be aligned with the horizontal and vertical processes. • Integration of ISO standards into marine and coastal management is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper wants to emphasize the importance of contemporary strategic management approachs in the defense system. Displays the work of American author Leslie Lewis and C. Robert Roll "Strategy-totasks: a methodology for resource allocation and management". It were used by parts of the discussion above, in order to describe the strategy-to-tasks methodology for planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS). In developed Western countries adopted some elements of strategic management to determine and monitor the execution of strategic plans in the defense system. This trend is spreading to other countries as a result of the necessity of obeying certain methodological and technological achievements. The uncritical acceptance of a strategic management approach can cause great confusion and problems, and the terminology and scientific explanation for this trend is of great importance. Introduction PPBS is a resource management framework based on force planning concept. It was developed at the lRand Company during the late eighties and is adapted to the special needs of several DoD organization. The planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS) PPBS is DoD'ş primary system for planning and managing defense resources. It links the overall U.S. national security strategy to specific programs. It was designed to facilitate fiscally-constrained planning, programming and budgeting in terms of complete programs (i.e. forces and systems) rather than through artificial budget categories. The goal is to determine forces, systems and program costs. Strategy-to-tasks and the PPBS The Strategy-To-Tasks methodology, regardless of its application, it must be consistent and supportive of each phase of the PPBS. This section describes the basics frameworks of which are adapted to resource allocation and management activities for the Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). The authors have used it during the various phases of the PPBS. The National Security Strategy is formulated at the executive branch. National security objectives determine what must be done to preserve and protect the national principles, goals and interests in relation to the threats and challenges. National military objectives determine the manner in which national security strategy will be supported by the military. Operational objectives define the various military strategies. They describe how forces will be used to support the national military objectives. Tasks are accurately expressed by different levels of command (CINCs). They are the specific actions that must be performed in order to accomplish an operational objective. USSOCOMS and strategy-to-tasks The author concludes that any recommendation to USSOCOM for improving management and resource allocation had to contain the elements that DoD requires in various PPBS phase: links from the national security strategy down to specific military tasks. Moreover, these elements must be reliable, reproducible and easily verifiable. There were three proposals for improvement: 1. develop linkages between national securityobjectives and USSOCOM program resource needs, 2. change USSOCOM's planning and programming processes, functions and data structures, 3. realign selected functions and organizational structure. USSOCOM and strategy-to-tasks framework Shows the revised Strategy-To-Taks framework as applied to USSOCOM. Force development issues in the U. S. Army Authors were asked to attempt to apply the STT methodology to facilitate development decision-making of U.S. military forces. The aim was on Army modernization. The approach that the authors outlined has enabled the U.S. Army to begin to evaluate its force structure and modernization programs against the other services by operational objective and task. The authors call this "competition among dissimilar systems. " Institutionalize methodology Various application of mathodology are designed for STT simulation processes and connections among the commands and their associated elements. The authors point out that the application of the methodology STT shows how it can be developed and evaluated a complete operating concept. In this way, ensure that the logistical and other significant issues debated between the major military-related systems. The whole concept of an "operationalizing the PPBS process." Conclusion The main problems are observed using the approach of strategic management through literature and analysis of this example are: 1. proper determination of the strategic plan and its decomposition to lower down the strategic goals, objectives, processes, tasks and activities, 2. acceptance of the fact that the formulation and implementation of strategy is not a static process, 3. instead of a set of representative objectives the structure of objectives steers the organisation, 4. core structure of the objectives makes the process of harmonization of individual goals and their representation in the representative objectives, 5. implementation strategy consists in introducing the maximum number of persons with the basic hypotheses, 6. linking resources with hypotheses, a continuous test of the hypothesis and its application in real time. Every scientific theory has its own regularity of that time of origination, acceptance, implementation and application of the first serious critique of theory, important reductions, reshaping and creating new theories. The emergence and development of strategic management methodologies obvious example of the need and necessity of modern technology and the development of corporate culture and the Anglo-Saxon norm of civilization. Future direction of development strategic management methodologies is difficult to predict. The general impression is that the advent and advancement of strategic management methodologies that are organically connected with contemporary business information systems of this area substantially enclosed and that it has received the eventuaily contours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important operation for well though-out projects, getting the goals, requires applying a way of thinking model by objectives able to order and rationalize deploying all teaching-learning-instruction-evaluation. It is assumed that the identification of confusions and ambiguities in the development of operational objectives will generate the correct development of their physical education at technical universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for a more integrated approach to ocean management is increasingly being recognized. Discussion on appropriate indicators and reference points supporting such an approach has focused on the technical merits of one set of metrics over another in servicing some management goal. Relatively little effort has been put into answering the question how one would use suites of indicators to meet the multiple conservation objectives defined in operational plans. Such an exercise is being undertaken on the eastern Scotian Shelf off Canada''s east coast, as a national integrated management pilot. A number of ocean industries – fishing, oil and gas exploration, transport, and the military – utilize the area, a typical situation elsewhere in the world. A suite of conceptual ecosystem-level objectives has been identified to address biodiversity, productivity, and habitat issues. Operational objectives, which identify an indicator and reference points associated with each conceptual objective, are then stated. Utilizing this framework, individual ocean industry plans and activities can be reviewed in a consistent manner, to determine how they might be constrained by the conservation objectives for the area. Issues of spatial scale and cumulative impacts are addressed, and comment is made on future developments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]