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This study aimed to assess the status of anatomy as a scientific discipline within Ottoman medicine in the context of modern medicine and to compare it with other contemporary schools of thought while also comparing the progress of European anatomy through the first decade of the Anatomische Gesellschaft. Starting in 1839, Ottoman authorities endeavored to establish a European-style foundation for anatomy, recognized as the oldest and most fundamental branch of medicine by the medical community, while also forging extensive relations with the European scientific community, including inviting physicians from central Europe to modernize the field of anatomy and promote comprehensive education in Ottoman medicine. We analyzed the supplements of the Anatomische Anzeiger journal (Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, Anatomische Gesellschaft) for the first ten years of congress submissions, specifically focusing on presentations, demonstrations, and the participation of international physicians and scientists. Additionally, we searched the online archives of the Ottoman state archives for invitations to scientific meetings and information about the involvement of scientists. This revealed that despite the active participation of many scientists in international meetings other than anatomy, particularly in research related to public health, there was a noticeable absence of contributions in the field of anatomy. This reveals that the modernization efforts of Ottoman medicine were primarily intended to define educational goals, with scientific research and application significantly neglected during this period. Our argument is supported by the fact that scientists trained in the same tradition, primarily from Vienna, played a significant role in both their quantity and experimental studies within the scientific activities of the Anatomische Gesellschaft considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lissencephaly (LIS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with severe symptoms caused by abnormal neuronal migration during cortical development. It is caused by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Despite frequent studies about the cortex, comprehensive elucidation of structural abnormalities and their effects on the white matter is limited. The main objective of this study is to analyze abnormal neuronal migration pathways and white matter fiber organization in LIS1-associated LIS using diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography. For this purpose, slabs of brain specimens with LIS (n = 3) and age and sex-matched controls (n = 4) were scanned with 3T dMRI. Our high-resolution ex vivo dMRI successfully identified common abnormalities across the samples. The results revealed an abnormal increase in radially oriented subcortical fibers likely associated with radial migration pathways and u-fibers and a decrease in association fibers in all LIS specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the influence of smoke exposure of variable duration on the ultrastructure of and histopathologic and morphologic alterations in the olfactory epithelium. Methods: A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups and fed a standard rat chow and tap water. Experimental rats in groups I and II were exposed to cigarette smoke in a glass cabin over a period of 2 months for 5 or 15 min, respectively, four times daily; control rats (group III) were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After dissection, all tissue specimens were processed using routine procedures for TEM. Results: Groups I and II exhibited the presence of intraepithelial inflammatory cells and especially deep invaginations in the nuclear membrane of supporting cells. Extended intercellular spaces, cytoplasmic protrusions on the apical surface of supporting cells, atrophy of microvilli and olfactory neuron cilia as well as numerous electron-dense granular structures and lysosome-like structures were observed to an increasing degree from group I to group II. Particularly in group II, both supporting cells and olfactory neurons exhibited a cytoplasmic edema, mitochondrial degeneration, and numerous vacuolar structures, as well as apoptotic and minimal necrotic changes. In this group, hyperplasia of basal cells was also observed. Conclusion: Our electron microscopic findings show that cigarette smoke leads to toxic degenerative changes in the rat olfactory mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to discover some variables influencing the risk of nicotine dependence in the Anatolian population. We examined 10 candidate genes and analysed 10 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 50 cases and 50 controls in a preliminary study. The main purpose of this work was to provide predicative definition in this regard. Buccal swab samples were collected from 50 cases and 50 controls, who had volunteered to participate in the study. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score of 4 or more was required for the case group. The control group was strictly chosen from people who had an FTND score of 0. SNP loci were genotyped and variations were observed in five SNP loci (rs16969968, rs806380, rs3733829, rs6474412, rs1329650). Based on these results, polymorphism was identified in the Turkish population in five SNP loci (rs16969968, rs806380, rs6474412, rs37333829, rs1329650). Although our findings indicated a non-significant association between the 10 selected loci and nicotine dependence in the Anatolian population, we believe that with a larger number of cases with five SNP loci, the variance we find will provide significant results for both forensic geneticists and psychiatrists. Since, to our knowledge, this is the first work to explore the potential association of these SNPs with nicotine addiction in the Anatolian population, the results should be expanded with larger sample groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papier-mâché means chewed paper, and it defines a method. Various decorative products and functional tools have been produced with this method, which includes various techniques and materials. Maybe, the most interesting one among these is anatomic models developed and spread around the world by the French physician Louis Thomas Jerôme Auzoux (1797–1880) at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of Dr Auzoux' human anatomical models in Ottoman–Turkish medicine. Primary and secondary sources were analysed such as Museum collections, archives, and scientific databases accessible on the Internet. This revealed that, at the beginning of the 1820s, Dr. Auzoux developed the method for papier-mâché anatomical models after a period of suffering difficulties in finding and preserving cadavers for dissection at the medical faculty which he worked. In 1825, he completed his invention, which had significant advantages over previously used methods for anatomical models, and then founded a production workshop in St. Aubin. Many medical schools in Europe, Africa, and South America utilised these models. Sources mentioned that the Ottoman Empire also purchased various anatomical models. Although it is not exactly known how many and from which models, it is known that whole male and female body models and pregnancy developmental models were purchased in 1837. In addition to human anatomic models, Dr. Auzoux's company also began to manufacture veterinary and botanical models soon. In that period of the Ottoman Empire during which cadaver dissection was forbidden and only artificial models and drawings were used for the education, Auzoux's models can be considered as very important tools for the Turkish Ottoman medical education and influential on the transition from traditional to modern medicine. Today, unfortunately, the fate of most of the human anatomical models purchased in the name of the Ottoman Empire is not known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the normal incudomalleal (IM) joint surface of dogs was studied by SEM. The animals under the Ketamine + Xylazine (5/2 mg/kg. iv.) anesthesia, were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in 0.1 M sodium potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.2 via left ventricle. Middle ear ossicles were processed with routine histological procedures for SEM and examined under a Philips 505 type SEM. The articular surfaces of malleus and incus showed similar configuration and micromorphology. Characteristic appearance of the collagen fibers on the articular surfaces were not resolved at lower magnifications. On the other hand, at higher magnification, chondrocytes and their relationships with collagen fibers were observed clearly. In conclusion, this research has revealed that the incudomalleal joint in dog resembles the larger joints in human body. However, different configurations were observed in some regions of the joint surfaces. These differences can depend on the sound exposure of the animal over its lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variations of the hyoid bone has a great significance for surgical procedures of neck region, and in forensic medicine for evidence of strangulation or hanging, which causes fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and morphometrical variations of the hyoid bone in Anatolian population. A total of 60 adult larynx specimens (46 male, 14 female) were dissected to identify morphological and morphometrical variations of hyoid. The infrahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid membrane were cut and ligamentous structures of bone were removed. The variations of shape of the hyoid were classified into six types: A (U-shaped) hyoid bone observed in 31.7 % (19 bones), a horseshoe-H-type in 10 % (6 bones), a B-type hyoid in 31.7 % (19 bones), a D-type hyoid in % 15 (9 bones), a V-type bone in % 5 (3 bones) and HK-type bone in 6.7 % (4 bones) of all necks. The breadth, width and major transverse axis were approximately measured as 40.4 mm, 28.4 mm and 33.5 mm, repectively. It has been found that the hyoid bones of Anatolian population had morphologically important differences than in other populations.To understand the anatomical variations and measurements of this bone is of valuable importance with regard to clinical practice and forensic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Galen's anastomosis, which is placed over the dorsal surface of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, is formed by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the dorsal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). This study aims to contribute literature about the prevalence of Galen's anastomosis which is still a controversial issue and indicates the prevalence of this type of anastomosis in both sides of the larynx and indicate the importance of this anastomosis in different neck surgeries and procedures. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-two adult formalin-fixed hemilaryngeal (11 larynx) specimens' anatomical micro-dissection were performed on both sides (right-left) posteriorly. Every specimen consisted of larynx, trachea, epiglottis, and hyoid bone. Internal laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and inferior thyroid artery were freed up connective tissue to better analyze their relationship and to find their exact course with termination point. Results: In our current study, total Galen's anastomosis prevalence was found %54.53 with %27.27 right single trunk, %18.18 left single trunk, 4.54 left plexus formation, and 4.54 left double trunk. There has not been any anastomotic structure in %22.72 of the left side and in %22.72 of the right side microdissection of laryngeal specimens. Conclusion: During laryngeal or thyroid surgery, observation of an unknown intralaryngeal branching pattern may lead to confusion and may increase the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury, thus it is crucial to contribute to the literature about microanatomy and prevalence of Galen's anastomosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Precise knowledge of the level of the vocal fold as projected on the external thyroid cartilage is of critical importance for the performance of many surgical approaches. This study aims to identify the level of the anterior commissure, as well as the lengths of the vocal muscle and arytenoid cartilage in Turkish population. Materials and Method: Specimens were collected after autopsy from the Council of Forensic Medicine. One hundred human larynges (52 men, 48 women; age range: 25-80 years) were dissected under a stereomicroscope. Projection of the vocal fold was analyzed in relation to the superior thyroid (A) and the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage (B). Then, the larynx was dissected parallel to the level of the vocal fold to measure the length of the vocal muscle (C) and the length of the interarytenoid space (D). Results: The mean value of the "a" was 9.15 ± 1.99 mm in male and 9.38 ± 3.43 mm in female. Mean value of the "b" was 10.54 ± 1.73 mm and 8.88 ± 1.81 mm in male and female, respectively. The mean value of the parameter corresponding the length of vocal muscle which was "c" was found 15.00 ± 3.18 mm in male and 12.88 ± 4.12 mm in female. The mean value of the interarytenoid space "d" was 8.31 ± 1.76 mm in male and 8.13 ± 1.90 mm in female. Comparing between genders, no statistical differences were observed in parameters of a, c, d, a + b, a + b/2 (P >.05). However, the difference with female and male for the parameters of b and c + d was statistically significant (P <.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the anterior commissure projects slightly above the midline height for male and at the level to slightly below in female subjects in Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R2353 --> 368.3 --> Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder which can result from a range of observed symptoms pertaining to social, emotional, and cognitive processing difficulties especially regarding communication of their own feelings, opinions, and thoughts with others. Although a diagnosis received by 1 in 68 children in the United States, a cause for autism is still unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors during prenatal and postnatal development are believed to account for the emergence of ASD. It is known that early treatment improves language and cognitive abilities later. However, currently, the earliest diagnosis of ASD can be made only around 18 months of age. It is critical to be aware of an altered initial brain anatomy in ASD for better predicting what aspects of brain function will likely preferentially and precociously deteriorate, which would allow for potentially earlier/better prevention and treatment. We hypothesized that prospective ASD patients will show region‐specific abnormalities in developmental stages. We have used retrospective clinical brain MRI of the fetuses who were diagnosed as ASD in later age to obtain earliest MRI‐based regional volumetric biomarkers. Thirty‐nine fetuses (mean age 24.87 ± 5.05 gestational week [GW]) were included in this study (9 prospective ASD patients, 20 neurotypical controls, 6 non‐ASD controls with neurological comorbidities observed in the prospective ASD patients, and 4 non‐ASD controls with non‐neurological comorbidities observed in the prospective ASD patients. After preprocessing, the images were segmented automatically with an atlas‐based automated anatomical labeling method. A set of three‐factor ANOVA was performed for lobar and regional comparisons of the segmented brain regions. The insula/insular lobe showed statistically significantly larger volume in ASD than that in all three control groups in the lobar comparison. In the regional comparison, the ASD group had statistically significantly larger amygdala, hippocampal commissure, and insula compared to the non‐ASD controls with neurological and non‐neurological comorbidities. Our results suggest that an increased volume of the insula/insular lobe may be a strong prenatal MRI biomarker that could predict the emergence of ASD later in life. The larger amygdala and hippocampal commissure could be additional biomarkers for identifying such prospective ASD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the developing cerebellum, generation times of macroneurons and microneurons occur during pre- and postnatal period, respectively. In this study, to investigate the effects of prenatal stress exposure on cerebellar neuronal development, the granule-to-Purkinje cell ratio of stressed animals was compared with their age-matched controls. In the experimental group, pregnant dams were immobilized on their gestational day 7 and 14, for 6 h. The cerebella of the offspring were removed at postnatal day (P) 30, and granule-to-Purkinje cell ratios, obtained by dividing the numerical density of granule cells (N Vg) by that of Purkinje cells (N VP), were found significantly reduced (24%) in the stressed animals. Since volume fraction of granular to molecular layer or white matter to whole cortex was not affected from stress exposure, the deficit seen in this ratio reflects an existent increase in the numerical density of Purkinje cells, rather than a decrease in the number of granule cells. In parallel, the linear density of Purkinje cells (N BP) and the percentage of proliferating cells, immunolabeled with BrdU, were also found significantly higher in stressed animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that intrauterine stress changes the morphology and numerical density of cerebellar neurons by primarily affecting the actively dividing cells during the selected stress period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

L7830 --> 931.2 --> The human brain stands out from other primates for its large size. After the split with our last common ancestor (LCA) with chimpanzees—our closest living relative—, the hominin brain expanded threefold, and the frontal and parietal operculum underwent substantial morphological reorganization, likely reflecting language acquisition in our species. The increase of brain size was not homogeneous: the inferior frontal and the parietal areas had a disproportionally large expansion while the occipital lobe retained its absolute size. These evolutionary changes are even more pronounced when human brains are compared to those of Old World monkeys. However, the amount of change in long association pathways within these highly modified regions is not well understood. This study aims to identify differences and similarities in homologous pathways of the human language network in the macaque brain. We hypothesize that language‐related pathways projecting to/from the inferior frontal and parietal areas will exhibit substantial reorganization in humans. Using state‐of‐the‐art, publicly available diffusion MRI data of a healthy (in vivo) adult human (MGH‐USC) [1] and 6 ex vivo rhesus macaque (Oxford University, PRIME‐DE) [2] brains, we reconstructed and virtually dissected in DSI Studio three association pathways: the arcuate fasciculus (AF), the frontal aslant tract (FAT), and the parietal‐projecting portion of the extreme capsule (pEmC). We show that the course and terminal projections of the FAT (inferior frontal and supplementary motor area) and the pEmC (superior parietal lobule and frontal cortical areas) are highly evolutionarily preserved in both species despite their crucial role in language in humans. In stark contrast, the AF underwent a major modification in its posterior segment, as previously reported. Our results suggest that evolutionary changes in the regional volumetric morphology of the brain do not necessarily imply similarly large changes in the relative volumes and trajectories of underlying white matter pathways. In addition, the current results suggest that the structural basis of human language functions already existed, at least to some extent, in the LCA with macaques. Functional and behavioral studies are needed to understand the role of this white matter network in both species. References: [1] Wang, F., Dong, Z., Tian, Q., Liao, C., Fan, Q., Hoge, W.S., Keil, B., Polimeni, J.R., Wald, L.L., Huang, S.Y. and Setsompop, K., 2021. In vivo human whole‐brain Connectom diffusion MRI dataset at 760 µm isotropic resolution. Scientific Data, 8(1), pp.1‐12. [2] Milham, M.P., Ai, L., Koo, B., Xu, T., Amiez, C., Balezeau, F., Baxter, M.G., Blezer, E.L., Brochier, T., Chen, A. and Croxson, P.L., 2018. An open resource for non‐human primate imaging. Neuron, 100(1), pp.61‐74. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]