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This review article will cover both general aspects of hand infections and the most common superficial hand infections. Hand and wrist infections are commonly encountered in clinical practice both by the generalist orthopaedic surgeon and the hand surgeon. Clinically, they appear as a spectrum, from easy to resolve superficial infections, to life and limb threatening deep infections (for example, necrotizing fasciitis). Multiple pathogens can be the causative agents of hand infections (virus, fungi, parasites, mycoplasma, bacterias and mycobacteria). Continuous and prolonged exposure of the hands to the environment expose them to several kinds of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White oats are an important species because they are included in different production systems and because of the need to develop sustainable practices, minimizing the adverse effects resulting from the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers on human and environmental health. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological, sanitary quality and pesticide residues in oat seeds managed under different fungicide applications. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, following a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, for three white oat cultivars and six fungicide application conditions, respectively, with four replications. In the laboratory, analyzes of germination, vigor, pathology and pesticide residues were carried out. Analysis of variance, Scott & Knott mean comparison test and regression were performed. In view of the results obtained, the physiological quality analysis of seeds indicated high levels of germination and vigor, even under conditions of high occurrence of pathogens. Fungicide residues were found from the second application and above the maximum limit after five applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banano (Musa x paradisiaca L.) is a tropical fruit, susceptible to infection by Colletotrichum sp. Fungicides are the most typical approach for controlling postharvest infections. Concerns regarding its negative impact on human health and the environment have prompted the quest for alternate remedies. Because of its antimicrobial activity, chitosan is an environmentally friendly alternative. This study aimed to determine the influence of chitosan on the in vitro development of Colletotrichum sp. isolated from banana fruits. Inhibition mycelial growth, spore concentration and spore germination were evaluated in three chitosan concentrations, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 %. Optical, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the impact of chitosan on spore growth and morphology. We observed that chitosan solutions inhibited Colletotrichum species in vitro. Chitosan at 1.5 % significantly decreased the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and spore concentration in comparison with the control. Compared to the control, a concentration of 1.5 % chitosan considerably decreased the mycelial growth and spore concentration. In addition, a complete inhibition of spore germination and a low mycelium content was observed with 1.0% and 1.5% chitosan, controlling the in vitro development of Colletotrichum sp. in banana fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a public health problem, and the hospital environment is a favorable reservoir for various pathogens, therefore a health option for pathogen control is to evaluate the bactericidal activity of textile platforms with yarn copper against pathogens that cause carbapenemase-resistant HAI. Materials and methods: the bactericidal capacity of the biomedical textile with and without copper thread was evaluated in four bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella peumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Differences in survival time and bacterial density were established using ANOVA and Tukey tests with a significance level of P <0.05 in triplicate. Results: The survival of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, on biomedical textiles with copper thread, was 80, 90, 120 and 140 min, respectively. But in textile without copper thread the bacterial density (1x105 CFU/ml) remained viable for more than 180 min for all bacterial strains. Copper thread textile is more effective in eliminating Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli), versus Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). Conclusion: the textile with copper thread has an antibacterial effect against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli; Unlike textiles without copper, where bacteria remained viable, copper thread has potential as an antimicrobial against carbapenemase-resistant pathogens to be applied in biomedical textile platforms or dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review was carried out on the production and publication of research works referring to the study of the study of the variables Avian Influenza and Latin America, the PRISMA approach (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). The purpose of the analysis proposed in this document was to know the main characteristics of the publications registered in the Scopus and Wos databases and their scope in the study of the proposed variables, achieving the identification of 17 publications in total. Thanks to this first identification, it was possible to refine the results through the keywords entered in the search button of both platforms, the words were: bird influenza, Latin America, reaching a total of 11 documents, already excluding duplicates and those that did not meet the analysis criteria. From this analysis, it is expected to know the contributions of the scientific community to the study of the ethical implications of each advance registered in terms of studies related to the studies related to the diagnosis and treatment of avian influenza, as well as the agents that distribute the virus and main effects on human health. The review was carried out on the impact evidenced in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent metagenomic investigations of ticks have revealed that their microbiomes have a microbial diversity of endosymbionts and pathogens (pathobiome), which cause diseases in humans and other animals. Ticks are vectors of various diseases in cattle, so a more extensive study will elucidate their microbiome composition to propose new control and prevention strategies, such as anti-tick vaccines. This approach is promising and is based on identifying essential bacteria for the survival of the vector. Therefore, this work presents the metagenomic strategy to ticks for identifying the microbiota and the respective microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing provide an international legal framework that aims to prevent misappropriation of the genetic resources of a country and ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use. The legislation was negotiated at the behest of lower-income, biodiverse countries to ensure that benefits derived from research and development of genetic resources from within their jurisdictions were equitably returned and could thereby incentivize conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Despite good intentions, however, rapid adoption of access and benefit-sharing measures at the national level, often without participatory strategic planning, has hampered noncommercial, international collaborative genetic research with counterproductive consequences for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. We outline how current implementation of the Convention of Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol affect noncommercial research, such as that conducted in many disciplines in biology, including mammalogy. We use a case study from Brazil, an early adopter, to illustrate some current challenges and highlight downstream consequences for emerging pathogen research and public health. Most emerging pathogens colonize or jump to humans from nonhuman mammals, but noncommercial research in zoonotic diseases is complicated by potential commercial applications. Last, we identify proactive ways for the mammalogical community to engage with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol, through sharing of nonmonetary benefits and working with local natural history collections. Leveraging international scientific societies to collectively communicate the needs of biodiversity science to policy makers will be critical to ensuring that appropriate accommodations are negotiated for noncommercial research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bees are susceptible to diseases, which cause significant economic losses in beekeeping. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of Varroa sp, Nosema sp and Acarapis in apiaries located in two regions in Campeche, Mexico. 116 bee samples from 10 apiaries were evaluated. The prevalence of Varroa was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (98.5% and 100%), the prevalence of Nosema was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (85.9% and 88.0%). The Varroa infestation level was higher in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (7.32 and 3.73 mites in 100 bees), however, the Nosema infestation level was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (78x105 and 23x106 spores per bee), not the presence of Acarapis was found in none of the evaluated regions. In both regions a positive correlation was found between the presence of Nosema and Varroa. There is a 1.08 higher probability of finding Nosema in the presence of Varroa. We conclude that in both regions there is a high prevalence of Varroa and Nosema and the presence of Acarapis was not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of incorporated polylactic acid (PLA) active biodegradable films of essential oils to inhibit microbial adhesion was performed using a 25-1V fractional exploratory design, combining the factors, amount of PEG 400 plasticizer (10 and 20%), amount of cinnamon essential oil (0.5% and 1%), amount of oregano essential oil (0.5% and 1%), Salmonella spp. concentration (10³ CFU mL-1 and 104 CFU mL-1) and Staphylococcus aureus concentration (10³ CFU mL-1 and 104 CFU mL-1). The results of microbial adhesion inhibition test showed that the maximum inhibition percentage reached 73.82 ± 0.35% corresponding to experiment 7 (bce), which contains 10% of PEG 400, 1% of cinnamon essential oil, 1% of oregano essential oil, 10³ CFU mL-1 of Salmonella spp. concentration, 104 CFU mL-1 of Staphylococcus aureus concentration. Statistical analysis determined that there is strong significant evidence (p-value = 0.0283) that Staphylococcus aureus concentration influences the inhibition percentage to microbial adhesion; as well as that the cinnamon essential oil-Salmonella spp. interaction has little significant evidence (p-value = 0.0711) that influences the inhibition percentage. Inhibition results greater than 60% have the highest concentration of Staphylococcus aureus as a common factor. PLA active biodegradable films with a higher inhibition percentage can potentially be used in the food industry as a barrier mechanism to avoid bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriocins --peptides synthesized by bacteria that have great potential as food preservatives--are a good alternative to replace chemical additives and produce minimally processed foods. The more widely studied bacteriocins in the food industry are those derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) because they are Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS). However, bacteriocins have certain disadvantages when applied to food, especially dairy products. Such drawbacks can be remedied by combining bacteriocins with other treatments emerging from the food industry. The objective of this research was to analyze the main bacteriocins used and their synergistic effect on pathogenic and/or spoilage bacteria, when applied in combination with other treatments such as chemical substances, lactoperoxidase system, high hydrostatic pressures, nanoparticles, bacteriophages and essential oils. The results of this study indicate that applying bacteriocins with other treatments can increase antimicrobial activity, which improves food safety. It is concluded that the best combinations of bacteriocins and emerging technologies are bacteriocins and nanoparticles and bacteriocins with bacteriophages, whose combinations inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. The advantages that such combinations offer are: They are easily applied to foods, are low cost, do not modify the sensory characteristics of the product, allow combating antimicrobial resistance and completely destroy microorganisms without giving them the opportunity to recover during the maturation or storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some microorganisms are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne infections worldwide. These microorganisms are becoming increasingly resistant to degradation or inhibition due to exposure to antibiotics, antifungal, and antiparasitics, posing a growing threat to human health. The aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial properties of compounds present in Myrciaria dubia (pulp, seed, peel, and leaves) against bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella and others), yeasts (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and parasitic protozoa (Leishmania amazonensis and Plasmodium falciparum). Different papers published in the main databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, as well as in university repositories) were reviewed. These results were analyzed and organized according to their inhibitory activity, attributable metabolic actions of this plant, mainly based on its phenolic compounds present (rhodomyrtone, isomyrtucommulone B, myrciarone B, trans-resveratrol, 2.4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, myricetin, syringic, ellagic acid and casuarictin), which can inhibit the synthesis or destabilize the microbial membrane, nucleic acids, cell walls in bacteria and mitochondrial dysfunction in protozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad causada por bacterias patógenas que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero, lo cual genera pérdidas económicas importantes, además, debido al uso excesivo de antibióticos para tratar esta enfermedad, los microorganismos han creado resistencia a estos fármacos, por ello, se buscan nuevas alternativas para este fin. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos de plantas nativas de Sonora contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis. Se obtuvieron 17 extractos etanólicos de plantas nativas de Sonora, y se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana por el método de difusión en agar contra siete patógenos aislados de leche de vacas con mastitis utilizando una concentración de 50 mg/ml de cada extracto. El contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales se determinó mediante espectrofotometría. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de Ibervillea sonorae (wereke, tubérculo), Populus alba (álamo, hojas), Ambrosia ambrosioides (chicura, tallos), Krameria sonorae (cosahui, raíces) y Prosopis velutina (mezquite, hojas) fueron eficaces para eliminar a S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Shigella spp. y Citrobacter spp. (P<0.05). Además, los extractos con alto contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (wereke, álamo, chicura, cosahui y mezquite) mostraron una correlación inversa con respecto al pH (r = -0.94, r = -0.92, respectivamente) (P<0.05) y presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra los patógenos probados. Por lo anterior, los extractos de las plantas de Sonora podrían representar una alternativa para el control de patógenos Gram (+) y Gram (-) que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecule rotation in the control of fungal diseases is essential to ensure sustainability and avoid the tolerance of pathogens to fungicides. Evidencing managements that promote greater efficiency in the control can contribute to increase the efficiency in the control of diseases. This work aims to reveal control alternatives for foliar diseases through different anti-fungal molecules applied in pre-flowering in the linseed crop. The experiment took place in the experimental area of Escola Fazenda, UNIJUÍ, located in the municipality of Augusto Pestana (RS). The experimental design used randomized blocks, with ten fungicide treatments in foliar application and three replications, totaling 30 experimental units. In the useful area of each experimental unit, the following characteristics were measured: plant height, plants per square meter, number of grains per plant, weight of grains per plant, grain yield, normalized green red difference index, green leaf index, spectral saturation index. The data obtained were submitted to descriptive analysis and to the assumptions of analysis of variance, such as homogeneity of residual variances by Bartlett's test and normality of errors by Shapiro Wilk. Afterwards, analysis of variance was carried out at 5% probability, with the significant variables, Tukey's test of multiple comparison of means was applied at the level of 5% of probability. In order to identify the tendency of association between the characters, Pearson's linear correlation was determined at 5% probability by t test. The active ingredient Pyraclostrobin + Fluxapyroxad can contribute favorably to the maintenance of floral units, capsules and grains per plant. The correct positioning of the use of the molecule is decisive and requires further studies in linseed culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of parasites in conservation of other animal species may increase knowledge of natural parasite communities, elucidate parasite ecological function, and provide a baseline to better understand hosts and parasites. Climate change, habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, parasite conservation, animal conservation, pathogens, patógenos, cambio climático, conservación animal, conservación de parásitos, pérdida del hábitat, especie invasora, sobreexplotación For example, vertically transmitted parasites inform movement between groups (Kerr et al., 2018), parasites with slower evolutionary rates inform large-scale geographic movements (e.g., between islands; Whiteman et al., 2006), and host-specific, rapidly evolving parasites (e.g., RNA viruses) inform fine-scale connectivity across landscapes (Fountain-Jones et al., 2021). Keywords: animal conservation; climate change; habitat loss; invasive species; overexploitation; parasite conservation; pathogens; cambio climático; conservación animal; conservación de parásitos; especie invasora; patógenos; pérdida del hábitat; sobreexplotación EN animal conservation climate change habitat loss invasive species overexploitation parasite conservation pathogens cambio climático conservación animal conservación de parásitos especie invasora patógenos pérdida del hábitat sobreexplotación 1 12 12 03/02/22 20220201 NES 220201 Introduction Large anthropogenic disturbances that act in synergy to negatively affect biodiversity include overexploitation, habitat degradation, introduction and expansion of invasive species, and climate change (Bellard et al., 2016; Maxwell et al., 2016; Wilcove et al., 1998). The use of parasite genetics to identify host source populations is sometimes more informative than host genetics, can provide greater information regarding the host, and alleviates difficulty in identification of cryptic parasite species (Criscione et al., 2006). [Extracted from the article]

To evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA16 as starter to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in a fermented sausage, the pathogens were inoculated in the model meat system and in chorizo. Each pathogen was quantified and four inactivation models were evaluated to obtain the best fit. To validate the model, different variants of chorizo were prepared with or without starter. Pathogens were inoculated at concentration of 103 UFC/g CFU/g and the starter culture at 104 UFC/g CFU/g. The reduction of 2.5 log CFU/g observed in the pathogens occurred between three and six days for the variants with L. acidophilus and between seven and eight days for the variants without starter. This behavior was described by the biphasic model and it could be used to quantify Escherichia coli and S. aureus in chorizo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform method for gene amplification under isothermal conditions, and it has served as a powerful diagnostic tool. In this study, we used LAMP to develop a diagnostic protocol for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and Perkinsus spp. in Crassostrea spp. in Mexico. These pathogens are associated with different diseases and are considered a threat in the aquaculture industry. Infected and uninfected oysters and shrimp were obtained from farms in the northwest coast of Mexico to standardize the LAMP assay. We determined the candidate target genes in the first-round analysis of many sets of primers, and then we chose a set of primers that successfully amplified with Mexican samples. We optimized the LAMP reactions for each pathogen with the chosen primer sets using temperature gradients from 61 to 65 °C, DNA concentrations from 2.5 pg to 250.0 ng, and reaction times from 10 to 60 min. This study established a diagnostic procedure for detecting pathogens in oysters and shrimp from Mexico. Early diagnosis and treatment of pathogens can immensely reduce disease transmission in aquaculture farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to present the new bean cultivar ʻCoral 10ʼ. The origin of this cultivar, was a selection of the SCR 5 line, which was achieved by hybridization between NCB226 x RCB591/-MC-2C-MC-11C-MC at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and it was introduced in Cuba, in the F5 generation, in 2010. Selection in Cuba began in November 2010 from individual plants with desirable agronomic characteristics and subsequent evaluation in regional yield trials. ʻCoral 10ʼ has red colored grain, is of medium cycle (81 days), resistant to common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean yellow gold (BGYMV), common bean bacteriosis (Xanthomonas axonopodis p.v phaseoli), intermediate to rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) and has shown a high and stable yield potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The litter is an essential component in poultry production, as the birds inhabit this material for most of their production cycle. As a result, located in the litter is feces, enteric bacteria, pathogens of zoonotic importance and / or foodborne pathogens, pesticides and antimicrobials, which affect the health of birds. After the poultry production cycle, litter is commonly used as an organic fertilizer to improve the quality of the soil and of crops. Despite its wide use in poultry and agriculture, little is known about its importance in food security. The present study provides more information about litter-borne pathogens, the risks associated with contaminants and zoonotic diseases in the waste generated from poultry, management practices and treatments. It is essential to consider the impact of the litter because not doing so represents a danger to humans, animals, and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh Minas cheese is na originally Brazilian product widely consumed by the population, which manufacture is, generally, of small scale and with little technology. The hygienicsanitary condition of production is the first step in the manufacture of a product that guarantees food safety for consumers. Based on this, the need for information about food safety during processing was the premise for the present study, which aimed to conduct a survey on the hygienic-sanitary quality of fresh Minas cheese and if these products pose a risk to the consumer. This review was based on articles available in the SciELO database, CAPES journals, PubMed and MEDLINE and other publications of journals in databases in the area of Food Science and Technology and the respective legislation in force. Publications on microbiological quality of fresh Minas cheeses published between the years 2016 to 2020 were selected and in order to guide the research, the following terms were consulted: fresh Minas cheese, microbiological quality, public health, food safety, food pathogens and good manufacturing practices. With this study it was possible to identify that in all articles the evaluated parameters are in disagreement with the quality standards proposed by the current legislation, indicating that producers are not aware or are unaware of good manufacturing practices. Based on the results, it is suggested that producers of fresh Minas cheese adopt effective measures of good manufacturing practices in order to guarantee the safety of the product and the preservation of consumers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs of generally bacterial systemic infectious disease and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Objective: to describe risk factors and isolated microorganisms in patients with neonatal sepsis. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory and Neonatology Room of the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima General University Hospital of Cienfuegos, from January 2017 to December 2018. 249 clinical samples of newborns suspected of having any type of sepsis and including those where microbiological isolation useful for diagnosis was obtained and analyzed. The prenatal and natal history, time of diagnosis of sepsis, type and classification of clinical sample and isolated microorganism were the studied variables. Results: The 79.1% of the samples were monomicrobial. The 72.4% of sepsis appeared after 72 hours; the most observed risk factor was vaginal sepsis (34.2%); the predominant germ was negative Staphylococcus coagulase (24.3%), mainly at the catheter tip (44%). Conclusions: neonatal sepsis is a problem in our environment and follows similar patterns to those observed in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of bean seed coating with different doses of silicon (Si) on their physical, physiological and sanitary attributes, as well as to determine the amount of nutrients absorbed in the seedlings. BRS Expedito beans, 2014/15 harvest, were used, with an initial germination of 82%. Being used as a source of Si, calcium and magnesium silicate powder (Agrosilício®) (Si: 10.53%; Ca: 25.00%; Mg: 7.00%; Fe: 10.20%; Cr: 4, 48%; Mn: 1.72%; Ti: 0.69%; S: 0.52%; K: 0.35%), previously sieved, with a density of 1.30g / cm³. The treatment consisted of covering bean seeds, in the equivalent doses of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180g Si 100kg-1 of seeds, which corresponded to 0; 427.3; 854.7; 1,282; 1.709g of the product for 100kg-1 of seeds. The increase in doses of up to 116g of Si 100kg-1 of seeds positively influences the expression of vigor, providing a superior development of seedlings, as well as an increase in the concentration of Si in the leaves and root Ca. Doses other than Si do not control pathogens associated with seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea turtles naturally have gastrointestinal microbiota; however, opportunistic behavior and pathogenicity of some bacteria have also been reported. Therefore, it is important to generate information on possible risks to turtles and human health. Five monthly field monitoring were carried out with captures of Chelonia mydas in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex. Physical examinations were performed and their morphometries were recorded; oral and cloacal swabs were made and sowing in McConkey and TCBS culture media. Bacterial agents were isolated and identified using the API®20E system. Turtles' body condition index and percentages of abundance and prevalence of each microorganism were calculated. Finally, the ratio between turtle s' size and the presence of microorganisms was determined. Many Chelonia mydas (178) were captured, 523 isolates of gram-negative Enterobacteria from seven different species were obtained; the presence of proteobacteria in Chelonia mydas was not related to their age class. Among the microorganisms found, Vibrio fluvialis and Burkholderia cepacia are zoonotic. These studies allow us understanding the role of microorganisms in diseases of wild populations and risks to public health associated with their illegal consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, passion fruit orchards have suffered from the high incidence of microorganisms, causing damage from the seedling phase to the post-harvest of the fruits; among these microorganisms are the fungi that comprise the largest number of species associated with the seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of fungi associated with yellow passion fruit seeds in the State of Maranhão. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the State University of Southern Maranhão (UEMASUL), Campus Imperatriz. Fruit seeds collected from six municipalities in the state of Maranhão (Carolina, Capinzal do Norte, Estreito, Imperatriz, Vila Nova dos Martírios and São Luís) were used. A completely randomized design with four replications was adopted. A total of 400 seeds were used per municipality, 50 per gerbox, totaling the processing and analysis of 2400 seeds in general. The incidence of pathogenic agents in the seeds was determined by using the filter paper method with freezing, using four replications of 100 seeds per evaluated municipality. Seven days later, the incidence of pathogens was estimated by using a stereomicroscope, with confirmation of the genus and/or species of the fungus. The incidence of Penicillium sp. in yellow passion fruit seeds occurred in all assessed municipalities collected. The city of Vila Nova dos Martírios has presented the highest incidence of fungi, while the city of Imperatriz has had the lowest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisanal cheeses are recognized in the word for their nutrients and sensorial characteristics, made manually by the small industry whit milk that has not been subjected to any thermal treatment that reduce microbial flora, always lacking in quality control. During this investigation the inhibition capacity of two strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated in a previous study, known as QR and QJ on two pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella was measured. All the previous microorganisms were inoculated in cheeses made with pasteurized goat's milk. Subsequently the cheeses were left ripening and at the end of this period CFU/g count were made. A decrease in number of both pathogens was achieve. The QJ strain showed greater inhibition against Escherichia coli, while, QR strain against Salmonella, both LAB strains showed their best inhibition activity at 6 days of ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh Minas cheese is na originally Brazilian product widely consumed by the population, which manufacture is, generally, of small scale and with little technology. The hygienicsanitary condition of production is the first step in the manufacture of a product that guarantees food safety for consumers. Based on this, the need for information about food safety during processing was the premise for the present study, which aimed to conduct a survey on the hygienic-sanitary quality of fresh Minas cheese and if these products pose a risk to the consumer. This review was based on articles available in the SciELO database, CAPES journals, PubMed and MEDLINE and other publications of journals in databases in the area of Food Science and Technology and the respective legislation in force. Publications on microbiological quality of fresh Minas cheeses published between the years 2016 to 2020 were selected and in order to guide the research, the following terms were consulted: fresh Minas cheese, microbiological quality, public health, food safety, food pathogens and good manufacturing practices. With this study it was possible to identify that in all articles the evaluated parameters are in disagreement with the quality standards proposed by the current legislation, indicating that producers are not aware or are unaware of good manufacturing practices. Based on the results, it is suggested that producers of fresh Minas cheese adopt effective measures of good manufacturing practices in order to guarantee the safety of the product and the preservation of consumers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Yaqui Valley, the use of organic fertilizers tends to reduce soil degradation in wheat production; however, biological impacts of this practice on soils are not evaluated yet. The aim of this experiment was to quantify the impact of a shift from conventional to organic wheat farming on reduction of the soil fungal degradation, by analyzing cultivable soil fungal population and diversity. The hypothesis was that the input of organic fertilizers to wheat farming leads to positive changes on soil physicochemical properties, which benefits soil fungal populations and decrease degradation. Three wheat commercial fields under 1) conventional synthetic fertilization (SF), 2) synthetic fertilization plus organic fertilization (SF+OF) and 3) only organic fertilization (OF) were selected. The study site under OF and SF+OF sites vs. SF showed higher organic matter content (1.5, 1.6 vs. 0.45%), fungal population (1.7x105, 9.1x104 vs. 1.6x104 CFU g-1 dry soil) and diversity (12, 12 vs. 2). Based on phylogenetic analysis, 9, 11, and 2 fungal genera were isolated from the study site under organic, synthetic + organic, and synthetic fertilization, respectively. The metabolic diversity of obtained fungal strains showed that the indole production ranged from 0.5 to 65.4 mg mL-1 where the higher fungal indole producer was Stachybotrys sp. TSM35. The higher phosphate solubilization (21%) was observed by the strain Talaromyces pinophilus TSO42, and the higher siderophore producer strain was Volutella ciliata TSM43, 33.9%. In addition, 60% of the strains showed potential health risks (a- or b-hemolysis). Shift from conventional to organic wheat farming accomplished positive changes on soil physicochemical properties and cultivable soil fungal populations, in diversity and metabolic traits. Microbiologic quality control of organic fertilizers is needed to avoid microbial hazards in agronomic systems, caused by the introduction of potentially pathogenic strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the morphology and biometry of fruits and seeds, as well as germination potential of Mollinedia clavigera Tul. seeds, of the family Monimiaceae, an endemic species from Brazil. The internal and external structures have been identified for the evaluation of morphology. For biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds, we considered the diameter and length, plus the weight and number of seeds per kilogram. Germination was evaluated under the temperature of 20, 25 and 30ºC in two substrates (paper and vermiculite). As a morphological result, we identified common features to the Monimiaceae family, as well as the presence of Curculionidae larvae in the seeds. Biometric data showed mean values of 7.42 mm in length and 6.13 mm in diameter of fruits, 6.91 mm in length and 5.07 mm in diameter of seeds. Results have identified the temperatures of 20 and 25º C are the are the most suitable for germinaon, wich happend 23 days after experiment beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microorganisms of dental biofilm coexist in relative harmony. Microenvironment changes can result in an excessive growth of pathogenic microorganisms associated with chronic inflammatory processes such as gingivitis and periodontitis. The microbiota of the gingival sulcus can vary substantially depending on physiological characteristics of children and adolescents. Purpose: To analyze the evidence on bacterial composition in 3-to-12-yearold children old and its association with the gingival and periodontal status. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, SciELO, LiLACS, ProQuest, EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. Titles, abstracts, and full articles were read. Quality and validity of studies were determined through the Consort and Strobe checklists. The articles were classified regarding level of evidence and the grades of recommendation through the SIGN. Results: Microbial profiles of supra and subgingival biofilm in children are similar in more than 80 %, with predominance of Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp., mainly S. sanguinis. Early colonization of supra and subgingival microbiota was related with the presence of gingivitis in older children. Evidence about general health condition, sociodemographic situation, bacterial interaction, microbial composition, and periodontal state was limited and inconclusive. Conclusion: There is not enough scientific evidence to confirm the relationship between bacterial composition and gingival and periodontal status in children aged 3-12 years. However, it is suggested that, as age increases, the presence of periodontal pathogens related to periodontal disease is likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the anthraquinone-rich crude extract of Morinda royoc L. roots. Its inhibitory activity was tested on two plant-pathogen bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum), two human-pathogen bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) and three plant-pathogen fungi (Rhizoctonia solani Khn, Stemphylium solani Webber and Sarocladium oryzae Sawada). The extract was prepared at 10 mg·ml-1, previously obtained by Soxhlet extraction method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity on bacteria, the agar diffusion method was used, whereas the microdilution method was developed to evaluate the inhibitory activity against fungi. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that the anthraquinone-rich extract was effective in inhibiting more than 50% of Xanthomonas campestris growth without significant differences between the different doses. After 48 hours and under the same conditions, growth inhibition ca. 50% of Bacillus licheniformis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was observed at the doses of 150 and 450 µg, respectively. On the other hand, all the selected fungi in this study showed susceptibility to the extract after 48 hours of incubation. The highest antifungal activity was achieved on Rhizoctonia solani, with a growth reduction ca. 50% at concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 mg·ml-1. After 72 hours of incubation, no significant differences were observed in the growth of any of the three fungi. From all the pathogens selected for this study, only Pectobacterium carotovorum showed no susceptibility to any of the evaluated doses of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: las garrapatas son el primer grupo de importancia en salud animal por el número de patógenos que transmiten. En Colombia‚ uno de los hotspots de biodiversidad‚ con 524 especies de mamíferos y 58 de garrapatas‚ aún existen vacíos en las interacciones garrapata-patógeno-hospedero‚ y especies crípticas como las del complejo Amblyomma maculatum que han sido objeto de controversias taxonómicas. Objetivo: aportar al conocimiento de las relaciones filogenéticas de las especies del complejo A. maculatum. Métodos: durante los años 2015 - 2021‚ se evaluó la presencia de garrapatas en 49 especies de pequeños mamíferos silvestres (n = 657) y cuatro especies de mamíferos domésticos (n = 35) en el Departamento de Arauca - Colombia (ANLA Resolución 02497 y Comité de Bioética de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Caldas). Se realizó la identificación morfológica y molecular de cada una de las garrapatas y a los individuos del grupo A. maculatum‚ se les realizó extracción de ADN con el DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN)‚ se emplearon dos técnicas de secuenciación‚ Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit‚ plataforma Illumina NGS (secuenciación masiva) y la obtención de secuencias parciales por PCR convencional y secuenciación Sanger. Se realizó el ensamblaje‚ anotación y alineamiento en Linux‚ Geneious Prime® 2023.1.2 y MITOS‚ y los análisis filogenéticos en MEGA 11 y Phylosuite. Resultados: se registraron 10 especies de garrapatas duras (n = 985) que incluyen a A. maculatum (n = 1) y A. triste (n = 2). El genoma mitocondrial de A. triste fue de 14.876 pb y se emplearon 26 parejas de cebadores que permiten amplificar los mitogenomas de A. maculatum y A. tigrinum. Las distancias genéticas permitieron corroborar la diferenciación entre tres de las especies del complejo‚ al comparar A. triste con genomas previamente reportados en el NCBI [MW719251 y NC_006887]. Conclusiones: se presentó el primer genoma mitocondrial de A. triste (vector de Rickettsia parkeri s.s.) ‚ y se ratificó la utilidad de los mitogenomas en estudios de diversidad críptica; la ausencia de paralogías y un genoma pequeño son una herramienta robusta para inferir filogenias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

, Antecedentes: la leucosis bovina enzoótica (EBL) es causada por el virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV), un deltaretrovirus; la diarrea viral bovina (BVD) es un pestivirus, ambas son enfermedades infecciosas virales crónicas; por otro lado, la neosporosis bovina (Nc) es causada por el parásito intracelular obligado Neospora caninum. Estos patógenos tienen transmisión horizontal (postnatal) o vertical (transplacentaria), y afectan el rendimiento reproductivo del ganado infectado. Objetivo: comparar en ganado lechero especializado en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), el desempeño reproductivo entre animales seropositivos y seronegativos con BLV, BVD y Nc, y su interacción. Métodos: se tomaron 599 muestras de sangre bovina de animales de 53 hatos lecheros especializados, animales seropositivos y seronegativos a los tres patógenos se determinaron mediante la prueba ELISA; La información reproductiva se obtuvo de 1363 registros de lactancia. La media de cuatro rasgos reproductivos: número de servicios por concepción (S/C), edad al parto (EdadP), días abiertos (DA) e intervalo de parto en días (IEP) se asociaron con seropositividad a BLV, BVD y Nc y su interacción se analizó mediante un modelo lineal generalizado (GLM). Resultados: la seropositividad al BLV impactó la DA (p = 0,093) y el IEP (p = 0,052); la positividad Nc se asoció significativamente con S/C (p = 0,008); la positividad de BVD no tuvo efecto significativo sobre el IEP (p = 0,141). Cuando se evaluó la seropositividad a dos patógenos, solo los animales seropositivos para BLV y BVD se vieron afectados significativamente en el IEP (p = 0,057). En conjunto, la seropositividad a los tres patógenos (BLV, Nc y BVD) no se asoció significativamente con S/C (p = 0,198), EdadP (p = 0,349), pero podría afectar la DA (p = 0,069) y el IEP (p = 0,061). Conclusión: se observó una tendencia potencial hacia un efecto negativo de la interacción entre los tres patógenos evaluados sobre los parámetros reproductivos DA e IEP de rebaños lecheros especializados, así como la interacción entre BLV y BVD en el IEP, y esto puede afectar negativamente la rentabilidad de los rebaños lecheros. Estos resultados muestran la importancia de implementar un programa de control y prevención de la propagación de estos patógenos para evitar las pérdidas reproductivas asociadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: el desarrollo y la optimización de metodologías alternativas para la detección de patógenos en alimentos es una de las necesidades en la cual se trabaja actualmente. En general, el aislamiento de patógenos se realiza utilizando técnicas microbiológicas convencionales que se basan en métodos de cultivo estándar lo cual implica tiempos extensos para la obtención de resultados y liberación del producto al mercado. Objetivo: realizar ejercicios de concordancia diagnóstica entre pruebas de microbiología clásica y qPCR para la detección de tres agentes patógenos en alimentos listos para consumo. Métodos: para la inoculación del alimento en la suspensión de medio enriquecido se emplearon las cepas de L. monocytogenes (ATCC 13932), E. coli (ATCC 8739) y S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), las cepas fueron activadas, incubadas y caracterizadas bioquímicamente. 25 g del alimento suspendidos en 225 mL de medio enriquecido e inoculados con los agentes de interés a 1, 2, 5, 7 y 10 UFC/mL cuantificados con el Mcfarland densitómetro DEN-1B (BioSan®), los cuales fueron llevados a incubación 24 h a 37 °C, posteriormente 500 µL de la suspensión fue empleada para extracción de ADN con el kit MagaBio plus Bacterium Genomic DNAPurification (Bioer technology®) sobre la plataforma automatizada AutoPure 32 (AllSheng Instruments Co), el ADN fue almacenado a -20 °C. La detección por qPCR para cada agente se llevó a cabo con el kit MONODOSE dtec-qPCR (GPS™ Genetics PCR Solutions) en la plataforma qPCR QuantGene 9600 (Bioer technology®). A las muestras del ejercicio dirigido y muestras comerciales se les realizaron análisis y pruebas confirmatorias microbiológicas respectivas para cada agente. Resultados: el índice de concordancia en los ensayos controlados y en las muestras comerciales estuvo entre el 98 - 100 % para qPCR y el cultivo microbiológico. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos son claves para la armonización de las normas, que permitan realizar la transición de métodos de microbiología clásica a qPCR, con información que da claridad sobre la concordancia de resultados entre métodos y las implicaciones de adoptar nuevas herramientas que brinden competitividad al mercado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la emergente industria del cannabis medicinal a nivel nacional presenta grandes retos técnicos y regulatorios para su posicionamiento y competitividad en los mercados internacionales. La caracterización de agentes patógenos en flor de cannabis se sigue realizando por métodos clásicos, lo cual presupone tiempos prolongados para la obtención de resultados y liberación del producto al mercado. Objetivo: realizar ejercicios de concordancia diagnóstica entre pruebas de microbiología clásica y qPCR para la detección de dos agentes patógenos en flor de cannabis. Métodos: para la inoculación de la flor en la suspensión de medio enriquecido se emplearon las cepas de E. coli (ATCC 8739) y S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), las cepas fueron activadas, incubadas y caracterizadas bioquímicamente. 25 g de flor fueron suspendidos en 225 mL de medio enriquecido e inoculados con los agentes de interés a 1, 2, 5, 7 y 10 UFC/mL cuantificados con el Mcfarland densitómetro DEN-1B (BioSan®), los cuales fueron llevados a incubación 24 h a 37 °C, posteriormente 500 µL de la suspensión fue empleada para extracción de ADN con el kit SenSATIVAX® flowers/leaf (Medicinal Genomics Corp) sobre la plataforma automatizada AutoPure 32 (AllSheng Instruments Co), el ADN fue almacenado a -20 °C. La detección por qPCR para cada agente se llevó a cabo con el sistema PathoSEEK (Medicinal Genomics Corp) en la plataforma qPCR QuantGene 9600 (Bioer technology®). A las muestras del ejercicio dirigido y muestras comerciales se les realizó el análisis y pruebas confirmatorias microbiológicas respectivas para cada agente. Resultados: el índice de concordancia en los ensayos controlados y en las muestras comerciales estuvo entre el 98 - 100 % para qPCR y el cultivo microbiológico. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos son clave para lograr la armonización de las normas, que permitan realizar la transición de métodos de microbiología clásica a qPCR, con información que da claridad sobre la concordancia de resultados entre métodos y las implicaciones de la adopción de nuevas herramientas pueda tener sobre la competitividad de esta industria emergente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of leather toad disease was evaluated in three regions of Colombia: Caribbean Coast (Córdoba, Sucre), Orinoquia (Meta, Arauca) and Cauca, using root symptoms, molecular tests for 6 viruses and 1 phytoplasma in cassava. For this purpose, 43 sampling points were taken, made up of 22 municipalities, 389 plant samples. To evaluate the incidence, symptoms of the disease were evaluated in the roots of 30 plants (1,290 plants evaluated), leaves were collected from 10 plants per point (they were preserved in silica gel) for subsequent RNA extraction and molecular tests. Additionally, 30 promising materials were established to evaluate tolerance/resistance to leather toad disease in four (4) ecoregions of the Eastern Plains. It was evident that the highest incidence of the disease in symptoms was in Orinoquia, followed by Cauca and the Caribbean coast, through molecular tests (evaluating the presence of viruses and phytoplasma) a greater presence of viruses and phytoplasma was found in the department of Cauca, followed by Orinoquia and finally the Caribbean Coast. Regarding the promising materials, the vigor and response to main pests and diseases were evaluated. In general terms, the three regions of Colombia sampled present an incidence of leather toad disease, confirmed with molecular tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to identify the best temperatures for germinating peanut seeds with fungi on a paper substrate. Eleven seed lots from the cultivars IAC-886 and IAC-503 were selected with different levels of fungi. Two of these seed lots with a high rate of Aspergillus spp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp., as detected by the blotter test method, were used for selecting a fungicide for seed treatment. Considering the active ingredients evaluated, thiram, at the rate of 300 g of commercial product per 100 kg of seeds, was most efficient in controlling fungi, preventing their interference in germination. All the seed lots, treated with this product or not, were subjected to the germination test on rolls of paper at the temperatures of 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 20-30 °C, 20-35 °C, 25-30 °C, and 25-35 °C. Alternating temperatures of 20-35 °C, 20-30 °C, and 25-30 °C led to higher germination of peanut seeds, treated with fungicides or not. Constant temperatures are not recommended, because they are more favorable to the development of fungi associated with these seeds than to the germination process, thus underestimating the germination potential of the seeds subjected to the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria emerged as a promising group of agents for managing the growth of pathogens in food. Previously, we have isolated a bacteriocinogenic strain, Weissella confusa Cys2-2, producing active substances with inhibitory potential, however, its antimicrobial mechanism is still undefined. This study was aimed to determine the Cys2-2 bacteriocins mechanism of action against food pathogens using: agar-well diffusion and broth assay to evaluate the spectrum of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration, Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis to estimate the molecular weight, determination of the target cell viability with the Cys2-2 compounds applied as cell-free supernatant (CFS) and precipitated peptides (PP) with or without an chelator agent (EDTA) and evaluate the effect on the membrane integrity by monitoring the release of DNA/RNA molecules. The results revealed that Cys2-2 bacteriocin exerted its bactericidal effect by weakening of membrane integrity of target cells leading to cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to identify biochemically several strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from artisanal cheeses from the Austro of Ecuador and determine their bacteriocinogenic capacity. From the strains identified, Lactococcus lactis was chosen, which was cultivated under appropriate conditions. A concentrated extract was obtained, which was neutralized with 0,1N HCl. Their inhibitory activity was evaluated against strains of pathogens, which included thermal stability, pH conditions and the action of enzymes. The inhibitory activity was evaluated by the well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, with no evidence of activity against Gram negative bacteria. The analysis of variance (p = 0.05) determined that there is a slight loss of activity after the treatments in relation to the neutralized crude extract. It is not excluded that the active compound, it is a bacteriocin with potential use in the control of pathogenic microorganisms of interest in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dissemination of Salmonella in small-scale traditional salami production. Six different points of salami processing plant were selected and 20 samples of differents batchs were collected for the microbiological analyzes, totaling 120 samples. All samples were submitted to coliforms 35°C and 45°C counts by MPN and Salmonella detection, except for condiments, where only the presence of the pathogen was investigated. In addition, in the samples collected after smoking the pH was measured. During the salami production, the coliform counts decreased and Salmonella was isolated at all points in the flow chart with the exception of the carcass. The point where there was the high contamination was after healing (35%). Samples of condiments and salami after inlay presented 20% positivity and ground meat and final product presented 10% and 5%, respectively. It was verified that there was the dissemination of the pathogen during the production of salami and this fact occurred mainly due to failures in the food processing besides inadequate procedures of hygiene used during the production operations, being this fundamental step to obtain foods with microbiological quality and which do not pose risks of pathogen transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a toxigenic serotype of E. coli and has been associated with foodborne outbreaks involving meat products, vegetables and fresh produces worldwide. Salts for curing are usually employed as antimicrobials in the production of pork sausages. However, salts do not have a significant inhibitory effect on enterobacteria. Due to the growing demand for natural foods, the use of essential oils has been proposed as natural antimicrobials in food. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of garlic essential oil (GO) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against E. coli O157:H7 in vitro and in pork sausage. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of these oils, alone and in combination, against E. coli O157:H7 were determined. Pork sausage was inoculated with 8log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 and different combinations of GO and AITC. A control group was performed without essential oils. Sausages were packaged and stored at 6°C for 20 days. E. coli O157:H7 population and instrumental color (L*, a*, b*, C* and hue) determinations were performed at 5-day intervals. AITC showed lower MIC and MBC than GO. When combined, AITC and GO showed a synergistic effect. Treatments T3 and T4 showed 1,01log CFU and 1,87log CFU reduction of E. coli O157:H7 compared to control. The redness and the chroma of sausages treated with AITC and GO increased during storage. Together, GO and AITC caused minor changes in taste and flavor of sausages, and were able to reduce the population of E. coli O157:H7 and to maintain the red color of sausage during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper was to evaluate the process of managing infected solid waste in hospital unit in region of Fernandópolis - SP. The segregation assessment was held at the disposal of wastes contaminated, initially proceeded weighing of all infectious waste produced each week, and from the obtained data was calculated the amount corresponding to 1% of the same amount that was used in the research. The residue was evaluated for its composition, for this purpose were determined two groups: infectious and non-infectious and into last group separated in recyclable (plastic, paper, plastic and paper packaging), and non-recyclable: (common waste, chemicals and sharp piercing). After separation, the materials were weighed and calculating the residue mass deposed in an improperly manner, and the cost generated by the final deposition. Microbiological analysis was performed to assess contamination with pathogens. It has been found that were generated within ten weeks 8387.17 kg of infectious solid waste, and 1765.22 kg corresponded to the common waste, despised jointly, which prevented the reverse logistics and generated a monthly additional cost of R$ 2330.10 and annual of R$ 27,961.20. The residue showed contamination by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Candida albicans, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella, Aspergillus niger, Candida spp, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophyes. The presence of these pathogens reinforces the impossibility of recycling materials and the presence of risk to human and animal health and the impact on the quality of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Success of recent introductions of elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) in Mexico partly depends upon elk-livestock interactions and conflicts. Disease can impact reproduction of elk and cattle, but is seldom considered in wild ruminants when reproductive output declines. We surveyed serological exposure of elk to causative agents in a bovine abortion profile (i.e., agents of brucellosis, leptospirosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea, and neosporosis), as these diseases can negatively affect reproduction of cattle and elk, which frequently co-occur. We determined seroprevalence of exposure to these agents and used hierarchical logistic regression to model both pregnancy and lactation status (a surrogate for calf survival to weaning) as a function of population and exposure to disease causative agents. Tested elk populations were exposed to 2-4 of the agents except for Brucella abortus, which was not present. Pregnancy varied by population (P < 0.016) but not by exposure to any agent (P > 0.213). Proportion of females lactating in autumn did not vary among populations (P > 0.247) nor by exposure to any agent (P > 0.281). Exposure did not affect productivity of elk, despite exposure levels reflective of previous surveys throughout North America and low pregnancy and calf survival in some populations. Because all surveyed elk populations showed exposure to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), IBR would be the most likely disease to be introduced with elk, although risk is low given high seroprevalence to BHV-1 among cattle in Mexico. Conversely, brucellosis is endemic in Mexico and can significantly impact productivity of elk. Thus, contracting brucellosis from cattle is the highest disease-related threat to elk introductions or translocation in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Coahuila, Mexico, is characterized by the production of artisanal cheese made from goat's milk. This study focuses on isolation, characterization and selection of lactic acid bacterias (LAB) from artisanal goat cheese for their use as starter cultures. During this reseach, the isolation and identification of BAL were carried out characterizing them under biochemical tests, such as acidifying activity, inhibition capacity, CO2 and aroma production, selecting those that presented better characteristics of the tests described above. Selected BAL were prepared to be inoculated in pasteurized goat milk and later in the cheese making. The cheeses were evauated by control difference. A sensory test result showed similar characteristics in goat cheese. Therefore, the selected BAL are useful as starter cultures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mastitis pathogens prevalence and somatic cells count (SCC) on dairy cow milk yield (MY) and composition. Milk samples of Holstein cows (n=1163) with 30.97±10.22 kg·d-1 of milk yield were collected and evaluated. Staphylococcus spp. was the most prevalent pathogen. In general, increased SCC decreased MY and lactose concentration and increased milk crude protein content. Coliforms had different SCC and milk crude protein concentrations relation. SCC and milk lactose content relationships were different for S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. Lactose and crude protein are the most sensitive milk components to SCC variation and this relationship is dependent on pathogen presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide there is a high generation of excreta due to livestock activities; the Frailesca region in Chiapas (Mexico) is no exception since its livestock activity is significant for state production. In addition, the region also highlights agricultural activity with excessive agrochemicals usage for production. In this research, the treatment of excreta through anaerobic digestion (AD) was proposed to generate suitable biofertilizers (effluents) and contribute to soils fertility recovery after highly impacted by anthropogenic activities. Two livestock production systems (bovine and pig) were selected, where a Taiwan-type biodigester per system was used. The bovine substrate showed an increase in the PO4 3- (44%) content after the DA process, while the porcine biofertilizer also revealed an increase but in NH4 + (68%) concentration. A significant reduction of E. coli and other coliforms was displayed in both biofertilizers. After a sequencing, the bovine biofertilizer samples revealed bacteria of agricultural interest presence. DA as biotechnological process falls pathogens and rises some macronutrients content compared to excreta. The usage of DA effluents may result useful for a degraded soils recovering strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed characterize isolates of C. lindemuthianum race 65 from different regions in Brazil by ITS sequencing. A total of 17 isolates of race 65, collected in the states of Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina and São Paulo, were studied. Analysis of the sequences of isolates 8, 9, 12, 14 and 15 revealed the presence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ITS1 region at the same positions. These isolates, when analyzed together with the sequence of isolate 17, revealed a SNP in the ITS2 region. The highest genetic dissimilarity, observed between isolates 11 and 3 and between isolates 11 and 10, was 0.772. In turn, isolates 7 and 2 were the most similar, with a value of 0.002 for genetic distance. The phylogenetic tree obtained based on the sequences of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions revealed the formation of two groups, one with a subgroup. The results reveal high molecular variability among isolates of race 65 of C. lindemuthianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a survey on nematodes associated with five cultivated fruit trees growing in the Agroforestry System (AFS) of the municipality of Oiapoque, Amapá, Brazil. Rhizosphere samples were collected from three points at the base of murici (Byrsonima sp.), soursop (Annona muricata), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) and peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) trees. Four species of phytonematodes were identified, namely Pratylenchus brachyurus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema xenoplax and Rotylenchulus reniformis. The most prevalent and abundant species was R. reniformis, which was found in the rhizospheres of passion fruit, cupuaçu, soursop, and peach palm. The first record in Brazil of the nematode P. brachyurus, found in the roots of murici is reported here, and all of the nematode species identified here are the first records for fruit trees in the state of Amapá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En plantas ornamentales reproducidas in vitro en viveros del Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Tezoyuca perteneciente al FIRA, se detectaron síntomas de necrosamiento en hojas y tallo durante la fase de adaptación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar los agentes asociados a éstas plantas. De tejido vegetal con síntomas de necrosamiento, se obtuvieron once aislamientos bacterianos, a los que se les extrajo el ADN con el paquete correspondiente para su secuenciación. Todos los productos de PCR se secuenciaron y se analizaron con el programa Chromas Lite®. Utilizando la búsqueda de homología por BLAST se identificaron las siguientes bacterias: Kosakonia oryzae, Pectobacterium cypripedii, Burkholderia tropica, Serratia marcescens, Pantoea dispersa, Erwinia cypripedii, Pantoea agglomerans y Erwinia rhapontici: son de importancia fitosanitaria en su fase de aclimatación in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiological quality of raw milk can be directly affected by animal health, hygiene procedures performed during milking and product storage condition. Faced with the need to characterize the microbiological aspects due to the milk production of cattle herd of Curraleiro Pe-Duro breed, there were evaluated 226 samples of raw milk collected in the period of january 2013 to january 2014, for research of Salmonella sp.. The analytical tests were performed in Multi-User Laboratory of Microbiology Food Research Center at Veterinary Medicine School of the Federal University of Goias. According to the results in this study it was identified the presence of Salmonella sp., serovar Heidelberg and Schwarzengrund. Although this microorganism comprise the normal intestinal flora of humans and warm-blooded animals, be eliminated in feces and consequently promote environmental contamination and other animals, the identification of Salmonella in raw milk results the need for control in obtaining the milk process, storage and processing procedures of dairy products to ensure safety to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiological quality of raw milk can be directly affected by animal health, hygiene procedures performed during milking and product storage condition. Faced with the need to characterize the microbiological aspects due to the milk production of cattle herd of CurraleiroPe-Duro breed, there were evaluated 226 samples of raw milk collected in the period of january 2013 to january 2014, for research of Salmonella sp.. The analytical tests were performed in Multi-User Laboratory of Microbiology Food Research Center at Veterinary Medicine School of the Federal University of Goias. According to the results in this study it was identified the presence of Salmonella sp., serovar Heidelberg and Schwarzengrund. Although this microorganism comprise the normal intestinal flora of humans and warm-blooded animals, be eliminated in feces and consequently promote environmental contamination and other animals, the identification of Salmonella in raw milk results the need for control in obtaining the milk process, storage and processing procedures of dairy products to ensure safety to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]